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Abnormal Psychology Final Exam
Paraphilias
50
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/14/2013

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Term
Effects of child sexual abuse on children
Definition
• Mood disturbance
• Decreased trust
• Increased withdrawal
• Regression
• Decreased productivity
Term
Victims of child molestation are most often diagnosed with
Definition
• PTSD
• Depression
• Borderline personality disorder
• DID
Term
Problems in prevention of sex crimes
Definition
• Underreporting
• Low arrest and conviction rates
• Even lower rates of incarceration
Term
Paraphilia
Definition
• Unusual or atypical patterns of sexual attraction that involve sexual arousal in response to atypical stimuli
• May not be associated with disturbing or distressing consequences to oneself or others, and so are not classified as mental disorders
Term
Paraphilic disorder
Definition
• Involves strong, recurrent sexual arousal to atypical stimuli as evidenced by fantasies, urges, or behaviors for 6 months or longer
• Includes nonhuman objects, humiliation/pain, or nonconsenting persons
• Personal distress, impaired functioning, or behaviors in which satisfaction of sexual urge involves harm (or risk of harm) to others
• Some cannot become sexually aroused unless these stimuli are used
Term
Types of Paraphilias
Definition
• Exhibitionism
• Fetishism
• Transvestism
• Voyeurism
• Frotteurism
• Pedophilia
• Sexual masochism
• Sexual sadism
Term
Less common types of paraphilias
Definition
• Telephone scatolgia
• Necrophilia
• Partialism
• Zoophilia
• Coprophilia
• Klismaphilia
• Urophilia
Term
Exhibitionism
Definition
• Characterized by strong and recurrent urges, fantasies, or behaviors of exposing one’s genitals to unsuspecting individuals for the purpose of sexual arousal
• Seeks to surprise, shock, or sexually arouse the victim
• Tend to be shy, lonely, dependent, and lack interpersonal skills
Term
Prevalence of exhibitionism
Definition
4% of men
Term
Fetishism
Definition
• Characterized by strong and recurrent urges or fantasies, involving inanimate objects
• Touch, smell, or wear while masturbating or during sex
• Collect/hoard items
Term
Most common types of fetishism
Definition
• Women's underwear
• Women's shoes
Term
Behaviorist theory and approach to treatment of fetishism
Definition
• Learned through classical conditioning when a child
• Aversion therapy (electric shock)
• Covert sensitization (imagine fetish, masturbate, before climax introduce aversive stimuli)
Term
Transvestism
Definition
• Characterized by strong and recurrent urges, fantasies, or behaviors in which they become sexually aroused by cross-dressing
Term
Prevalence of transvestism (not %)
Definition
Usually found among heterosexual men
Term
Voyeurism
Definition
• Characterized by strong and recurrent urges, fantasies, or behaviors in which they become sexually aroused by watching unsuspecting people (generally strangers) who are naked, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity
• Does not typically seek sexual activity with the person being observed, but becomes sexually aroused by the act of watching
Term
Frotteurism
Definition
• Characterized by strong and recurrent urges, fantasies, or behaviors in which they become sexually aroused by rubbing against or touching a nonconsenting person
• Often occurs in crowded places
Term
Pedophilia
Definition
• Recurrent and powerful urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving sexual activity with children
• Person must be at least 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child
Term
Do all child molesters have a paraphilic disorder?
Definition
No, only when sexual attraction to prepubescent children is equal or greater than sexual attraction to mature individuals
Term
Suicide and child sexual abuse
Definition
People with history of child sexual abuse were between 6-10 times more likely to engage in suicidal behavior in adulthood
Term
The one globally "wrong" paraphilia
Definition
• Pedophilia
• Even if they haven't acted on urge or cause no personal distress, it still counts as a disorder
Term
Sexual masochism
Definition
• Involves strong and recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors in which the person becomes sexually aroused by being humiliated, bound, or made to suffer
• Urges either acted on or cause significant personal distress
Term
Most dangerous expression of sexual masochism
Definition
Hypoxyphilia
Term
Hypoxyphilia
Definition
• Participants become sexually aroused by being deprived of oxygen
• Usually accompanied by fantasies of asphyxiating or being asphyxiated by lover
• Generally discontinue it before lose consciousness, but some deaths occur
Term
Sexual sadism
Definition
• Involves strong and recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors in which the person becomes sexually aroused by inflicting physical or psychological suffering/humiliation on another person
• Flip side of sexual masochism
Term
Sadomasochism
Definition
• Refers to a practice of mutually gratifying sexual interactions involving both sadistic and masochistic acts
• “Master and slave”
• Clinical diagnosis only brought about when these sexual behaviors cause personal distress, negatively impact person’s ability to function, or caused harm to others
• Many people have occasional sadistic/masochistic fantasies or engage in sex play in mild forms of sadomasochism with their partners
Term
Telephone scatolgia
Definition
Sexual arousal through making obscene phone calls
Term
Necrophilia
Definition
Sexual urges/fantasies involving contact with corpses
Term
Partialism
Definition
Sexual arousal through a sole focus on part of body (i.e. breasts)
Term
Zoophilia
Definition
Sexual urges/fantasies involving contact with animals
Term
Coprophilia
Definition
Sexual arousal associated with feces
Term
Klismaphilia
Definition
Sexual arousal associated with enemas
Term
Urophilia
Definition
Sexual arousal associated with urine
Term
Psychodynamic perspective on paraphilias
Definition
• Many of the paraphilias are defenses against leftover castration anxiety from the phallic period
• May represent a temporary escape from ordinary selfhood
Term
Castration anxiety
Definition
• The unconscious fear that the father will retaliate by removing the organ
• Motivates the boy to give up his incestuous yearnings for mother and identify with the aggressor (father)
• Unconscious mind equates disappearance of the penis during genital intercourse with the risk of castration
• Left-over castration anxiety prompts the man to displace his sexual arousal onto “safer” sexual activities, such as having sex with women’s undergarments
Term
Learning perspective on paraphilias
Definition
• Explain in terms of conditioning and observational learning
• Activity becomes inadvertently associated with sexual arousal. Activity then gains the capacity to elicit sexual arousal.
• Orgasm in the presence of the object reinforces the erotic connection
• The meaning of the stimulus plays a primary role
• Family relationships may play a role
Term
Biological perspective on paraphilias
Definition
• Higher-than-average sex drives in men with paraphilias, as evidenced by a higher frequency of sexual urges and a shorter refractory period after orgasm by masturbation
• Abnormal brain functioning in brain circuits that respond to sexual stimuli
• Disturbances in brain networks involved in sexual arousal may increase susceptibility to pedophilia or perhaps in men with a history of childhood abuse
Term
Hypersexual arousal disorder
Definition
• Refers to heightened sex drive that may apply to some cases of paraphilias
• Repeated difficulty controlling urges to engage in illegal or maladaptive behaviors
Term
Research on paraphilias
Definition
• Differences between paraphilic men and male control subjects in brain wave patterns in response to paraphilic images/control images
• Brain responds differently to different types of sexual stimuli in paraphilics
• 100% accuracy in distinguishing men with pedophilia from men without as measured by fMRI to images to nude children vs. nude women
Term
Lovemap
Definition
• Research by John Money
• Childhood experiences etch a pattern in the brain
• Determines the types of stimuli and activities that become sexually arousing
• In paraphilias, lovemaps may become distorted or vandalized by early traumatic experiences
Term
Problem with treatment for paraphilic disorders
Definition
• Many people who engage in these behaviors are generally not motivated to change
• Usually receive treatment in prison or are referred to a treatment provider by the courts
• Treatment may be futile when clients lack the motivation to change their behavior
Term
Psychoanalysis treatment for paraphilic disorders
Definition
Attempt to bring childhood sexual conflicts into awareness so they can be resolved in light of the individual’s adult personality
Term
Types of CBT treatment for paraphilic disorders
Definition
• Aversive conditioning
• Covert sensitization
• Social Skill Training
Term
Aversive conditioning for paraphilic disorders
Definition
• Goal is to induce a negative emotional response to unacceptable stimuli or fantasies
• Can reduced sexual arousal in response to children as stimuli
• Questions remain about how lasting the effects may be
Term
Covert sensitization for paraphilic disorders
Definition
• A variation of aversion therapy in which paraphilic fantasies are paired with aversive stimuli in imagination
• Benefits were maintains for many men with exhibitionism but few with pedophilia
Term
Social Skill Training for paraphilic disorders
Definition
• Helps the individual improve his ability to develop and maintain relationships with adult partners
Term
Biomedical Therapies for paraphilic disorders
Definition
• No magic pill or other medical cure
• Progress is reported in treating exhibitionism, voyeurism, and fetishism with SSRI depressants
• May fall within an obsessive-compulsive spectrum of behaviors
• Antiandrogen drugs
Term
Antiandrogen drugs
Definition
• Reduce levels of testosterone in the bloodstream
• Can reduce sexual urges when used in combination with psychological treatment
• Do not completely eliminate paraphilic urges, nor do they change the types of erotic stimuli to which the client is attracted
Term
Best treatment for pedophilia or serial rapists
Definition
• Incarceration
• High relapse rate
Term
"Chemical castration"
Definition
• CA first to pass
• Force criminal to take antiandrogens
• Compulsion continues
Term
Antidepressants for paraphilic disorders
Definition
• SSRIs and SNRIs
• Help compulsion behaviors
• Works best for any pedophile or serial rapist who also has depression or anxiety
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