Term
| Substance-induced disorders |
|
Definition
| Patterns of abnormal behavior induced by use of psychoactive substances |
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|
Term
| Two types of substance-induced disorders |
|
Definition
| Substance intoxication and substance withdrawal |
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Term
|
Definition
| A substance-induced disorder involving a pattern of repeated episodes of intoxication, which is a state of drunkenness or being “high,” brought about by use of a particular drug |
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Term
|
Definition
| A substance-induced disorder involving a cluster of symptoms that occur when a person abruptly stops using a particular substance following a period of prolonged and heavy use of the substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| A state of physical habituation to a drug, resulting from frequent use, such that higher doses are needed to achieve the same effect |
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Term
|
Definition
| Comes from regular or prolonged use of certain substances. A cluster of psychological and physical symptoms following abrupt cessation of use of the substance |
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Term
|
Definition
• In some cases, withdrawal produces this state
• Limited to chronic, heavy users of alcohol who dramatically lower their intake of alcohol after many years of heavy drinking
• Involves intense autonomic hyperactivity, delirium, and hallucinations |
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Term
|
Definition
• Leads to irreversible memory loss after years a chronic alcohol abuse
• Linked to vitamin B deficiency
• Characterized by glaring confusion, disorientation, and memory loss for recent events |
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Term
|
Definition
• Patterns of maladaptive use of psychoactive substances that lead to significant levels of impaired functioning or personal distress
• Requires two or more specific features or symptoms occurring during the preceding one year period
• The particular features vary with the type of drug. |
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Term
| Most commonly abused chemical in the U.S. that is legally sanctioned |
|
Definition
| Alcohol (after caffeine and nicotine) |
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Term
|
Definition
• The most widely used psychoactive drug
• Not identified with a recognizable substance use disorder because it had not been reliably linked to problematic use leading to impaired functioning and personal distress
• Can lead to a substance withdrawal disorder |
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Term
| Most dangerous substance to withdraw from |
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Definition
• Alcohol
• More so than heroin |
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Term
| Most abused illicit (illegal) drug |
|
Definition
• Marijuana
• Followed by cocaine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Nicotine
• At 32% prevalence |
|
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Term
| The two substances that are legally available to adults |
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Definition
• Tobacco and alcohol
• Cause more deaths through sickness and accidents than all illicit drugs combined |
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Term
| When is it considered substance abuse? |
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Definition
| The determining feature of substance use disorder is whether a pattern of drug-using behavior continues although it causes significant problems in occupational, social, or daily functioning or personal distress |
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Term
| Prevalence of developing a substance use disorder involving an illegal drug at some point |
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Definition
| About 1 in 10 adults in the US |
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Term
| Most common type of illegal dependence |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Ethnicity and substance use disorders |
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Definition
| • African Americans and Latinos have comparable or even lower rates than do European Americans |
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Term
|
Definition
• Gambling disorder
• Pyromania
• Kleptomania |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pattern of drug-use behavior in which a person’s body has changes as a result of regular use of the drug, such that the person now requires larger amounts of the drug to achieve the same effects (tolerance) or has troubling withdrawal symptoms among cutting back or stopping use of the drug (a withdrawal syndrome) |
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Term
|
Definition
• Not the same thing as physical dependence
• A compulsive use of a drug accompanied by signs of physical dependence
• Involves a loss of control over use of a drug despite knowledge of the harmful consequences it causes
• People may become physically dependent on a drug but not become addicted |
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Term
|
Definition
• Impaired control over the problem behavior in a similar way that people with a chemical addiction have difficulty controlling their drug use
• May also show evidence of withdrawal symptoms; typically psychological |
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Term
|
Definition
| People who use a drug compulsively to meet their psychological needs, such as relying on a drug to combat daily stress or anxiety |
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Term
| Different types or classes of drugs |
|
Definition
• Stimulants
• Depressants
• Opioids
• Hallucinogens |
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Term
|
Definition
• A drug that slows down or curbs the activity of the central nervous system
• Reduces feelings of tension and anxiety, slows movement, and impairs cognitive processes
• Can arrest vital functions and cause death |
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|
Term
|
Definition
• Alcohol
• Barbiturates
• Opioids |
|
|
Term
| Most widely used depressant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most widely used substance worldwide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of depressant drug does alcohol have in it? |
|
Definition
• Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
• This chemical that is quickly absorbed into the blood through the lining of the stomach and the intestine
• After reaching the stomach, alcohol begins to be metabolized by enzymes. Most of it goes into the small intestines and from there is absorbed into the blood.
• It is then broken down primarily in the liver, which can metabolize about one oz. of 100-proof (50% alcohol) whiskey per hour |
|
|
Term
| What affect does alcohol have on the system? |
|
Definition
• Has biochemical effects similar to those of a class of antianxiety agents or minor tranquilizers, the benzodiazepines
• “Over-the-counter tranquilizer” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 8 million adults suffer in US
• 10% prevalence in US |
|
|
Term
| Disease model of alcoholism |
|
Definition
• Belief that alcoholism is a medical illness or disease
• Holds that alcoholism is a chronic, permanent condition
• AA subscribes to this view
• Never “cured” |
|
|
Term
| What is alcoholism connected with? |
|
Definition
• Lower productivity
• Loss of jobs
• Downward movement in socioeconomic status
• Domestic violence
• Increased risk of divorce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• About 1 in 3 suicides in US are linked to alcohol use
• 1 in 3 deaths due to unintentional injury are linked to alcohol use
• More young adults die from alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents than from any other cause |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| No single drinking pattern is exclusively associated |
|
|
Term
| Gender risk factors in alcoholism |
|
Definition
• Men 2x as likely as women
• Develops later in women than in men |
|
|
Term
| Age risk factors in alcoholism |
|
Definition
| Develop in young adulthood, typically between 20-40 |
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|
Term
| Family history risk factors in alcoholism |
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Definition
| Inherit a predisposition that makes them more likely to develop problems with alcohol |
|
|
Term
| Sociodemographic risk factors in alcoholism |
|
Definition
More common among people of
• Lower income
• Lower educational levels
• People living alone |
|
|
Term
| Comorbid diseases with alcoholism |
|
Definition
| Antisocial personality disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Jews, Italians, Greeks, and Asians have relatively low rates
• Asian Americans drink less heavily (flushing)
• Hispanic men = white men
• Hispanic women much less likely than white women
• African Americans nearly 2x as high to get cirrhosis of the liver
• African Americans show lower rates of alcoholism
• Native Americans have higher rates |
|
|
Term
| Psychological effects of alcoholism |
|
Definition
• Vary from person to person
• People may do things when drinking that they wouldn't do when sober (expectations about drug and also the drug’s effects on the brain)
• Chronic alcohol abuse can impair cognitive abilities
• Induces short-term feelings of euphoria and elation that can drown self-doubts
• Can dampen sexual arousal
• Hampers coordination and motor ability; impairs judgment |
|
|
Term
| Alcoholism reflects the interaction of |
|
Definition
• The physiological effects of the substances
• Our interpretations of those effects |
|
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Term
| Chief health consequences of alcohol abuse |
|
Definition
• Liver disease
• Increased risk of some forms of cancer
• Coronary heart disease
• Neurological disorders
• Other physical problems: pancreatitis, endocrine disease, capillary hemorrhages, etc.
• Fetal alcohol syndrome or FAS |
|
|
Term
| Major forms of alcohol-related liver disease |
|
Definition
• Alcoholic hepatitis
• Cirrhosis of the liver |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A serious and potentially life-threatening inflammation of the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• A potentially fatal disease in which healthy liver cells are replaced with scar tissue
• Linked to protein deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Characterized by facial features such as a flattened nose, widely spaced eyes, and an underdeveloped upper jaw, as well as mental retardation and social skills deficits
• Affects 1 to 3 of every 1000 live births
• No established “safe” limit for alcohol use by pregnant women
• Entirely preventable birth defect by not drinking while pregnant |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol's biphasic effect |
|
Definition
• Phase one: Ethyl alcohol depresses the areas of the brain that controls judgment and inhibition.
• Phase two: As more alcohol is absorbed, it slows down additional areas of the CNS, such as speech, motor coordination, memory, and emotional modulation. |
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Term
|
Definition
• Works like benzodiazepines by heightening activity of the neurotransmitter GABA (inhibitory)
• Increases in GABA produce feelings of relaxation
• Alcohol also initially increases levels of serotonin and dopamine activity
• Alcohol inhibits glutamate receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rather than disinhibit, alcohol produces a myopia effect that causes users to pay more attention to important environmental cues and less attention to less important cues |
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Term
|
Definition
| The U.S. Dept. of Health defines binge drinking as 4-5 drinks in one sitting |
|
|
Term
| Cloninger’s Type I alcoholic profile |
|
Definition
• Show more antisocial characteristics
• Appear to be quite physically resistant to the negative effects of alcohol |
|
|
Term
| Cloninger’s Type II alcoholic profile |
|
Definition
• Often referred to as the “functional alcoholics”
• They typically are law-abiding citizens who are able to sustain employment |
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Term
|
Definition
• Amobarbital
• Pentobarbital
• Phenobarbital
• Secobarbital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| About 1% of adult Americans develop a substance use disorder involving use of barbiturates, sleep medication, or antianxiety agents at some point in their lives |
|
|
Term
| Barbiturates psychological effects |
|
Definition
• Sedative drugs which are depressants with high addictive potential
• Eases anxiety and tension
• Dulls pain
• Treats epilepsy and high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Barbiturates and the brain |
|
Definition
• Bind to GABA neurons
• They are metabolized in the liver and at high doses, cause similar intoxication effects as alcohol.
• At high doses, they depress the reticular formation, the part of the brain that keeps people awake, thus causing the user to get sleepy |
|
|
Term
| Barbiturates high risk combinations |
|
Definition
• When their use is combined with operation of a motor vehicle
• Mixture of barbiturates and alcohol is about 4X as powerful as either drug used alone |
|
|
Term
| Withdrawal from barbiturates |
|
Definition
• Physiologically dependent people need to be withdrawn carefully from sedatives, barbiturates, and antianxiety agents, and only under medical supervision
• Rarely results in death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Narcotics
• Morphine
• Heroin
• Codeine
• OxyContin
• Hydrocodone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Opioids
• Type of depressant
• Strongly addictive drugs that have pain-relieving and sleep-inducing properties
• Derived form the poppy plant
• Produces a rush or intense feeling of pleasure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Pleasure derives from their ability to directly stimulate the brain’s pleasure circuits
• Neurons in the brain have receptor sites to which opiates fit like a key in a lock
• Human body produces its own opiate-like substances that dock at the same receptor sites as opiates do
• Mimic endorphins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Play important roles in regulating natural states of pleasure and pain
• Opiates mimic the actions of endorphins
• Drinking alcohol stimulates release of endorphins in the brain as well |
|
|
Term
| Medical application of opioids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can lead to coma and even death |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of opioid-use disorder |
|
Definition
• In some American cities, young men are more likely to die of a heroin overdose than in a car accident
• 1.6% of Americans report using the drug at some point in their lives
• 0.2% report using the drug in the past year |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Can be severe
• Flu-like symptoms
• Within a few days, symptoms progress
• Although symptoms can be uncomfortable, they are usually not devastating, especially when other drugs are prescribed to relieve them
• Rarely results in death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Introduced during American Civil War
• Opium derivative
• Used liberally to deaden pain from wounds
• Dependence known as “soldier’s disease” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Most widely used opiate
• Can create euphoric rush
• Heinrich Dreser transformed morphine into a drug believed to have “heroic” effects in relieving pain without addiction → called heroin
• Does lead to a strong physiological dependence
• Interferes significantly with social and occupational functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 4 million Americans have used heroin at some point in their lives
• Most heroin users are men over the age of 25
• Average age of first use is about 22 years old |
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Term
|
Definition
| Injected either directly beneath the skin (skin popping) or into a vein (mainlining) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Psychoactive substances that increase the activity of the CNS, which enhances states of alertness, and can produce feelings of pleasure or even euphoric highs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Amphetamines
• Ecstasy
• Cocaine
• Nicotine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Class of synthetic stimulants
• Used in high doses for their euphoric rush |
|
|
Term
| Street names for amphetamines |
|
Definition
• Speed
• Uppers
• Bennies
• Meth
• Dexies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Pill form
• Smoked in a pure form called ice or crystal meth
• Injected |
|
|
Term
| Most potent form of amphetamine |
|
Definition
• Liquid methamphetamine
• Injected directly into the veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• People who have been on extended highs sometimes “crash” and fall into a deep sleep or depression
• Some commit suicide on their way down |
|
|
Term
| Statistics of amphetamines |
|
Definition
• 5% of Americans reported using meth at some point in their lives
• 0.3% reported using the drug in the past year |
|
|
Term
| Amphetamines are linked to |
|
Definition
• Can cause brain damage, producing deficits in learning and memory
• Increased depression
• Aggressive behavior
• Social isolation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• The hallucinations and delusions of amphetamine psychosis mimic those of paranoid schizophrenic
• Behaviors that are very similar to that of mania |
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|
Term
|
Definition
• Type of stimulant
• Designer drug (a chemical knockoff similar in chemical structure to amphetamines)
• Produces mild euphoria and hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can produce adverse psychological effects, including:
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Insomnia
• Paranoia
• Psychosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Can cause brain damage that impairs cognitive performance
• Scientists suspect the drug kills or damages the neurons that produce the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, key chemicals in the brain involved in regulating mood states and ability to reap pleasure in everyday life |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Can be lethal when taken in high doses |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• A natural stimulant extracted from the leaves of the coca plant
• Was used in Coca-Cola
• Produces tolerance and withdrawal syndrome
• Intense cravings for the drug and loss of ability to experience pleasure may also be present |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Withdrawal symptoms are usually brief in duration and may involve a crash following abrupt withdrawal |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Blocking the reuptake of dopamine in mesolimbic areas that are thought to yield pleasurable states, cocaine facilitates neural transmission and results in heightened positive feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Snorted in powder form
• Smoked in the form of crack
• Freebasing |
|
|
Term
| Snorting cocaine in powder form |
|
Definition
| Milder rush but lingers longer than crack |
|
|
Term
| Smoking cocaine in the form of crack |
|
Definition
• Hardened form that may be more than 75% pure
• Produces a prompt and potent rush that wears off in a few minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Intensifies effect
• Cocaine in powder form is heated with ether, freeing the psychoactive chemical base of the drug, and then smoked
• Highly flammable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Next to marijuana, it is the most widely used illegal drug in US
• 15% of Americans have used it
• 2% have reported using it in the past year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Directly stimulates the brain’s reward or pleasure circuits
• Can cause potentially dangerous, even fatal, irregular heart rhythms
• Regular snorting can lead to serious nasal problems
• Can lead to depression and anxiety
• Both initial and routine users report episodes of crashing
• Psychotic behavior |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Type of stimulant
• Habitual smoking |
|
|
Term
| Nicotine addiction can lead to what diseases? |
|
Definition
• Lung cancer and other lung diseases
• Cardiovascular disease |
|
|
Term
| Benefit of quitting smoking |
|
Definition
| Quitting smoking at any age greatly reduces the increased risk of smoking-related death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Leading health risk in US
• Causes more premature deaths than any other cause
• Accounts for 1 in 5 deaths of Americans
• More than 3 million worldwide die each year from smoking-related cause
• Shaves about 10 years off the lifespan of the average smoker
• 1 billion people worldwide smoke; 1 in 5 adult Americans smoke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 50% of tobacco users who quit for 2 or more days show evidence of withdrawal disorder |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of nicotine addiction |
|
Definition
• With the exception of Native Americans, women in each ethnic group are less likely to smoke than their male counterparts
• Concentrated among people at lower income and educational levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Increases alertness
• Stimulates the release of epinephrine (generates rush of autonomic nervous system activity)
• Quells the appetite
• Provides a psychological “kick”
• Releases endorphins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Also known as psychedelics
• Produce sensory distortions or hallucinations
• Relaxation and euphoria
• In some cases, panic
• Has tolerance, but lack of evidence of a consistent or clinically significant withdrawal syndrome
• Claim to achieved great insights during trip, but when it wears off, they cannot follow through or summon a memory of these discoveries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• LSD
• Psilocybin/PCP (derived from mushrooms)
• Marijuana
• Mescaline (derived from peyote cactus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Synthetic hallucinogenic drug
• Vivid parade of colors and visual distortion |
|
|
Term
| Effects of a bad trip off LSD |
|
Definition
• Intense fear or panic
• Fear of losing control or sanity
• Terrifying fears of death
• Flashbacks of the trip may occur days, weeks, or years after |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Phencyclidine
• Type of hallucinogen
• Classified as a deliriant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed as an anesthetic, but was discontinued when its hallucinatory side effects were discovered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Dose related
• Disassociating effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Type of stimulant
• Derived from the Cannibus sativa plant
• Can produce perceptual distortions or mild hallucinations, especially in high doses or when used by susceptible individuals |
|
|
Term
| Psychoactive substance in marijuana |
|
Definition
• Delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC)
• Hashish (hash) also derived from resin, is more potent but has similar effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 4 in 10 report having used marijuana or hashish at some point in their lives
• 11.5% report using the drug in the past year
• 1.5% of US adult population suffer from cannabis use disorder in 2013 |
|
|
Term
| Gender prevalence of marijuana |
|
Definition
• Men are more likely than women to develop the disorder
• Disorders greatest in age 18-30
• More teens today use marijuana than either alcohol or tobacco |
|
|
Term
| Rates of marijuana vs. cocaine |
|
Definition
| Increased use of marijuana stands in sharp contrast to continuing declines in youths in the use of cocaine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Low doses can produce relaxing feelings and make people more comfortable at social gatherings; high doses often lead users to withdraw into themselves
• Some believe drug increases their capacity for self-insight but cannot recall when sober
• Some use to help cope with life problems or under stress
• Increased awareness of bodily sensations
• Heightens sexual sensations
• Visual hallucinations/distortions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated more with compulsive use or psychological dependence rather than with physiological dependence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Tolerance may occur
• Sensitization (reverse tolerance) is sometimes reported, making them more sensitive to the drug’s effects with repeated use |
|
|
Term
| Withdrawal from marijuana |
|
Definition
| Evidence does point to a definable withdrawal syndrome in long-term heavy users |
|
|
Term
| Impairments after using marijuana |
|
Definition
• Can lead to impairment in learning and memory
• Loss of IQ points by midlife
• Linked to later use of harder drugs
• Impairs perception and motor coordination and thus makes driving dangerous
• Linked to increased risk of heart attacks in people with heart disease
• Can damage lung tissue and lead to serious respiratory disease
• May increase risk of lung cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with chronic marijuana use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug overdoses are now the number one cause of death in the U.S., overtaking motor vehicle accidents. |
|
|
Term
| Every __ minutes, someone dies of an unintentional drug overdose in the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of overdose deaths per year in U.S. |
|
Definition
| Drug overdose deaths now exceed 38,000 per year |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of substance use disorders |
|
Definition
• Persistent problems cutting back or controlling use of the substance
• Developing tolerance or a withdrawal syndrome
• Spending an excessive amount of time seeking/using the substance
• Using the substance in situations that pose a risk to the person’s safety or the safety of others (such as repeatedly drinking and driving). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to regulate behaviors related to drug use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The individual, typically someone who is abusing alcohol, may continue to function without passing out, but is unable to remember their behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How a drug is ingested; the more efficient routes lead to greater likelihood of addiction and binge use. |
|
|
Term
| Time for a drug to reach brain via injection |
|
Definition
• Intravenously: 20 seconds
• Intramuscular: 4 minutes |
|
|
Term
| Time for a drug to reach brain via snorting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Time for a drug to reach brain via inhaling/smoking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Time for a drug to reach brain via oral injection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Time for a drug to reach brain via under tongue |
|
Definition
| Time is variable, but longer than 20 seconds |
|
|
Term
| Time for a drug to reach brain via inserted anally/vaginally |
|
Definition
| Time is variable, but longer than 20 seconds |
|
|
Term
| Time for a drug to reach brain via eyedrops |
|
Definition
| Time is variable, but longer than 20 seconds |
|
|
Term
| Fastest route of administration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood alcohol level (BAL) |
|
Definition
| The amount of alcohol per unit of blood |
|
|
Term
| In most states, the legal limit for driving while intoxicated is... |
|
Definition
| 80-100 mg % or 80-100 mg per 100 ml of blood (usually given as .08 to .10 BAL). |
|
|
Term
| Lethal level of blood alcohol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An amphetamine used in the treatment of the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 9% of college students
• 7% of young adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 7.5% among college students
• 8.6% among young adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly addictive narcotic drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 2.3% in college students
• 3.2% in young adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Xanax and other benzodiazepines
• Antipsychotics such as Seroquel and Haldol |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of tranquilizers |
|
Definition
• 4.9% of college students
• 6.3% in young adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Also known as sleeping pills
• Luminal (phenobarbitol)
• Amytal (amobarbital)
• Nembutal (pentobarbital) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Sedatives (barbiturates)
• Tranquilizers (benzodiazepines; antipsychotics)
• Narcotics (pain killers) other than heroin
• Has become a larger part of the nation’s drug abuse problem |
|
|
Term
| Progression into drug abuse |
|
Definition
1. Experimentation
2. Routine use
3. Addiction or dependence |
|
|
Term
| CNS Depressants - Anxiolytics |
|
Definition
• Benzodiazepines: These anti-anxiety drugs developed in the 1950s are the most popular sedative-hypnotic drugs available
• Relieve anxiety without making people as drowsy
• Xanax and Valium
• Many polydrug abusers choose a sedative as one of their drugs, sometimes to come down from a stimulant or to reduce withdrawal effects |
|
|
Term
| CNS Depressants - Benzodiazepines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biological perspective of substance-use disorder |
|
Definition
• Drugs increase levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain’s pleasure or reward circuits
• Over time, regular use of these drugs may sap the brain’s own production of dopamine
• Consequently, the brain’s natural reward system becomes blunted
• Alcoholism runs in families |
|
|
Term
| Learning perspective of substance-use disorder |
|
Definition
• Substance-related behaviors are largely learned and can, in principle, be unlearned
• Focus on the roles of operant and classical conditioning and observational learning
• Not regarded as symptoms of disease but rather as problem habits |
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Term
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Definition
• Learning perspective of substance-use disorder
• One of the primary reinforcers for using alcohol is relief from states of tension or unpleasant states of arousal
• The more often one drinks to reduce tension or anxiety, the stronger or more habitual the habit becomes |
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Term
| Negative reinforcement and substance-use disorders |
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Definition
• Learning perspective of substance-use disorder
• People may resume using drugs to gain relief from unpleasant withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
| The Conditioning Model of Craving |
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Definition
• Learning perspective of substance-use disorder
• Classical conditioning
• Cravings reflect the body’s need to restore high blood levels of the addictive substance and thus have a biological basis |
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Term
| Observational Learning and substance-use disorders |
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Definition
• Learning perspective of substance-use disorder
• Parents who model inappropriate or excessive drinking or use of illicit drugs may set the stage for maladaptive drug use in their children |
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Term
| Cognitive perspective of substance-use disorder |
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Definition
• Evidence supports the role
• Alcohol or other drug use may also boost self-efficacy expectations |
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Term
| Psychodynamic perspective of substance-use disorder |
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Definition
• Alcoholism reflects an oral-dependent personality
• Associates excessive alcohol use with other oral traits, such as dependence and depression, and traces the origins of these traits to fixation in the oral stage of psychosexual development |
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Term
| Sociocultural perspective of substance-use disorder |
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Definition
• Drinking is determined, in part, by where we live, whom we worship with, and the social or cultural norms that regulate our behavior
• Cultural attitudes can encourage or discourage problem drinking
• Peer pressure and exposure to a drug subculture are important influences |
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Term
| Treatments for substance-use disorders |
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Definition
• Detoxification
• Disulfiram
• Antidepressants
• Nicotine Replacement Therapy
• Methadone
• Naltrexone
• Nonprofessional support groups
• Residential approaches |
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Term
| Detoxification for substance-use disorder treatment |
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Definition
• The process of ridding the system of alcohol or other drugs under supervised conditions
• More safely carried out in a hospital setting |
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Term
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Definition
• For substance-use disorder treatment
• Discourages alcohol consumption because the combination of the two produces a violent response consisting of nausea, headache, heart palpitations, and vomiting |
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Term
| Antidepressants for substance-use disorder treatment |
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Definition
| May help reduce cravings for cocaine following withdrawal |
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Term
| Nicotine Replacement Therapy |
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Definition
• For substance-use disorder treatment
• Form of prescription gum, skin patches, and nasal sprays can help smokers avoid unpleasant withdrawal symptoms and cravings for cigarettes
• After quitting smoking, ex-smokers can gradually wean themselves from the nicotine replacement |
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Term
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Definition
• For substance-use disorder treatment
• A synthetic opiate that is used to help people who are addicted to heroin to abstain from it without a withdrawal syndrome
• Highly addictive |
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Term
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Definition
• For substance-use disorder treatment
• A drug that blocks the high from alcohol and opiates
• Seems to blunt cravings |
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Term
| Nonprofessional support groups for substance-use disorder treatment |
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Definition
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Term
| Residential approaches for substance-use disorder treatment |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychodynamic approach to substance-use disorder treatment |
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Definition
• Symptoms of conflicts rooted in childhood experiences
• The therapist attempts to resolve the underlying conflicts, assuming that abusive behavior will then subside as the client seeks more mature forms of gratification |
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Term
| Behavioral approaches to substance-use disorder treatment |
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Definition
• Focus on modifying abusive and dependent behavior patterns
• Self-control strategies (ABCs) |
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Term
| Self-control strategies (ABCs) |
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Definition
• The antecedent cues or stimuli (As) that prompt or trigger abuse
• The abusive behaviors (Bs) themselves
• The reinforcing or punishing consequences (Cs) that maintain or discourage abuse |
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Term
| Learning approaches to substance-use disorder treatment |
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Definition
• Contingency Management Programs
• Aversive Conditioning
• Social Skills Training (SST)
• Relapse-Prevention Training |
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Term
| Contingency Management Programs |
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Definition
• Believe that our behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments
• Provide reinforcements contingent on performing desirable behaviors such as producing drug-negative urine samples |
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Term
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Definition
• Painful or aversive stimuli are paired with substance abuse or abuse-related stimuli to condition negative emotional responses to drug-related stimuli
• Effects are often temporary and fail |
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Term
| Social Skills Training (SST) |
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Definition
• Helps people develop effective interpersonal responses
• Assertiveness training: Alcohol abusers learn to fend off social pressures to drink
• Behavioral marital therapy |
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Term
| Relapse-Prevention Training |
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Definition
• Designed to help substance abusers to identify high-risk situations and learn effective coping skills for handling these situations
• Also focuses on preventing lapses from turning into full-blown relapse |
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Term
| Billy Grow: psychological factors leading to drug addiction |
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Definition
• Genetic predisposition (40-50% influence)
• Environmental (family/social)
• Substance use/behavior (attachment disorder) |
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Term
| Billy Grow: neurobiological factors of drug addiction |
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Definition
• Developmental trauma --> affects regulation
• Dopamine (reward system) |
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