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| the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being |
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| anxiety when they face actual danger and |
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| nxiety when they are repeatedly prevented, by parents or circumstances, from expressing their id impulses. |
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| biofeedback has _____ on a person's anxiety level |
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| . Surveys indicate that around _____ percent of people in the United States develop a social phobia in their lifetimes. |
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| The predisposition to develop certain fears is known as |
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| Both panic disorder with or panic disorder without agoraphobia develop in |
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| late adolescence or early adulthood. |
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| panic disorder was helped more by |
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| a state of alarm in response to a ague sense of being in danger |
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| This is an ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously isolate and disown undesirable and unwanted thoughts, experiencing them as foreign intrusions. |
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| Most common form of a disorder in US |
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| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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| excessive anxiety under most circumstances also called free floating anxiety |
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| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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| lasts at-least six months |
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| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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when a chile is punished for expressing id impulses
(psychodynamic) |
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| Sociocultural perspective towards GAD |
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| higher prevalence in poor, and higher after flooding, hurricanes, etc |
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| Humanist perspective towards GAD |
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| believes Gad is a result of a lack of positive social regard which leads to conditions of worth |
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| Cognitive perspective towards GAD |
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| GAD is related more towards how people think and less related to events that have happened in the past _maladaptive assumptions * dire necessity for an adult to be loved and approved by everyone |
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| Cognitive : metacognitive theory towards GAD |
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| suggests that the most problematic assumption in GAD are the individuals worry about worrying (meta-Worry) |
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| Cognitive : Intolerance of uncertainty theory |
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| certain individuals consider it unacceptable that negative events may occur even if the probability is very small -- can't handle uncertainty or not knowing |
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| Cognitive : avoidance theory |
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| holds that worrying is a positive function for those with GAD by reducing high levels of bodily arousal |
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| Cognitive approach to GAD |
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| changing maladaptive assumptions and helping clients understand the special role that worrying plays and changing reactions to it |
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| Rational emotive therapy: cognitive |
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| point out irrational assumptions, suggest new assumptions |
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| Biological perspective towards GAD |
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| supported by family pedigree studies CLoser genetic relation to some with with GAD higher chance of having GAD. connected to Benzodiazepine receptors and GABA |
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| Biological treatments for GAD |
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| antidepressants and antipsychotics... or relaxation training |
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| relaxation training : biological |
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| treatment for GAD get them to relax |
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| connected to EMG, emg gives feedback about muscle tension and reached people how to actually relax |
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| persistant and unreasonable fears of particular objects activities or situations |
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| Post traumatic stress disorder |
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re experiencing and stress after a traumatic event has occurred -- occurs more in women
Acute: lasts 1-3 months
Chronic: more than 3 months
Delayed onset: symptoms start 6 months after |
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| cognitive/information processing model of ptsd |
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| fear is stored to avoid future danger |
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| behavior response is conditioned |
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| cognitive processing therapy (PTSD) |
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| rethinking your thoughts and traumas |
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| Prolonged exposure therapy (PTSD) |
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| expose yourself to situations that you are avoiding + talking about the trauma |
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| Eye movement desensitization (PTSD) |
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| focus on eye movement while talking about trauma, --- you focus on moving your eyes rather than focus on trauma |
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| SSRIs (paxil & effexor) help with emotional reactions and symptoms but does not cure you |
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excessive and unreasonable, cause distress, obsession outside of other disorders (not eating disorders), thoughts, images, impulses, not because of thought insertion
compulsions are actions |
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| 2 % of population 50/50 men/women |
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possibly Dis-regulation of serotonin
Strep infections _PANDAS - immune system starts attacking brain thinking its the strep |
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| cognitive behavior model (OCD) |
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| starts low and becomes intense over time |
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| PTSD and Acute stress disorder |
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| under anxiety disorders in dam "psychological factors affecting medical condition" |
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| activates the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| someone tense for no reason |
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| symptoms begin within 4 weeks of the event and last less than one month |
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| lesions in the wall of the stomach that cause pain vomiting and stomach bleeding caused by - anger anxiety stress etc and some bacterial factors |
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narrowing of bodies airways making it hard to breath - - - troubled family relationships, anxiety
--allergies, exercise, etc |
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anxiety or depression causes
physiological: overactive arousal, ailments |
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| problems that appear to be medical but are due to psychosocial factors |
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| patterns of memory loss and identity change caused by psychological factors |
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| Hysterical somatoform disorders |
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| suffer actual changes in physical functioning - hard to distinguish between real medical probs |
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| psychosocial conflict or need is converted into dramatic physical symptoms that affect voluntary or sensory function (paralysis, blindness, loss of feeling) begin between late childhood and young adult hood twice as likely in women |
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| multiple symptoms that are long lasting physical ailments (briquets syndrome) *often runs in families *begins between adolescence and young adulthood |
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when psychosocial factors play a central role in the onset, severity, or continuation of pain
*result of an actual illness, accident, etc |
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purposefully producing symptoms
Malingering-intentionally faking symptoms to achieve external gain (money, military, etc) |
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| munchausen syndrome by proxy |
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| factitious disorder -- parents make up disorders in their children |
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| preoccupation somatoform disorders |
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| people who are healthy worry there is something wrong with them |
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| 3 types of Hysterical somatoform disorders |
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| conversion disorder, somatization disorder, and pain disorder |
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| a psychosocial conflict or need is converted into dramatic physical symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory functioning |
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| a preoccupation somatoform disorder where the person obsessively worries over illness |
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| a preoccupation somatoform disorder where a person becomes deeply concerned about some imagined or minor defect in their appearance |
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| a low, sad state in which life seems dark and its challenges overwhelming |
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| the opposite of depression, is a state of breathless euphoria, or at least frenzied energy, in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking |
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| only suffer depression not mania |
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| experience periods of mania that alternate with periods of depression |
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| eople who display a longer-lasting (at least two years) but less disabling pattern of unipolar depression may receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder. When dysthymic disorder leads to major depressive disorder, the sequence is called double depression |
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| reactive (exogenous) depression, |
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| follows clear-cut stressful events |
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| a response to internal factors. |
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| Low activity of two neurotransmitter chemicals, norepinephrine and serotonin, has been strongly linked to unipolar depression. |
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| People with unipolar depression have been found to have abnormally high levels of cortisol, one of the hormones released by the adrenal glands during times of stress |
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| The prefrontal cortex is located within the frontal cortex of the brain. Because it receives information from a number of other brain areas, the prefrontal cortex is involved in many important functions, including mood, attention, and immune functioning. |
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| activity and blood flow in the amygdala is 50 percent greater among depressed persons than nondepressed persons |
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direct all their feelings for the loved one they have lost, including sadness and anger, toward themselves
--psychodynamic |
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| became very weepy and sad upon separation and withdrew from their surroundings |
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| cognitive view of depression |
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Definition
| maladaptive attitudes, a cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts combine to produce unipolar depression |
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Definition
| the individuals repeatedly interpret (1) their experiences, (2) themselves, and (3) their futures in negative ways that lead them to feel depressed. |
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| learned helplessness theory of depression |
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| It holds that people become depressed when they think (1) that they no longer have control over the reinforcements (the rewards and punishments) in their lives and (2) that they themselves are responsible for this helpless state. |
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| attribution-helplessness theory |
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| when people view events as beyond their control, they ask themselves why this is so. If they attribute their present lack of control to some internal cause that is both global and stable (“I am inadequate at everything and I always will be”), they may well feel helpless to prevent future negative outcomes and they may experience depression. |
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| holds that women and men are equally prone to depression but that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men |
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| for at least one week they display an abnormally high or irritable mood, along with at least three other symptoms of mania |
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| when mania symptoms are less sever then usual |
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| full manic and major depressive episodes. Some of them experience an alternation of the episodes, for example, weeks of mania followed by a period of wellness, followed, in turn, by an episode of depression. Others, however, have mixed episodes, in which they swing from manic to depressive symptoms and back again on the same day |
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| hypomanic—that is, mildly manic—-episodes alternate with major depressive episodes over the course of time |
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| If people experience four or more episodes within a one-year period, their disorder is further classified as rapid cycling |
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| When a person experiences numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms |
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| high norepinephrine, low serotonin |
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