Term
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Definition
| psychological disorder, psychological disfunction that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected |
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Term
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Definition
| no one criterion has yet been developed that fully defines abnormality |
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Term
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Definition
| the course a disorder takes that begins suddenly |
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Definition
| differs from one disorder to another |
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Term
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Definition
| type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response, conditioning is one way we acquire new information, especially emotional, not as simple as seems, but can be quite automatic, process identified by physiologist Ivan Pavlov, did classic study examining why dogs salivate before the presentation of food,can be learned in one trial, but usually requires repeated pairing of unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Classical conditioning process, unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response |
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Definition
| begins with a stimulus that would elicit a response in almost anyone and requires no learning, no conditions must be present for the response to occur ex. food in Pavlov dogs and chemotherapy in cancer treatment, they are called unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response is the natural or unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus, ex. saliva or nausea |
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Term
| classical conditioning-conditioned stimulus and conditioned response |
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Definition
| conditioned stimulus is any person or object associated with the unconditioned stimulus used to elicit the same response, which is called the conditioned response ex. nurse associated with chemotherapy is conditioned stimulus, bell ringing for dogs, nausea felt from seeing nurse is conditioned response |
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Term
| classical conditioning-extinction |
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Definition
| presentation of a conditioned stimulus(bell) without food for long enough period results in unlearning or learning that that stimulus no longer produces something |
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Term
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Definition
| B.F. Skinner, type of learning in which behavior changes as a function of what follows behavior, behavior operates on the environment and changes it in some way |
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Term
| Operant conditioning-reinforcement |
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Definition
| "reward", all of our behavior is governed to some degree by reinforcement, using punishment ineffective, positive reinforcement of desired behavior much more effective in long run |
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Term
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Definition
| receive Ph.D. or sometimes Ed.D., doctor of education, or Psy.D., doctor of psychology, follow a graduate-level study course which lasts about 5 years, prepares them to conduct research into the causes and treatment of psychological disorders and to diagnose, asses, and treat these disorders, concentrate on more severe psychological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to clinical psychologist except they tend to study and treat adjustment and vocational issues encountered by relatively healthy individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern a disorder follows, most disorders have their own individual course, chronic course-last a long time, sometimes lifetime, episodic course-mood disorders, individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer another recurrence of the disorder at a later time, time-limited course-disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period |
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Term
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Definition
| the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us, shared response referred to as mob psychology, people are suggestible when they are in high states of emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins, what causes it, includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions, etiology of psychological disorders is extremely important |
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Term
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Definition
| four bodily fluids that Hippocrates assumed normal brain functioning was related to, blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood form heart, black bile from spleen, yellow bile or choler from liver, phlegm from brain, physicians believed that disease resulted from too much or too little of on of the humors, too much black bile caused depression-melancholy, humoral theory was first example of associating psychological disorders with a chemical imbalance, 4 humors related to Greeks conception of 4 basic qualities:heat, dryness, moisture, cold |
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Term
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Definition
| when a disorder develops gradually over an extended period |
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Term
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Definition
| word coined by Hippocrates to describe concept he learned from Egyptians, somatoform disorders, these disorders mostly occurred in women so they mistakenly believed they were restricted to women and presumed the cause to be the empty uterus wandering to other parts of the body in search of conception, hysteria comes from Greek word for uterus, prescribed cure might be marriage or fumigation of the vagina to lure the uterus back, knowledge of physiology disproved this theory, but the tendency to stigmatize dramatic women as hysterical continued |
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Term
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Definition
| humans have always tried to explain and control problematic behavior, hence these three traditions of the supernatural, the biological, and the psychological |
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Term
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Definition
| the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us, large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior, emotion contagion and mob psychology |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological dysfunction, distress or impairment, atypical response or not culturally accepted |
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Term
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Definition
| started by Dorothea Dix, informing the American public and their leaders of the abuse of the deplorable conditions imposed on patients with insanity, improved standards of care, made sure everyone who needed care received it, humane treatment became more widely available in American institutions, as a result there was a substantial increase in the number of mental patients, which there was not enough staff to handle |
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Term
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Definition
| strong psychosocial approach to mental disorders during first half of 19th century, moral meaning emotional or psychological, included treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction,providing them with opportunities for appropriate social and interpersonal contact, relationships were carefully nurtured, individual attention emphasized positive consequences for appropriate interactions and behavior, restraint and seclusion were eliminated, principles date back to Plato, originated as a system with well-known French psychiatrist Philippe Pinel, made mental institutions more humane that produced "miraculous" results, resulted from reforms, emphasized humane treatment, exposure outside of hospital, positive experiences and interaction with normal functioning people |
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Term
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Definition
| natural causes, brain central to thought and mental disorders, imbalance of bodily humors, father of modern Western medicine |
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Term
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Definition
| insanity defense, humane treatment of mentally ill, used talk therapy and other psychological ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasized biology, nervous system, physical and mental causes |
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Term
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Definition
| started initial reforms of asylums in France, then received strong help from his protege Pinel |
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Term
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Definition
| moral therapy, highly successful experiment, allowed many to leave asylums, emphasis on humane conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| quaker, opened house as retreat for patients in England, spread the ideas of Pinel, helping make it a movement |
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Term
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Definition
| U.S. physician that became known as the father of American psychiatry, admitted mentally ill to his hospital, thus placing mental disorders under medical umbrella, emphasized humane treatment, positive experiences, believed too much blood in brain caused some mental illness, used techniques such as bloodletting, purging, and ice baths, developed tranquilizing chair which restricted blood flow to patients head |
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Term
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Definition
| built on work of Liebeault, led a debate on basis of hysteria, which yielded the first modern demonstration of a psychological basis for a mental disorder, led to Breurer using hypnosis to treat hysteria |
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Term
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Definition
| have advanced degrees such as master's or Ph.D., specialize in care and treatment of patients with mental disorders usually in hospitals |
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Term
| Psychiatric social worker |
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Definition
| get master's degree in social work relevant to mental disorders, treat disorders and focus on family problems associated with them |
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Term
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Definition
| first earn M.D. degree in medical school and then specialize in psychiatry during residency training for 3 to 4 years, investigate nature and causes of mental disorders, make diagnoses, offer treatments, emphasize drugs/biological treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal behavior, psychological dysfunction, distress or impairment, atypical or not culturally expected response |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of psychological disorders, includes clinical description, causation/etiology, treatment and outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| reappearance of or return to problem behaviors after treatment or recovery |
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Term
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Definition
| influenced biological cause/tradition for mental disorders, advanced stages of syphilis made people act the same as people with psychosis, because the behavioral and cognitive symptoms were traced back to a curable infection, many mental health professionals assumed comparable causes and cures might be discovered for all psychological disorders |
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Term
| Scientist-practitioner model |
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Definition
| mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their work, using scientific methods, consumers of science, keep up with latest scientific methods which enhances their practice, evaluator of science, evaluate their own assessments and treatments, determine effectiveness of the practice, creator of science, conduct research the leads to new useful procedures in practice |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| developed by Joseph Wolpe, individuals are gradually introduced to the objects or situations they fear so that their fear can extinguish, used relaxation while imagining fearful object or situation, great success, called behavior therapy, phobias |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief people hold to describe the factors to which they "attribute" the outcome, external and internal, in Seligman's learned helplessness, people decide or think they cannot change the stress in their lives or do anything about it, they make an attribution that they have no control and they become depressed |
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Term
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Definition
| Mary Jones and Wolpe used this to help free people of phobias, includes systemic desensitization, wide-scale application of the science of behaviorism to psychopathology |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on how learning and adaptation affect the development of psychopathology, founded by John Watson, Albert and white rat, psychology should be made scientific and is an objective experimental branch of natural science, psychology doesn't need introspection |
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Term
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Definition
| it is therapeutic to real and relive emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and to release the accompanying tension, releasing of emotional material, very important development in history of psychology, Freud and Breurer |
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Term
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Definition
| Beck's cognitive model of depression, pessimism and negative thinking results from these cognitive errors, three cognitive errors are selective abstraction, overgeneralization, and arbitrary inference, cognitive errors form maladaptive schemas and thinking patterns, impacts three areas including beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future |
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Term
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Definition
| core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, Freud, Oedipus complex, Electra complex, inferiority complex |
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Term
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Definition
| when a patient falls in love with a therapist and the therapist project some of their own personal issues and feelings, usually positive, onto the patient |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious irrational and anxiety-ridden residues of frustrating childhood experiences, unconscious protective processes that keep the primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating function, Freud and his daughter Anna, sometimes they are adaptive and sometimes they are maladaptive, different mental disorders are associated with different defense mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| condition where one is deprived of some desired outcome, this increases the reinforcement property of the the deprived consequence, principle of learning theory to explain behavior pathology |
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Term
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Definition
| defense mechanism, psychoanalysis, transfers a feeling about, or a response to, an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually less-threatening, object or person |
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Term
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Definition
| technique of psychoanalysis, designed to reveal nature of unconscious mind, therapist interprets the content of dreams which reflects the primary-thinking process of the id and then systematically relates the dreams to symbolic aspects of unconscious conflicts, often difficult with patients since they resist or don't accept interpretations, supposed to give patient insight into nature of conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
| part of Freud's structure of the mind, the part of our mind that makes sure we act realistically, operates under reality principle instead of pleasure principle, mediator between id and superego, logical and rational, develops after a few months of life |
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Term
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Definition
| part of Freud's psychosexual stages of development, controversial conflict that arises in girls where she wants to replace her mother and possess her father, girl has desire for a penis so she can be more like her brother or father and therefore has penis envy, this complex is resolved as girls develop healthy heterosexual relationships and look forward to having a baby, which gets rid of penis envy |
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Term
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Definition
| consider a number of paths to a given outcome, behaviors and disorders have lots of different causes, there is an interaction of psychological and biological factors during different stages of development |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning when something can be unlearned, you can eliminate the conditioned response, ex. ringing bell and not giving dog food teaches dog that bell no longer means food is coming |
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Term
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Definition
| part of Freud's psychosexual stages of development, if we do not receive appropriate gratification during a specific stage or if a specific stage leaves a strong impression our personality reflects this throughout our adult life |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the techniques of psychoanalytic psychotherapy to help reveal the unconscious mind and conflicts where patients are instructed to say whatever comes to their mind without the usual socially required censoring, used to reveal emotionally charged material that may be repressed, patients would lay on couch, Freud |
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Term
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Definition
| can lead to dysfunctional reactions such as rigidity, aggression, resignation and depression, when we are stopped from meeting gout needs and goals, when we lose control, we often react with unpleasant emotions and dysfunctional behaviors, this contributes to the idea that our environment does contribute to the development of psychopathology, is baed on environment, need and competence frustration, neurosis of animals in labs |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning when a response can become associated with a stimulus that is similar to original stimulus, the strength of the response to similar objects or people is usually a function of how similar these objects or people are, ex. chemo patients getting nauseas from seeing nurses or equipment associated with the chemo drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Maslow, begins with most basic physical needs for food and sex and ranges up to our needs for self-actualization, love, and self-esteem, we cannot progress up the hierarchy until we have satisfied the needs of lower levels, humanistic psychology |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's structure of the mind, illogical, emotional, irrational, operates on pleasure principle, source of sexual and aggressive feelings, the animal within us, energy of the libido, would make us all killers if unchecked, is in conflict with superego |
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Term
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Definition
| a fuller understanding of the relationship between current emotions and earlier events, catharsis, Breuer and Freud |
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Term
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Definition
| the conflicts within the mind between the superego and the id in Freud's structure of the mind, can result in mental disorders or neuroses |
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Term
| Instrumental conditioning |
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Definition
| operant conditioning, B. F. Skinner, type of learning in which behavior changes as a function of what follows behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Thorndike, influenced Skinner, behavior is either strengthened and likely to be repeated or weakened and likely to occur less frequently depending on the consequences of that behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Seligman, occurs when animals encounter conditions over which they have no control, they become helpless and give up, leads to depression |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy and drive within the id which is the animal part of our brain in Freud's structure of the mind, low sex drive is described as low libido, life and fulfillment, in continual opposition with the energy of death which is thanatos |
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Term
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Definition
| Beck, general thinking patterns and belief systems that form templates for viewing life, tend to occur out of our awareness, resistant to change, arise from cognitive errors, tend to make people unhappy |
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Term
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Definition
| observational learning, social learning, Albert Bandura, people can learn just as much by observing what happens to someone else without experiencing it themselves, requires the observer to make the connection of observing someone else and relating it to themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Beck, cognitive errors lead to the development of maladaptive schemas which are then played out globally in our lives in three areas of oneself, the world, the future |
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Term
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Definition
| arises from intrapsychic conflict, having a neurotic disorder, Freud, results from underlying unconscious conflicts, non psychotic psychological disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud, psychosexual stages of development, occurs during phallic stage from 3 to 5, Oedipus was fated to kill his father and marry his mother, young boys have sexual fantasies about their mothers and have strong envy toward their fathers, they want to take their father's place, fear of father punishing them by removing penis leads to castration anxiety, which helps keep lustful impulses toward mother in check that battle is the complex |
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Term
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Definition
| Beck, drawing big negative conclusions from minimal data, pessimistic and depressed people do this |
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Term
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Definition
| Carl Rogers, humanist, humanistic theory, therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible as to give the individual a chance to develop during the course of therapy, unfettered by threats to self, faith in human relations to foster growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's structure of the mind, what the id is driven by, has goal of maximizing pleasure and eliminating any associated tension or conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
| ecopathology causes psychopathology, head injury produces amnesia complicated by depression, abusive parenting produces chronic fearfulness, ecopathology facet of contributing to mental disorders, bad environments, the role of that bad environment in mental disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| defense mechanism, Anna and Sigmund Freud, falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud, stages of development, oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital, |
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Term
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Definition
| first 2 years of life, focus on mouth, meeting our needs |
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Term
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Definition
| ages 2-3, focus on anus, toilet training, self-control and how our behavior affects us and others |
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Term
| psychosexual stages-phallic |
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Definition
| ages 3 to 5 or 6, touching genitals gives pleasure, Oedipus and Electra complex's, beginnings of identity formation |
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Term
| Psychosexual stages-latency |
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Definition
| ages 6 to 12, sexuality recedes, social connections outside of primary providers |
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Term
| Psychosexual stages-genital |
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Definition
| during and after puberty, deepest feelings of pleasure come from heterosexual relations |
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Term
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Definition
| defense mechanism, Anna and Sigmund Freud, substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones |
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Term
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Definition
| what the ego is driven by, Freud's structure of the mind, logic and reason |
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Term
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Definition
| defense mechanism, Anns and Sigmund Freud, when a person behaves immaturely or more like a child than an adult |
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Term
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Definition
| consequences to our behavior, B. F. Skinner, all of our behavior to some degree is governed by reinforcement, in operant conditioning it is a positive consequence that encourages engaging in the response that seems to have elicited it |
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Term
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Definition
| defense mechanism, Anna and Sigmund Freud, blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness |
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Term
| Schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| B. F. Skinner, operant conditioning, the regularity with which behaviors elicit a particular reinforcement, can be continual or intermittent, highest rate of responding is intermittent, random, ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud, structures of the mind, conscience, operates on moral principles, counteracts id |
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Term
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Definition
| during psychoanalysis when the patients come to relate to the therapist as mutes they did to important figures in their childhood, particularly their parents, patients can feel resentment or fall in love |
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Term
| Unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| Carl Rogers, most influential humanist, originated client-centered therapy, the complete and almost unqualified acceptance of most of the client's feelings and actions, critical to humanistic approach |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the mind that is outside of one's awareness, discovered by Breuer and Freud through hypnosis of patients, influences the production of mental disorders, one of the most important developments in the history of psychopathology and psychology |
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Term
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Definition
| different forms of a single gene, ex. blue eyes or brown eyes |
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Term
| Autosomes vs. sex chromosomes |
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Definition
| there are 23 total pairs of chromosomes in each human cell, 22 pairs are autosomes, 1 pair are sex chromosomes, autosomes provide programs or directions for the development of the body and the brain, sex chromosomes determine the individual's sex, in females both chromosomes in the the 23rd pair are X chromosomes or XX, in males the mom contributes an X chromosome while the father contributes a Y chromosomes or XY |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of damaged brain, can be isolated or in numerous areas, for the most part do not cause disorders |
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Term
| Carrier of recessive disorder |
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Definition
| they are less affected or are unaffected and can freely distribute defective genes to their children, ex. parents of PKU children are phenotypically normal |
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Term
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Definition
| when there is a problem with a chunk of chromosomal material rather just a defective code in a single gene, can be seen by examining the karyotype, there may be extra or too few chromosomes, pieces may be broken off or extra pieces added on or pieces in the wrong place, |
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Term
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Definition
| body is more tolerant of deviations, not uncommon, fetus survives |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomes are less tolerant of substantial alterations, results in nonviable fetus or more severe birth defects, hundreds of such disorders, most common is Down's Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| contains DNA, how biological information in living creatures is preserved and transmitted to offspring, strings of code that form the recipes for the construction of living things, constructed from four compounds of nucleic acids, there are 46 chromosomes and are organized in pairs of 23, one chromosome comes from mom and one chromosome comes from dad |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a pair of genes that strongly influences a particular trait, only on is needed to determine the characteristic such as eye color |
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Term
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Definition
| must be paired with another recessive gene to determine trait or it won't have any effect |
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Term
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Definition
| major neurotransmitter in the monoamine class, chemical structure is similar to epinephrine and norepinephrine, implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and disorders of addiction, may play significant role in depression and ADHD, antipsychotic treatments block specific dopamine receptors which lowers dopamine activity, has a general effect in regions of the brain, balances out serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| most common autosomal disorder, trisomy 21, results from extra chromosome 21 or an extra fragment, typically includes moderate to severe intellectual disability, structural heart abnormalities, short stature, mild temperament, webbing of neck, fingers and toes |
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Term
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Definition
| activate brain functions by stimulating other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| brain cells that prevent or slow down cations of other neurons, substantial portion of brain functioning is inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in a specific location, commonly occurs with blunt force injuries |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs over a more widespread area of the brain, more common to happen from alcoholism and other diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| planning of movements, recent memory, emotions, thinking and reasoning, executive role in the brain, complex activities, speech |
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Term
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Definition
| hearing, advanced visual processing, long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| body sensations, body positioning, memory into meaningful experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| vision, organizing visual experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| long molecule of DNA at various locations on chromosomes, within the cell nucleus every person has a unique set of genes unlike anyone else in the world except for identical twins, building blocks of the body structural genes and regulator genes, can have different forms called alleles, impact who we are and thus important in psychology |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles on particular genes that contain defective codes, usually proteins that don't do the needed job, sometimes the proteins are damaging |
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Term
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Definition
| unique genetic makeup of an individual, less knowledge about than phenotypes with regard to mental disorders, but that may change |
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Term
| Huntington's disease, chorea |
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Definition
| rare genetic disorder, degenerative brain disease that appears in early 40s, genetic defect causes deterioration in basal ganglia, causes changes in personality, cognitive functioning and involuntary shaking or jerkiness |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of the 46 chromosomes into their pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| sex chromosome disorder, extra X chromosome, these people tend to be tall, sometimes with underdeveloped sex organs, over-represented in correctional institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| the differences between the two halves of the cerebral cortex where the left hemisphere is specialized for language and for processing information in logical and sequential order, the left hemisphere receives and gives sensory information for the right side of the body, the right hemisphere is specialized for spatial and simultaneous processing like in mechanical acts or appreciation of art and music and does input and output for the left side of the body, left-handed vs right-handed people |
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Term
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Definition
| at the base of the forebrain, limbic means border, helps regulate our emotional experiences and expressions and our ability to learn and to control our impulses, involved with basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst, paleomammalian brain |
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Term
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Definition
| different parts of the brain serve different functions |
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Term
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Definition
| John Jackson, principle that the brain is an organized entity that acts in concert, damage to one area may particularly affect one brain function, but it may also have consequences for a host of end-point behaviors, focal injuries can result in confusion and memory loss and we can judge the severity of injuries by where and also by how much brain tissue is damaged |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell division that results in sperm and egg cells, chromosomes do not reproduce themselves before cell division, cross-over takes place where two chromosomes in a pair exchange large segments of DNA so there is a mix of DNA from parents, sperm and egg cells each have 23 chromosomes so that when they combine there are 46 with 23 pairs, mistakes can occur |
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Term
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Definition
| normal cell division, mistakes can happen for the DNA is fragile during this division process |
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Term
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Definition
| biochemicals that are released from the axon of one neuron and transmit the impulse to the dendrite receptors of another neuron, very complex, many different kinds, associated with mental disorders, effects are less specific, |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter, in the monoamine class, part of the endocrine system, beta-blockers, respiration, states of panic, too little can be connected with depression |
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Term
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Definition
| antipsychotic drug, used to treat schizophrenia, block dopamine receptor sites, helps with too much dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| the observable characteristics or behavior of a person, our knowledge of phenotypes exceeds that of genotypes, the effect of genes seen, how the gene is expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic disorder, can result in mental retardation, present at birth, caused by the inability of the body to metabolize or break down phenylalanine which is a chemical compound found in many foods, caused by a defect in a single gene, inherited when both parents are carriers of the gene and pass it onto the child, can be treated with changing child's diet until 6 or 7 years old and the body can handle a normal diet |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to how the brain is adaptable, changes and grows in children and can grow and change as a result of injury |
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Term
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Definition
| influenced by many genes, each contributing only a tiny effect, can be influenced by environment |
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Term
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Definition
| A. R. Luria, the first center, receives sensory input and performs basic organization |
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Term
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Definition
| Luria, the second center, further organizes information into meaningful components |
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Term
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Definition
| Luria, third and last center, finally integrates sensory information from different senses and from memory into the experience of perception |
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Term
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Definition
| areas for receiving and organizing audition, touch, and vision, with important pathways to the lower centers of taste and smell, back part of the brain, receives sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| front part of the brain, creative activities and acting upon our environment, motor and speech centers, meaningful use of motivating emotions, helps keep us organized, commits our attention to points of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| receives neurotransmitters, are of a particular shape to match the shape of the neurotransmitter, when enough of the receptor sites are stimulated, it causes the receiving nerve to fire also, sending the message on |
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Term
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Definition
| Maclean, the brain is organized into three levels, reptilian is the first, mostly part of the brain stem, similar to those in primitive animals, responsible for basic bodily mechanisms like heart rate and control of instinctual urges like hunger and thirst |
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Term
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Definition
| Maclean, limbic system, second level of structure, shared with early mammals, help us respond more readily to our environment, basic emotional responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Maclean, third level of brain structure, cortex, other primates, more sophisticated, allows for complex thought and memory, substantial control over ourselves, |
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Term
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Definition
| immediately after releasing neurotransmitter into the synapse, the presynaptic knob tries to gobble back up as much of it as possible for reuse, |
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Term
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Definition
| monoamine neurotransmitter, believed to influence a great deal of our behavior and how we process information, contributes to depression, regulates behavior, moods, thought, high levels interact with GABA, low serotonin activity makes us more vulnerable to problematic behavior, SSRI's |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission occurs for genes on the sex chromosomes, tends to skip generations, males are more susceptible because they have no backup for faulty genes on either X or Y chromosomes, some forms of color blindness, male-pattern baldness |
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Term
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Definition
| type of drug that affects serotonin directly, used to treat different mental disorders, anxiety, mood disorders and eating disorders, inhibits the repute of serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| the meeting point between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released and taken in with specific receptors which in turn excite the receiving neuron to fire and neurotransmitters also experience reuptake to be recycled |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| sex chromosome disorder, the second chromosome is missing denoted by Xo, female, short with webbed neck and shield-like chest, usually sterile or sexually immature, spatial difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
| little sacs in the synaptic knob that contain the neurotransmitters, when the sending nerve fires, some vesicles burst open on the surface of the synaptic knob and release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
| uses direct observation to assess formally an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behavior in specific situations or contexts, may be more appropriate of younger people not old enough to report their problems, target behaviors are identified and observed with the goal of determining the factors that seem to influence them |
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Term
| Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale |
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Definition
| rating scale which a clinician or researcher may use to measure psychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety, hallucinations and unusual behavior, each symptom is rated 1-7 and depending on the version between a total of 18-24 symptoms are scored, the scale is the one of the oldest, widely used scales to measure psychotic symptoms and was first published in 1962. |
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Term
| Categorical model, approach |
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Definition
| used for classifying human behavior, originates with Emil Kraepelin and biological tradition of psychopathology, assume every diagnosis has a clear underlying pathophysiological cause, each disorder is unique, causes can be psychological or cultural in stead of pathophysiological, but there is only one set of causative factors per disorder and there is no overlap of causes with other disorders, individual has to meet all of the criteria, quite useful in medicine, inappropriate approach to complex causes of mental disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder, clinicians assess the nature of psychopathology as well as make diagnoses and a plan treatment, process likened to a funnel where it starts with collecting lots of information and narrows down, three concepts help determine the value of the assessments which are: reliability, validity, and standardization |
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Term
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Definition
| when an individual is diagnosed with more than one psychological disorder at the same time, this happens because there are "fuzzy" categories that blur the edges of diagnosis |
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Term
| Computerized axial tomography |
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Definition
| CT or CAT scan, when a computer reconstructs pictures of various slices of the brain of X-ray exposures, takes about 15 minutes, noninvasive, useful in identifying and locating abnormalities in the structure or shape of the brain as well as brain tumors, injuries and other structural and anatomical abnormalities, there is some risk of cell damage from repeated X radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| comparing the results of an assessment measure under consideration with the results of others that are better known, which allows you to begin to determine the validity of the first measure |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given social construct |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for psychological disorder using DSM-IV-TR |
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Term
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Definition
| a strategy for classifying human behavior in which we note the variety of cognitions, moods, and behaviors with which the patient presents and quantify them on a scale, most theorists can't agree on how many dimensions are required |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the diagnostic system created by the American Psychiatric Association, system in use in almost all U.S. settings, manual provides a description of diagnostic criteria and descriptions of other information including associated features, causal factors, comorbidity, prevalence, and other disorders to which a specific disorder is most like or with which it is confused, current version uses a multi axial approach where the diagnoses or ratings are made inch of five axes and the axes tap different aspects of the patient's functioning and are intended to give a more complete and balanced view of the person |
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| electrodes are placed directly on various places on the scalp to record the different low-voltage currents, EEG patterns are affected by psychological or emotional factors and can be an index of these reactions or a psychophysiological measure, shows different patterns, stages and waves we go through while asleep and awake |
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Term
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Definition
| when no problem is found even though there is some difficulty present, particularly troublesome for tests of brain dysfunction as problem may be missed that needs to be treated |
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Term
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Definition
| when a test shows a problem when none exists |
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Term
| Intelligence quotient (IQ) |
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Definition
| intelligence tests were developed to predict who would do well in school, Alfred Binet, French government, Stanford-Binet test, initially IQ scores were calculated using the child's mental age, there were problems with it so they use a deviation IQ, a person's score is compared only to scores of others of the same age, the IQ score is an estimate of how much a child's performance in school will deviate from the average performance of others of the same age, do not confuse IQ score with intelligence, an IQ score higher than average means the person has a greater than average chance of doing well in out educational system, lots of reasons for a low IQ score, IQ tests are reliable |
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Term
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Definition
| when two or more raters will get the same answers or conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| a problem that occurs when we categorize people, to characterize the totality of an individual with a label, this happens among mental disorders, label itself has negative connotations and contributes to stigma, results in reduced life opportunities for the devalued person in question, had to change labels for categories of cognitive impairment periodically as stigma associated with them builds up, ex. moron, imbecile, idiot, can be helped by categorizing a person's degree of mental retardation by how much assistance they require, once labeled it can be hard to not identify with the negative connotations associated with it, stigmatization of individuals with mental disorders is increasing |
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Term
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| commonly used scanning technique where patient's head is placed in a high-strength magnetic field through which radio frequency signals are transmitted, these signals excite brain tissue and the alterations are measured. lesions or damage can be measured, can view brain in layers, can take as little as 10 minutes, totally enclosed inside narrow tube, expensive, recently have been used to determine structural or anatomical abnormalities that might be associated with different mental disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| how IQ scores were initially calculated, based on what level questions the person passed |
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Term
| Mental-status examination |
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Definition
| how clinicians organize information obtained during an interview, involves systematic observation of a person's behavior, occurs when any one person interacts with another, clinicians must organize their observations in a way that helps them determine if a mental disorder may be present, five categories: appearance and behavior, thought processes, mood and affect, intellectual functioning, and sensorium(general awareness of our surroundings) |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| the most widely used personality inventory in the United States, published in 1943, based on en empirical approach or the collection and evaluation of data, administration is straightforward and there is little room for interpretation of the responses, one downside is the time and tediousness of answering all the questions, there are different version for adolescents and other cultures, the pattern of responses is reviewed to see if it resembles people with specific mental disorders, one of the most extensively researched assessment instruments in psychology, reliability and validity are good |
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Term
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Definition
| how the DSM is used, uses different axes for finding mental disorders, the diagnoses or ratings are made on each of five axes which tap different aspects of the patient's functioning and are intended to give a more complete and balanced view of the person |
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Term
| Neuropsychological testing |
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Definition
| measures abilities in areas such as receptive and expressive language, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities, and learning and abstraction in such a way that the clinician can make educated guesses about the person's performance and the possible existence of brain impairment, assesses brain dysfunction by observing its effects on the person's ability to perform certain tasks, they may be useful in detecting organic damage, they usually are used with other tests and do well with reliability and validity |
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Term
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Definition
| naming and classification system for medical and psychological phenomena |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifies one or more specific, observable events or conditions such that any other researcher can independently measure and/or test for them, Example: A researcher measuring happiness and depression in college students decides to use a ten-question happiness scale to measure positive outlook in her subjects. In other words, her operational definition of happiness in this case is a given subject’s score on the test. |
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Term
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Definition
| coded on axis II on the DSM-IV, enduring maladaptive patterns of relating to the environment and self, exhibited in a range of contexts that cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress |
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Term
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Definition
| events that happen to the actual patient so the clinician trying to diagnose has to rely on their report |
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Term
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Definition
| is a measure of the proportion of people in a population who have a disease or condition at a particular time, such as a particular date. It is like a snap shot of the disease in time |
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Term
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Definition
| how well your assessment tells you what will happen in the future, ex. who will succeed in school and who will not |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to categorical model in that it uses categories but it allows for fuzziness, allows clinician to only use some of the criteria listed to meet a mental disorder, major diagnostic systems today rely on this approach, it is possible for two people to receive the same diagnosis but not share a single major symptom |
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Term
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Definition
| any time you observe how people behave, the fact of your presence may cause them to change their behavior, can distort any observational data, behaviors people want to increase tend to increase while behaviors people want to decrease tend to decrease when self-monitoring which is why clinicians sometimes depend on this to increase the effectiveness of their treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a measurement is consistent, helps determine the value of psychological assessments |
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Term
| semi-structured interview |
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Definition
| made up of questions that have been carefully phrased and tested to elicit useful information in a consistent manner so that clinicians can be sure they have inquired about the most important aspects of particular disorders, clinicians can depart from set questions, clinician can feel confident in using questions, an increasing number of mental health professionals use them |
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Term
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Definition
| application of certain standards to ensure consistency across different measurements in mental assessment |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity to detect and discriminate, The probability that a test gives a positive diagnosis given that a person actually has a condition |
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Term
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Definition
| A probability that a person will test negative for a condition being tested |
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Term
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Definition
| French psychologist who were commissioned by the government to develop a test that would identify slow learners who would benefit from remedial help, this test gives an intelligence quotient or IQ |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a group of the symptoms together with the signs that result to only one cause. They can indicate that there are a certain mental or physical diseases. It is also known as the symptom complex. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a technique measures what it is designed to measure, whether a technique assesses what it is supposed to, compare results of assessment with better known assessments |
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Term
| Wechsler scales of intelligence |
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Definition
| widely used set of intelligence tests, all the tests contain verbal scales and performance scales |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the three parts of a withdrawal design used by researchers, the first part of the design where a person's condition is evaluated before treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| research procedure in which a single person or small group is studied in detail, does not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships, findings can be generalized only with great caution, individuals who display behavioral and physical patterns are investigated intensively |
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Term
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Definition
| used in statistics to see if the results are significant, whether or not the difference is meaningful for those affected , uses effect size which is how large the differences are |
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Term
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Definition
| the confounding of age and experience in a cross-sectional design, it is one of the limits of this type of study |
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Term
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Definition
| confounding variable, any factor occurring in a study that makes the results uninterpretable because a variable other than the independent variable may also affect the dependent variable, affects validity |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which signs and symptoms used to categorize a disorder relate to one another while differing from those for other disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| control group, people are similar to the experimental group in every way except that members of the experimental group are exposed to the independent variable and those in the control group are not, used to rule out alternative explanations for the results which strengthens internal validity |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical relationship between two variables, correlation does not imply causation |
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Term
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Definition
| predictive validity, extent to which categorization accurately predicts the future course of a disorder, whether treated or untreated |
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Term
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Definition
| researchers take a cross section of a population across the different age groups and compare them on some characteristic, participants in each age group are called cohorts, members of each cohort are the same age at the same time and have been exposed to similar experiences, researchers prefer cross-sectional designs to study changes over time because they are easier than longitudinal designs, does not answer the question of how problems develop in individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon that is measured and expected to be influenced in an experimental study, the aspects you want to measure in the people you are studying |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure in outcome studies that prevents bias by ensuring that neither the subjects nor the providers of the experimental treatment know who is receiving treatment and who is receiving placebo |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the incidence, distribution, and consequences of a particular problem or set of problems in one or more populations, researchers as detectives using correlational studies |
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Term
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Definition
| using an experiment involves the manipulation of an independent variable and the observation of its effects, can answer question of causality but must still use caution |
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Term
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Definition
| how well the results of research relate to things outside the study, how well the findings describe describe similar individuals who were not among the study participants |
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Term
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Definition
| test items appear plausible for their intended purposes, even if they are not truly valid discriminators |
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Term
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Definition
| an educated guess researchers start with in their research process that states what you expect to find, you have to decide how you want to test the hypothesis and formulate a research design |
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Term
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Definition
| number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period |
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Term
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Definition
| the influences on the behaviors of the people you are studying(dependent variable), phenomenon manipulated by the experimenter in a study and expected to influence the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| ethical requirement whereby research subjects agree to participate in a study only after they receive full disclosure about the nature of the study and their own role in it, research participants must be capable of consenting to participation in research, they must volunteer, they must have all information they need to make the decision, they must understand what their participation will involve, all these conditions can be hard to attain, certain protections ensure these conditions are met like research in university and medical setting must be approved by an institutional review board, they make sure the rights of research participants are protected, there are general guidelines for conducting research, the researcher has the responsibility for the participants welfare |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which you can be confident that the independent variable is causing the dependent variable to change, specific to research studies, |
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Term
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Definition
| when researchers follow one group over time and assess change in its members directly, don't suffer from cohort effect problems and allow researchers to assess individual change, same people followed across time, takes a long time and is costly, cross-generational effect where trying to generalize the findings to groups whose experiences are different from those of the study participants |
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Term
| Naturalistic/observational method |
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Definition
Naturalistic observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their natural environment. This type of research is often utilized in situations where conducting lab research is unrealistic, cost prohibitive, or would unduly affect the subject's behavior, Naturalistic observation differs from structured observation in that it involves looking at a behavior as it occurs in its natural setting with no attempts at intervention on the part of the researcher,
One of the biggest advantages of this type of research is that it allows the researcher to directly observe the subject in a natural setting.
Some other advantages of naturalistic observation:
It allows researchers to study things that cannot be manipulated in a lab due to ethical concerns. For example, while it would be unethical to study the effects of imprisonment by actually confining subjects, researchers can gather information by using naturalistic observation in real prison settings.
It can help support the external validity of research. It is one thing to say that the findings of a lab study will generalize to a larger population, but quite another to actually observe those findings occurring in a natural setting.
One of the disadvantages of naturalistic observation include the fact that it can be difficult to determine the exact cause of a behavior and the experimenter cannot control for outside variables, negativesPeople may behave differently when they know they are being watched.
People may try to behave in a certain way in order to conform with what they think the researchers expects to see.
Different observers may draw different conclusions from the same witnessed behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| people in a treatment group often expect to get better, when behavior changes as a result of a person's expectation of change rather than a result of any manipulation by an experimenter, use placebo control groups to help avoid this, sugar pill |
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Term
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Definition
| number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time |
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Term
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Definition
| method for placing individuals into research groups that assures each an equal chance of being assigned to any group, thus eliminating any systematic differences across groups |
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Term
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Definition
| confirming the results of a study by repeating it, often by a separate, independent researcher |
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Term
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Definition
| single-case experimental design, B. F. Skinner, the systematic study of individuals under a variety of experimental conditions, better to know a lot about the behavior of one individual than a few observations about a large group of people, reduces the number of confounding variables, can help explain why people engage in abnormal behavior and how to treat them, they use repeated measurement where a behavior is measured several times instead of only once before and once afterward |
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Term
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Definition
| a mathematical calculation about the difference between groups, event is too big to be contributed to chance, different from clinical significance |
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Term
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Definition
| Survey is a method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior |
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Term
| Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) |
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Definition
| a semistructured interview for making most of the major DSM-IV Axis I psychiatric diagnoses. The SCID-II is a semi-structured interview for making DSM-IV Axis II (Personality Disorder) diagnoses. |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which results of two administrations of a test to the same person are similar |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a hypothesis to be subjected to scientific scrutiny and to be accepted or rejected, this is a necessary condition for the hypothesis to be useful, the ability to support the hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment outcome research studies of the effectiveness of clinical interventions, including the comparison of competing treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| degree of change in a phenomenon over time |
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Term
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Definition
| severe reaction immediately following a terrifying event, often including amnesia about the event, emotional numbing, and derealization, many victims later develop PTSD which has to be at least one month after trauma and called acute PTSD, basically PTSD occurring within one month of trauma, emphasizes severe reaction some people have immediately following trauma |
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Term
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Definition
| stress disorder characterized by three conditions: excessive psychological reaction that impairs functioning, reaction clearly arises from environmental difficulties(stress), the condition is limited in time(max of 6 months) and goes away soon after stressor is removed, two most common reactions to stress are depression and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| what we believe about our ability to deal with demands and stressors, more important than if we can actually deal with it, in primary appraisal we evaluate the extremeness of the challenge and its threat to us, in secondary appraisal we evaluate what avenues are open to us to deal with the challenge, process of appraisal gives rise to such a wide variety of reactions to common stressors, it can help us feel better |
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Term
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Definition
| states that social support buffered the negative effects of stress, social support softens the impact of stress, social support raises our psychological functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| using activities to help us deal with stress, comes after appraisal, ways of coping can include eliminating demands, increase resources, engage in conscious reappraisal, |
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Term
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Definition
| released by the adrenal gland in response to stressors to activate the body's stress response and later to turn it off, also called stress hormones, contribute to us developing depression, suppress autoimmune systems which makes us more susceptible to physical ailments from infections and cancers, hypertension and heart disease |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach where the cumulative effect of many minor demands causes major stress, research shows that those who report more daily hassles do indeed experience more stress outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A general term for the end result of factors (psychogenic pain, internal conflicts and external stress) that prevent a person from self-actualisation and connecting with significant others, negative demands |
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Term
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Definition
| ignores the source of the stress and focuses on the stress response itself, refers to activities that negate the negative arousal of the stress response including relaxation, distraction, and avoidance of stress-producing stimuli, effective strategy for stressors that can't be solved or will go away on their own, trying to solve an insolvable problem only increases the distress |
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Term
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Definition
| efforts to deal with the challenge at hand by solving it, removing it, or reducing it, when the problem can be solved this is the better coping strategy because it may yield more stress during the period of attention but eliminates loner-term stress |
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Term
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Definition
| The stress from being overwhelmed by pleasurable tasks, stress that is deemed healthful or giving one the feeling of fulfillment, positive demands |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome |
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Definition
| sequence of reactions to sustained stress described by Hans Selye, stages are alarm, adaptation, and exhaustion which may lead to death |
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Term
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Definition
| stressors a function of change, major life events in one's life are considered a primary source of change, death of spouse most stressful life event, change viewed as positive is less much stressful than change that is viewed as negative, it is not change in and of itself that is stressful |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Definition
| follows a traumatic experience where a person suffers from severe anxiety and threat sensitivity even though the trauma is in the past, anxiety disorder, enduring stress response to trauma, diagnosis requires experience of traumatic event involving actual or threatened death or injury, feelings of fear, helplessness, horror, afterward experiencing a significant response like anxiety, depression, insomnia, nightmares and flashbacks, inability to hold work, trauma causes a fundamental shift in one's sense of well-being and belief that the world is a safe place, often happens in people who have experienced war, must experience symptoms for at least a month, arises from conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| can be diagnosed 1 month after the event occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| when PTSD continues longer than 3 months, associated with more avoidance behaviors and more frequent co-occurrence of additional diagnoses |
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Term
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Definition
| relaxation response when a person silently repeats a mantra to minimize distraction by closing the mind to intruding thoughts, emotion-based coping strategy, reduce low of certain neurotransmitters and stress hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| the most studied form of external resource, refers to positive benefits that derive from a social network, potential benefits are many and varied, perceived support is more important than actual support, sometimes when others help us we feel worse about ourselves which is called paradox of social support, relationships can also be a great source of problems, social support raises our psychological functioning so we are better able to cope with stressors |
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Term
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Definition
| people who are relatively free of limitations such as bad coping skills, less resources, worse appraisal process, new stressor, past experiences, psychiatric conditions, drained resources form past experiences, good coping skills and plentiful resources |
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Term
| Stress response/stress outcomes |
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Definition
| the negative consequences of a stress process, two most common are anxiety and depression, long-term consequences can include chronic medical conditions such as heart disease, stress is associated with feeling overwhelmed, demands(stressors) exceed one's ready resources which creates situation of overload, the stress process is initiated when demands exceed readily available resources, unpredictable events are usually more stressful, sometimes waiting for a bad event is more stressful than the event itself, uncontrollability leads to more negative reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| people whose resources have been drained by past exposure to trauma or chronic exposure to stress are more vulnerable |
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Term
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Definition
| the events or circumstances, usually in the form of demands, that create a burden for the affected individual, these demands can be imagined or actual |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling like you don't have control over a problem, which leads to a greater stress response |
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Term
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Definition
| sometimes stressors come with no warning and therefore are even more stressful to handle, sometimes being able to know a tremor is going to happen is more stressful than the actual event itself |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety and fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult, fear and avoidance of situations in which a person would feel unsafe in the event of a panic attack or symptoms, situations where it would be hard or embarrassing to escape to get home or to a hospital, usually occurs in people with panic disorder, Greek for fear of the marketplace, Karl Westphal, one of ht most stressful places for a press with agoraphobia is the shopping mall, fear is diminished in people when they feel they are in a safe place, people with this condition always have a plan of rapid escape, people who have not had a panic attack for years can still suffer from this, avoiding situations or enduring them with marked distress, usually occurs in conjunction with panic disorder, fear of both open and closed spaces, |
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Term
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Definition
| unreasonable and enduring fear of animals or insects that usually develops early in life, lots of people have these fears but they only become phobias when there is a severe interference with functioning, |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future, sense of unease, set of behaviors, physiological response originating in the brain and reflected by elevated heart rate and muscle tension, much research has been done in animals, anxiety is good for us in modest amounts, we perform better when we are a little anxious, severe anxiety doesn't go away even when we know there is nothing to fear, feelings that one cannot control or predict upcoming events, biological, psychological and social contributors, three features with anxiety: physiological, cognitive, behavioral |
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Term
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Definition
| a more-or-less constant readiness to deal with the future possibility of problems, occurs in generalized anxiety disorder, these people seem to focus on being ready for the worst no matter how good things are going in the present |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals with behaviorally inhibited temperaments are especially vulnerable to a wide range of anxiety problems, these persons tend to be introverted, shy, self-conscious, threat-sensitive, and on the lookout for threats, this temperament is highly genetic and can be seen in infants, |
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Term
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Definition
| the thoughts or actions used to suppress the obsessions and provide relief |
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Term
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Definition
| intrusive and mostly nonsensical thoughts, images, or burgers that the individual trues to resist or eliminate |
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Term
| Types of obsessions and associated compulsions |
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Definition
symmetry/exactness/just right--putting things in a certain order, repeating rituals
forbidden thoughts or actions, aggressive/sexual/religious--checking, avoiding, repeated requests for reassurance
cleaning/contamination--repetitive or excessive washing, using gloves and masks to do daily tasks
Hoarding--collecting and saving objects with little or no actual or sentimental value such as food wrappings |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which behaviors can be learned or modified through interaction with the environment, fear and anxiety are readily conditioned, traumatic experiences are very powerful for conditioning an anxiety response even in a single episode, positive experiences with the unconditioned stimulus and a sense of control during the trauma make it less likely that a negative experience will become an irrational fear |
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Term
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Definition
| triggered from the emotion of fear which arouses us for action |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| focus is generalized to the events of every-day life, basic syndrome that characterizes every anxiety disorder, 6 months of excessive anxiety and worry must be ongoing on more days than not, it must be difficult to turn off the worry process, characterized by muscle tension, mental agitation, susceptibility to fatigue, some irritability, and difficulty sleeping, focusing attentions as difficult because the mind switches so quickly, anxious symptoms are present much of the time, anxious apprehension of constant readiness to deal with future problems, some people with this have history of bad things happening to them, think the world is threatening |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| focus is generalized to the events of every-day life, basic syndrome that characterizes every anxiety disorder, 6 months of excessive anxiety and worry must be ongoing on more days than not, it must be difficult to turn off the worry process, characterized by muscle tension, mental agitation, susceptibility to fatigue, some irritability, and difficulty sleeping, focusing attentions as difficult because the mind switches so quickly, anxious symptoms are present much of the time, anxious apprehension of constant readiness to deal with future problems, some people with this have history of bad things happening to them, think the world is threatening |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally increased arousal, responsiveness to stimuli, and screening of the environment for threats; it is often associated with delusional or paranoid states |
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Term
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Definition
| presentation or systematic exposure of emotions or fearful or dramatic experiences in the imagination |
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Term
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Definition
| psychodynamic term for psychological disorder thought to result from unconscious conflicts and the anxiety they cause, Freud |
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| word comes from Greek God Pan who terrified travelers, sudden and overwhelming fright or terror |
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| the active evasion of feared items or scenarios by people with phobias |
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| biologically based preparation for fear like being scared of snakes, large animals, dark, heights, when this tendency manifests itself unchecked it becomes a disorder |
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| also called social anxiety disorder, when you suffer severely around others, marked and persistent anxiety focused on one or more social or performance situations, performance anxiety, most common performance anxiety is public speaking, very anxious when others are present or may be watching them, |
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| an irrational fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function, can be extremely disabling, person might even recognize that their fear is excessive or unreasonable, four major sub-types: blood-injury-injunction type, situational phobia, natural environment phobia, animal phobia, people who suffer from phobia tend to have multiple phobias |
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| Blood-injury-injection phobia |
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Definition
| specific phobia, differ in physiological reaction than other types of phobias, more likely to faint, drop in heart rate and blood pressure, runs in families stronger than any other phobia, age of onset is about 9 |
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| specific phobia, fear of public transportation or enclosed places, planes, elevators, claustrophobia, emerges in mid-teens, |
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| Natural environment phobia |
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Definition
| specific phobia, fears of situations or events occurring in nature, heights, storms, water, fears cluster together, age of onset peaks at 7 |
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| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears which involves gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation, imagining yourself getting closer to your fear while maintaining emotional control |
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| very general dispositions akin to a global personality style, behaviorally inhibited temperaments are especially vulnerable to a wide range of anxiety problems, plays large role in anxiety development |
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| more vulnerable to having anxiety disorders, physiologically reactive |
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| Three components of emotion |
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Definition
physiological-overarousal, bodily reactions like sweating, tense muscles
cognitive-mental reactions, worry, difficulty concentrating
behavioral-social withdrawal, lowered performance, avoidance behaviors |
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| when an individual brought dishonor to himself or his family and was expected to impale himself on a sword, defined by Emile Durkheim, approved of, happened in Japan |
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| the result of marked disruptions such as the loss of a high-prestige job |
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| Atypical depressive episode |
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Definition
| individuals consistently oversleep and overeat during their depressive episodes and therefore gain weight, can react with interest or pleasure to some things, associated with a greater percentage of women and an earlier age of onset, more symptoms, more sever symptoms, more suicide attempts, higher rate of comorbid disorders |
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bipolar II disorder-major depressive episodes alternate with hypomanic episodes rather than full manic episodes
bipolar I disorder-same as bipolar II except person experiences full manic episode |
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| chronic alternation of mood elevation and depression that does not reach the severity of manic or major depressive episodes, must last at least 2 years, individuals are just considered moody most of the time, they are more at risk to develop severe bipolar I or II disorder |
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| Depressive personality disorder |
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Definition
| pervasive pattern dominated by dejection, self-criticism, and a judgmental stance toward other people, under consideration as a future DSM category |
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| individuals who suffer from both major depressive episodes and dysthymic depression, usually dysthymic disorder develops first, these people appear to have a particularly problematic course with a high rate of retaining symptoms over time or experiencing relapse |
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| cognitive errors seen in depressed individuals, who may automatically assume the worst, draw negative conclusions arbitrarily, and treat minor problems as major ones |
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| shares many of the same symptoms of major depressive disorder but differs in its course, symptoms are milder but remain unchanged over long periods like 20 to 30 years, persistently depressed mood that continues at least 2 years where patient is not symptom free for more than 2 months at a time |
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| Electroconvulsive therapy |
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Definition
| a more dramatic treatment for mood disorders used when someone doesn't respond to medication or used for extremely severe cases, most controversial treatment for mental disorders, safe and reasonably effective treatment for severe depression that has not improved with other treatments, patients are anesthetized and given muscle-relaxing drugs to prevent bone breakage from convulsions during seizures, electric shock is administered directly through the brain for less than a second which produces a seizure and a series of brief convulsions that last for minutes, treatments are administered once every other day for a total of 6 to 10 treatments, side effects are limited to short-term memory loss and confusion that disappear after a week or two, some patients have long term memory problems, about 50% of patients not responding to medication will benefit, relapse rate is 60% so continued treatment with medication or psychotherapy is needed, we do not really know why it works, increases levels of serotonin, blocks stress hormones, promotes neurogenesis in hippocampus |
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| results from a loss of control over one's own destiny, ex.mass suicide of cult members |
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| happens during the mania state and speech is rapid and may become incoherent because individual is attempting to express so many exciting ideas at once |
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| a less severe version of a manic episode that does not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning and need only last 4 days rather than a full week, below level of manic episode, not necessarily in itself problematic but its presence contributes to the definition of several mood disorders |
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| theory of depression, people become anxious and depressed when they decide they have no control over the stress in their lives, highlights sense of hopelessness as cause of depression |
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| common salt used in substantial doses to treat bipolar disorder, use is often discontinued because the person likes the manic periods and relapse rates are high, mechanism for its effects is unknown |
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| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
most easily recognized mood disorder is MDD, single episode which is defined by the absence of manic or hypomanic episodes before or during the disorder, an occurrence of just one isolated depressive episode is rare
MDD recurrent is when two or more major depressive episodes occurred and were separated by at least 2 months during which the individual was not depressed, recurrence is important for predicting future course of the disorder as well as choosing treatment, depression is often a chronic condition that waxes and wanes over time but rarely disappears, median lifetime number of major depressive episodes is 4 to 7, median duration of recurrent major episodes is 4 to 5 months, most common of the mood disorders, age of onset is declining, women are 2 to 3 more times likely to experience it, genetic component, cyclical, |
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| abnormally exaggerated elation, joy, or euphoria, the second fundamental state in mood disorders, individuals find extreme pleasure in every activity, can be compared to continuous orgasm, hyperactive, require little sleep, develop grandiose plans, believe they can accomplish anything they desire, increased energy, speech is rapid and may become incoherent called flight of ideas, criteria requires episode duration of 1 week or less if they have to be hospitalized, being anxious or depressed is also part of mania, untreated manic episode lasts 3 to 4 months |
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| also called Bipolar disorder, characterized by the presence of two affective poles of depression and mania |
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| form of medication treatment for mood disorders, antidepressant, block the enzyme MAO that breaks down neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin, same effect of tricyclics, the neurotransmitters are not broken down and so they pool in the synapse, as effective or more effective than tricyclics, fewer side effects, used far less because of potential serious side effects like ingesting anything containing the enzyme tyramine, and there is risk of fatal interaction with common daily drugs, only prescribed when other antidepressants are not effective |
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| one of the six specifiers to describe a depressive disorder, includes some of the more severe physical symptoms, no interest or pleasure in things(anhedonia), excessive guilt, loss of sex drive |
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| Beck, people who are depressed think negatively and make cognitive errors about themselves, their immediate world, and their future |
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| treatment of seasonal affective disorder with large doses of exposure to bright light, patients exposed to 2 hours of bright light immediately on awakening, patient begins to notice a lifting mood within 3 to 4 days if its working and remission of depression in 1 to 2 weeks, avoid bright lights in the evening so it won't interfere with effects of morning treatments, side effects are headache, eyestrain, feel wired, |
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| disorder that first appears in mothers during the tim immediately following childbirth, one of the six specifiers fro depression, can apply to both major depressive and manic episodes, 1 in 8 women, affects fathers too, |
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| clinical depression often presents with this, similar to anxiety, even though person lacks energy and may be sleep deprived, they feel restless and fidgety, different from depressed mood |
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| a generalized slowing of physical and emotional reaction, such as that seen in major depression and in catatonic schizophrenia |
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Definition
| temporal course of a bipolar disorder when transitions between mania an depression are quick, occurring four or more times in 1 year |
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| Seasonal Affective Disorder |
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Definition
| depressive episode that begins in the late fall and ends with the beginning of spring or depressed in winter and manic during the summer for bipolar, excessive sleep, increased appetite and weight gain, may be related to changes in production of melatonin, increased production of melatonin may trigger depression, circadian rhythms have relationship with mood and are delayed in winter, prevalence is higher in extreme north and south latitudes, called cabin fever when there is less winter light, disorder is stable, cognitive-behvaioral therapy works best for treatment |
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| Serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
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Definition
| medication for depression, antidepressant, few differences in effectiveness among different antidepressants, about half of patients using antidepressants receive some benefit, first choice of drug treatment, have specific effect on serotonin neurotransmitter system, block the presynaptic repute of serotonin which temporarily increases levels of serotonin at receptor site, long-term mechanism is unknown, levels of serotonin are eventually increased, , best known drug is fluoxetine(Prozac), suicidal risks in adolescents, associated with decrease in actual suicides, most prominent side effects are physical agitation, sexual dysfunction, low sex drive, insomnia and GI upset |
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| Sleep disturbance in depression |
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Definition
| many depressed persons experience sleep changes, most common form of sleep disturbance is early morning awakening where they wake early and still feel tired but can't go back to sleep, in depressed people the restful sleep is shortened so they wake up without proper rest, REM sleep is more intense and slow wave sleep don't occur until late if at all, less pronounced in children than adults, insomnia is risk factor for onset and persistence of depression, predict poorer response to psychological treatment |
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| selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antidepressants that work primarily on the neurotransmitter serotonin, first in line for choice of treatment |
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| thinking seriously about suicide |
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| characterized by depression or mania but not both, most cases involve unipolar depression |
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| shorthand term for the different identities or personalities in dissociative identity disorder, how many alters people have is not important |
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| dissociative amnesia, includes several patterns, severe dissociative disorder, people who are unable to remember anything, including who they are, suffer from generalized amnesia, may be lifelong or may extend from a period in the more recent past, localized or selective amnesia is far more common and is failure to recall specific events, usually traumatic, that occur during a specific period, common during war, the forgetting is selective, amnesia is loss of recall, common in head injuries, retrograde amnesia is loss of memory for events before onset of amnesia, anterograde amnesia is inability to form new memories, lost memories are those which cause personal distress or link the person to responsibilities, unconscious blocking to reduce stress, most often autobiographical memory is lost like info about self, people in ones life, personalized past experiences, but usually remains language, vocabulary, how to of things, and visual and spatial perception |
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| the most common kin dog memory that is lost with amnesia. includes self, people none's life, and personalized past experiences or history |
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| preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance by someone who actually looks reasonably normal, imagined ugliness, causes significant distress or impairment in functioning, not better accounted for by another mental disorder, people become fixated with mirrors or avoid them at all costs, suicide is a consequence, people believe that everything that goes on in their world is related to them and their imagined defect, tends to be kept secret, tends to be common and run a lifelong course without treatment, few people get married, among more serious mental disorders, depression and substance abuse are common consequences, go to extreme attempts to change unlike feature, OCD, exposure and response treatment, lots of plastic surgery, nose jobs |
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Definition
| preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance by someone who actually looks reasonably normal, imagined ugliness, causes significant distress or impairment in functioning, not better accounted for by another mental disorder, people become fixated with mirrors or avoid them at all costs, suicide is a consequence, people believe that everything that goes on in their world is related to them and their imagined defect, tends to be kept secret, tends to be common and run a lifelong course without treatment, few people get married, among more serious mental disorders, depression and substance abuse are common consequences, go to extreme attempts to change unlike feature, OCD, exposure and response treatment, lots of plastic surgery, nose jobs |
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| the previous name for somatization disorder until 1980, named after French physician, Pierre Briquet who described patients who came to see him with lists of somatic complaints for which he could find no medical basis |
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| popularized by Freud who believed the anxiety resulting from unconscious conflicts somehow was "converted" into physical symptoms to find expression, this allowed person to discharge some anxiety without actually experiencing it, conversion disorders have to do with physical malfunctioning such as paralysis, blindness, or difficulty speaking but without any physical pathology to account for the malfunction, can include sense of touch, mutism, seizures, sensation of lump in the throat, conversion symptoms are often precipitated by marked stress and this stress takes the form of physical injury, individuals can usually function normally, |
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| Depersonalization disorder |
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Definition
| when feelings of unreality are so severe and frightening that they dominate an individual's life and prevent normal functioning, depersonalization is an altering of perception that causes people to temporarily lose a sense of their own reality, often a feeling of being outside observers of their own behavior, dissociative disorder, equally split between men and women, |
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Definition
| your sense of the reality of the external world is lost, common in dissociative disorders |
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| Dissociative trance disorder |
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| altered state of consciousness in which people firmly believe they are possessed by spirits, considered a disorder only where there is distress and dysfunction, most common in women, part of many cultures |
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| detachment or loss of integration between identity or reality and consciousness |
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| disorder in which individuals feel detached from themselves or their surroundings and reality, experience, and identity may disintegrate |
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| nonexistent physical or mental disorder deliberately faked for no apparent gain except possibly sympathy and attention |
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| loss of sensation in the distal upper extremity, that is, the hand and fingers |
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| physical complaints without a clear cause, somatoform disorder, severe anxiety over belief in having a disease or getting a disease without any evident physical cause, reassurance by doctors does not help, chronic course, |
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| lack of distress shown by some individuals presenting conversion, somatization, or amnestic disorders, even people with actual illness sometimes show this indifference |
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| Localized or selective amnesia |
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| most common kind of amnesia, failure to recall specific events, usually traumatic, that occur during a specific period |
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| deliberate faking of physical or mental disorder motivated by gain |
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| somatoform disorder where little is known about it, pain in one or more sites in the body that is associated with significant distress or impairment, may have been clear physical reasons for pain initially, but mental factors play a role in maintaining it, the pain is real and it hurts, regardless of the causes, pain has a strong psychological component |
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| Freudian notion that anxiety reduction is the principal reinforcement obtained for the display of psychological symptoms |
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| the sensory/motor loss does not follow neurological function, the loss may come and go with stress/functional need, happens in conversion disorder |
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| the production of a symptom or illness by psychic factors |
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| additional reinforcers beyond primary gain that a person may obtain by the display of symptoms like attention, sympathy, avoidance of unwanted responsibilities |
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| soma means body, involving extreme and long-lasting focus on multiple physical symptoms for which no medical cause is evident |
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