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| The field concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of mental disorders. |
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| Destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner. |
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| First characteristic of Stigma |
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A label is applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others.
Ex. "crazy" |
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| Second characteristic of Stigma |
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The label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes by society
Ex. "crazy people are dangerous" |
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| Third characteristic of Stigma |
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People with the label are seen as essentially different from those without the label, contributing to an "us" versus "them" mentality.
Ex. "We are not like those crazy people." |
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| Fourth characteristic of Stigma |
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People with the label are discriminated against unfairly.
Ex. "A clinic for crazy people can't be built in our neighborhood." |
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| Characteristics of mental disorder |
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Personal Distress
Disability
Violation of Norms
Dysfunction |
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A person's behavior may be classified as disordered if it causes him or her great ______.
Ex. Anxiety disorders and depression. |
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Impairment in some important area of life.
Ex. work or personal relationships |
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| Violation of Social Norms |
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Behavior that violates ______ may be be classified as disordered.
Ex. Repetitive rituals performed by people with OCD and the conversations with imaginary voices that some people with schizophrenia engage. |
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| When an internal mechanism is unable to perform its natural function-that is, the function it evolved to perform. |
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The doctrine that an evil being or spirit can dwell within person and control his or her mind and body.
(Early Chinese, Egyptians, Babylonians, and Greeks) |
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| The ritualistic casting out of evil spirits. |
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The father of modern medicine.
Classified mental disorders into three categories: mania, melancholia, and phrenitis (brain fever).
Four humors(fluids of the body): Blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. |
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The persecution of witches.
Lunacy Trials (determine a person's mental health). |
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| Refuges for the confinement and care of people with mental illness. |
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| A primary figure in the movement for humanitarian rights for treating asylum patients as sick human beings rather than beasts. 1793 |
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| Patients had close contact with attendants, who talked and read to them and encouraged them to engage in purposeful activity. |
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| A crusader for improved conditions for people with mental illness who fought to have hospitals created for their care. (1802-1887) |
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| A mental illness characterized by a steady deterioration of both mental and physical abilities, including symptoms such as delusions of grandeur and progressive paralysis. (19th century) |
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| Established the germ theory of disease, which posited that disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms. His theory laid the groundwork for demonstrating the relationship between syphilis and general paresis. (1860) |
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| The originator of genetic research with twins, because of his study of twins in the late 1800's in England, attributed many behavioral characteristics to heredity. He is credited with the terms nature and nurture. (1875) |
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| Electroconvulsive Therapy |
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Definition
| Application of electric shocks to the sides of the human head to produce full epileptic seizures for people with schizophrenia and severe depression. |
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| A surgical procedure that destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to other areas of the brain. Used on people whose behavior was violent. |
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| Treated hysteria with hypnosis. (17 and 1800s) |
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| Josef Breuer and the Cathartic Method |
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| Under hypnosis, encouraged patient (Anna O.) to recall events associated with the first appearance of symptoms and to express emotion felt at the time. |
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| Founder of Psychoanalysis |
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| Theory that psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in the individual. |
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Present at birth and is the repository of all the energy (libido) needed to run the psyche, including the basic urges for food, water, elimination, warmth, affection, and sex.
Operates on the Pleasure Principle. |
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| Operates on the reality principle as it mediates between the demands of reality and the id's demands for immediate gratification. |
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| Can be roughly conceived as the person's conscience. Develops throughout childhood. Incorporates parental values as their own in order to receive the pleasure of parental approval and avoid the pain of disapproval. |
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| Defense Mechanism (Freud) |
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| A strategy used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety. |
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| A patient reclines on a couch, facing away from the analyst, and is encouraged to give free rein to his or her thoughts, verbalizing whatever comes to mind, without censoring anything. |
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| Refers to the patient's responses to his or her analyst that seem to reflect attitudes and ways of behaving toward important people in the patient's past, rather than reflecting actual aspects of the analyst-patient relationship. |
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| The analyst points out to the patient the meaning of certain of the patient's behaviors. |
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| Jung and Analytical Psychology |
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| There is a collective unconscious, the part of the unconscious that is common to all human beings and that consists primarily of what Jung called archetypes, or basic categories that all human beings use in conceptualizing about the world. |
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| Adler and Individual Psychology |
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| Regards people as inextricably tied to their society because fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good. |
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| Focuses on observable behavior rather than on consciousness or mental functioning. |
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| (a) Before learning, the meat powder (UCS) elicits salivation (UCR), but the bell (CS) does not. (b) A training or learning tril consists of presentations of the CS, followed closely by the UCS. (c) Classical conditioning has been accomplished when the previously neutral bell elicits salivation (CR). |
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| Rational-emotive behavior therapy (Albert Ellis) |
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| Sustained emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves; these self-statements reflect sometimes unspoken assumptions - irrational beliefs - about what is necessary to lead a meaningful life. |
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Keeping unacceptable impulses she has or wishes from conscious awareness.
ex. a professor starting a lecture she dreaded giving says, "in conclusion" |
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Keeping objective events from conscious awareness.
Ex. A victim of incest in childhood cannot recall it as an adult. |
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Attributing to someone else one's own unacceptable thoughts or feeling
ex. a man who hates members of a racial group believes that it is they who dislike him. |
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Redirecting emotional responses from their real target to someone else.
Ex. a child gets mad at her brother but instead acts angrily toward her friend. |
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Converting an unacceptable feeling into its opposite.
Ex. A person with sexual feelings toward children leads a campaign against child sexual abuse. |
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Retreating to the behavioral patterns of an earlier stage of development.
Ex. An adolescent dealing with unacceptable feelings of social inadequacy might attempt to mask those feelings by seeking oral gratification. |
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Offering acceptable reasons for an unacceptable action or attitude.
Ex. A parent berates a child out of impatience, then indivates that she did so to "build character." |
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Converting unacceptable aggressive or sexual impulses into socially valued behaviors.
Ex. Someone who has aggressive feelings toward his father becomes a surgeon. |
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| Birth to 18 months: an infant's id are satisfied primarily by feeding and the sucking and biting associated with it. |
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| 18 months to 3 years: a child receives pleasure mainly via the anus, by passing and retaining feces. |
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| 3 to 5 years: maximum gratification of the id is obtained through genital stimulation. |
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| 6 to 12 years: Impulses do not play a major role in motivating behavior. |
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| 12 and up: Heterosexual interests predominate. |
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