Term
| Types of personality disorders |
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Definition
• Paranoid PD
• Schizoid PD
• Schizotypal PD
• Antisocial PD
• Borderline PD
• Histrionic PD
• Narcissistic PD
• Avoidant PD
• Dependent PD
• Obsessive-Compulsive PD |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes a set of distinctive psychological traits and behavioral characteristics that make each of us unique and help account for the consistency of our behavior |
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Term
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Definition
• Overly rigid patterns of behavior and ways of relating to others that reflect extreme variations on underlying personality traits, such as suspiciousness, excessive emotionality, and impulsivity.
• When behavior patterns become so maladaptive that they cause significant personal distress or impair social or occupational functioning, PD is diagnosed
• Perceive their traits as ego syntonic |
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Term
| Prevalence of personality disorders |
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Definition
| 6–10% of the general population |
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Term
| Paranoid Personality Disorder |
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Definition
• Cluster A
• Defining trait: pervasive suspiciousness – the tendency to interpret other people’s behaviors as deliberately threatening or demeaning
• Pervasive suspiciousness of the motives of others but without outright paranoid delusions |
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Term
| Prevalence of Paranoid PD |
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Definition
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Term
| Paranoid PD perceived to others as |
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Definition
| Cold, aloof, scheming, devious, and humorless |
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Term
| Cluster A of personality disorders |
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Definition
• Personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behavior
• Have difficulty relating to others or show little or no interest in developing social relationships
• Paranoid PD
• Schizoid PD
• Schizotypal PD |
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Term
| Cluster B of personality disorders |
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Definition
• Personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior
• Exhibit behavior patterns that are excessive, unpredictable, or self-centered
• Antisocial PD
• Borderline PD
• Histrionic PD
• Narcissistic PD |
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Term
| Cluster C of personality disorders |
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Definition
| • Personality disorders characterized by anxious or fearful behavior |
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Term
| Schizoid Personality Disorder |
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Definition
• Cluster A
• Social aloofness and shallow or blunted emotions
• Defining trait: Social isolation
• Emotions usually appear shallow or blunted; faces tend to show no emotional expression
• Indifferent to criticism or praise
• Inconsistencies between outer appearances and their inner lives |
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Term
| Schizoid PD prevalence rate |
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Definition
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Term
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder |
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Definition
• Cluster A
• Persistent difficulty forming close social relationships and odd or peculiar beliefs and behaviors without clear psychotic features |
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Term
| Schizotypal PD prevalence rate (% and ethnicity) |
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Definition
• 4.6%
• Higher rates among African Americans |
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Term
| How people with Schizotypal PD appear to others |
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Definition
| Appear unkempt, display unusual mannerisms, and engage in unusual behaviors |
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Term
| Schizotypal PD vs. schizophrenia |
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Definition
• Share common genetic basis
• Brain abnormalities similar
• Relatively few people diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder eventually develop schizophrenia |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
• Cluster A
• Chronic antisocial behavior, callous treatment of others, irresponsible behavior, and lack of remorse for wrongdoing
• Antisocial in the sense that they often violate the rights of others, disregard social norms and conventions, and in some cases break the law |
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Term
| Antisocial PD prevalence rate |
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Definition
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Term
| Diagnostic criteria for Antisocial PD |
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Definition
• Limited to people 18 years of age or older
• Behinds in childhood or adolescence and extends into adulthood; conduct disorder before age 15 |
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Term
| Other names for Antisocial PD |
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Definition
| Can be used interchangeably with psychopath and sociopath |
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Term
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Definition
• Over time, antisocial and criminal behavior tends to decline with age and may disappear by the time a person reaches age 40
• Underlying personality traits associated with the disorders continues throughout life (egocentricity, manipulativeness, lack of empathy/guilt/remorse) |
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Term
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Definition
| More commonly seen in men than women |
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Term
| Two dimensions of Antisocial PD |
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Definition
• Personality dimension
• Behavioral dimension |
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Term
| Personality dimension of Antisocial PD |
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Definition
• Cleckley’s (1976) theory
• Consists of traits such as superficial charm, selfishness, lack of empathy, callous and remorseless use of others, and disregard for others’ feelings and welfare
• Applies to people who have these kinds of psychopathic traits but don’t become lawbreakers |
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Term
| Behavioral dimension of Antisocial PD |
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Definition
• Robins et al.’s (1991) view
• Characterized by the adoption of a generally unstable and antisocial lifestyle, including frequent problems with the law, poor employment history, and unstable relationships |
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Term
| 4 basic factors of Antisocial PD traits |
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Definition
Neumann & Hare’s description approaches
1. An interpersonal factor
2. An affective factor
3. A lifestyle factor
4. An antisocial factor |
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Term
| Interpersonal factor of Antisocial PD traits |
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Definition
• Superficiality
• Grandiosity
• Deceitfulness |
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Term
| Affective factor of Antisocial PD traits |
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Definition
• Lack of remorse and empathy
• Failure to accept responsibility for misbehavior |
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Term
| Lifestyle factor of Antisocial PD traits |
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Definition
• Impulsivity
• Lack of goals |
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Term
| Antisocial factor of Antisocial PD traits |
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Definition
• Poor behavioral control
• Antisocial behavior |
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Term
| Treatment for Antisocial PD |
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Definition
• Treatment is generally ineffective
• Only 25% of antisocial pd individuals receive treatment for it
• 70% leave treatment prematurely |
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Term
| Most dangerous personality disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| Comorbidity with Antisocial PD |
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Definition
| High with substance-use disorders |
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Term
| Biological theory of Antisocial PD |
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Definition
• ASPD individuals often display lower levels of physiological arousal (both resting and responsive) than the general population
• Genetics ("bad seed" notion) |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral theory of Antisocial PD |
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Definition
| Cognitive theorists say that ASPD is an outgrowth of adopting attitudes which trivialize the needs of others |
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Term
| Behaviorist theory of Antisocial PD |
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Definition
| Suggest that a combination of social learning and inadvertent reinforcement of aggression in children leads to the development of ASPD |
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Term
| Psychodynamic theory of Antisocial PD |
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Definition
| An assumed absence of parental love and bonding with others through the use of power and destructiveness. |
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Term
| Learning theory of Antisocial PD |
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Definition
| Dysfunction in avoidance learning and experience of negative consequences |
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Term
| Zuckerman’s sensation seeking of Antisocial PD |
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Definition
• Zuckerman uses the term sensation seeker to describe people with a high need for arousal and constant stimulation
• They have a strong need to pursue thrill and adventure and are easily bored by routine
• Can take a questionnaire to compare what kind of sensation seeker you are |
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Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder |
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Definition
• Cluster B
Characterized by:
• Identity disturbance
• Dramatic mood changes
• Poor tolerance for negative affective states
• Fear of being alone
• Impulsive and self-destructive actions
• Repeated suicide attempts
• Major disturbances in interpersonal relationships |
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Term
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Definition
• Borderline PD
• Due to the myriad of identifying aspects |
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Term
| Borderline PD's origin (childhood) |
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Definition
| Not uncommon among victims of child sexual abuse |
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Term
| Co-morbidity with Borderline PD |
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Definition
Often complicates the treatment planning for these disorders
• Depression primarily
• Bipolar disorders
• Anxiety disorders
• Eating disorders
• Substance use disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| More commonly seen in women than men (2/3 women, 1/3 men) |
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Term
| What does the label "Borderline" PD mean? |
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Definition
• Under stress, these people can decompensate and exhibit temporary psychotic symptoms
• The label of “borderline” is a reference to straddling the border between neurosis and psychosis |
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Term
| Ethnicity and Borderline PD |
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Definition
| More common in Latinos vs. White European and African Americans |
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Term
| Suicide statistics and Borderline PD |
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Definition
• 70% attempt suicide at least once in their lives
• 6-9% commit suicide |
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Term
| Kernberg’s psychodynamic theory of Borderline PD |
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Definition
| BPD has a basis in deficient ego development |
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Term
| Van der Kolk’s trauma based etiological theory of Borderline PD |
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Definition
• Suggests that BPD is trauma related
• Proposed a trauma severity continuum of reactions (from least to most severe):
PTSD------------BPD------------DID |
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Term
| Biological perspective of Borderline PD |
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Definition
• Propose that lower brain serotonin activity may underlie
• Relatives of BPD patients are 5x more likely to develop BPD than the general population |
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Term
| Medication for Borderline PD |
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Definition
These have all been used to treat BPD with varying levels of success:
• Antidepressants
• Anti-anxiety drugs
• Anti-psychotic drugs
• Mood stabilizing drugs |
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Term
| Psychodynamic therapy for Borderline PD |
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Definition
• Insight-oriented treatment
• Particularly Object-Relations Therapy |
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Term
| Marsha Linehan’s Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) |
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Definition
• Arguably considered the treatment of choice for BPD
• A combination approach which melds cognitive-behavioral and object-relations theories and techniques, along with social support |
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Term
| Margaret Mahler's theory of Borderline PD |
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Definition
• Explained in terms of childhood separation from the mother figure
• During the first year, infant develops attachment to their mothers. Normally, children gradually differentiate their own identities from that of their mothers (separation-individuation)
• Tendencies with BPD to react to others with ambivalence and alternate b/w love & hate are suggestive of failure to master the separation-individuation process |
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Term
| Borderline PD and Antisocial PD and the brain |
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Definition
• Brain imaging links to dysfunctions in brain involved in regulating emotions & restraining impulsive behaviors
• Prefrontal cortex usually works as an "emergency brake" to keep impulses from becoming expressed violently
• Limbic system involved in processing emotional responses and forming new memories
• Brain imaging in Antisocial PD show differences in brain circuitry that connects the amygdala (in limbic system) with the prefrontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
• Found in Borderline PD
• Abrupt shifts in feelings
• Inability to reconcile the positive and negative aspects of one’s experience of oneself and others |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Histrionic Personality Disorder |
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Definition
• Cluster B
• Overly dramatic and emotional behavior
• Demands to be the center of attention
• Excessive needs for reassurance, raise, and approval
• Often flirtatious and seductive
• Play the victim role
• Shallow and dramatic emotionally
• Trendy in fashion, interests, values, and lifestyles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
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Definition
• Cluster B
• Grandiose sense of self
• Extreme needs for admiration |
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Term
| Narcissistic PD prevalence |
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Definition
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Term
| Narcissistic PD vs. Histrionic PD |
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Definition
• Narcissists have a much more inflated view of themselves
• Narcissists are less melodramatic than people with Histrionic PD |
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Term
| Narcissistic PD vs. Borderline PD |
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Definition
• Narcissists are generally better able to organize their thoughts and actions
• Narcissists are more successful in their careers
• Narcissists' relationships tend to be more stable |
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Term
| Avoidant Personality Disorder |
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Definition
• Cluster C
• Chronic pattern of avoiding social relationships due to fears of rejection
• A lot like social phobia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Dependent Personality Disorder |
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Definition
• Cluster C
• Excessive dependence on others
• Difficulty making independent decisions
• Pervasive pattern of submissive and clingy behavior
• Highly anxious; helplessness
• Poor self-esteem
• Very sensitive to criticism
• Extreme need to please others
• Great difficulty in expressing anger or asserting themselves |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder |
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Definition
• Cluster C
• Excessive needs for orderliness and perfectionism
• Excessive attention to detail
• Rigid ways of relating to others |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive PD prevalence |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the most difficult personality DOs to treat |
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Definition
• Narcissistic PD
• Most consult therapists for a related DO such as depression
• All approaches have limited success |
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Term
| Widiger and The Five-Factor (“Big 5”) model of personality |
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Definition
Dimensional approach to diagnosis of PDs
1. Neuroticism or emotional instability
2. Extraversion
3. Openness to experience
4. Agreeableness or friendliness
5. Conscientiousness |
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Term
| Kohut's theory on Narcissistic PD (and treatment) |
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Definition
• Narcissistic PD is result of parental lack of empathy during development
• Individual does not develop full capacity to regulate self esteem.
• Vacillates b/w an irrational overestimation of the self and irrational feelings of inferiority, & relies on others to regulate self esteem and give sense of value.
• Treatment: help patient develop these missing functions. Therapist should empathically experience the world from the patient's POV so that the patient feels understood. |
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