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| The same psychological disorder can and often does have different causes. |
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| Individuals who start at the same beginning point and go through the same crisis, but branch out into various pathways resulting in different psychological disorders. |
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| The idea that causality is bidirectional |
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| Feedback loop in causality. E.g. Parents adjusting their parenting strategy according to the type of children they have. |
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| the study of how inherited and genetic factors influence and interact with psychological factors to shape our personality, intelligence, emotions, and motivation, as well as how we behave, adapt, and adjust to our environment. |
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| A form of learning in which behavior is elicited by a particular stimulus |
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| if you want to increase the probability of a behavior occurring, you reinforce it; if you want to decrease the probability of a behavior occurring, you punish it. |
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| The removal of an aversive stimulus. Occurs during operant conditioning. Not punishment, because this term increases the likelihood of a behavior. |
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The presentation of positive stimulus.
Occurs during operant conditioning |
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| The pairing of a response with a reward. |
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| An observer’s behavior changes after viewing the behavior of a model. |
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| Comparison of biological and adoptive relatives with and without a given disorder to assess genetic versus environmental influences. |
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| Genetic research strategy comparing frequency of certain genetic markers known to be located on particular chromosomes in people with and without a particular disorder. |
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| A psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the importance of early attachment relationships on functioning later in life. |
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| Process of assigning causes to things that happen. |
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| Field that studies the heritability of mental disorders and other aspects of psychological functioning such as personality and intelligence. |
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| The percentage of twins sharing a disorder or trait. |
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| A condition that increases likelihood of a disorder, but is not necessary for the disorder to develop, nor is it sufficient to cause the disorder to develop. |
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| Human stress hormone, released from adrenal cortex. |
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Definition
| Determination of what is abnormal at any stage of development. |
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| Developmental Systems Approach |
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Definition
| Acknowledgment that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment, and that these influences are bidirectional. |
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| Predisposition or vulnerability to developing a given disorder. |
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| View of abnormal behavior as the result of stress operating on an individual who has a biological, psychosocial, or sociocultural predisposition to developing a specific disorder. |
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| Ability to interpret and respond differently to two or more stimuli. |
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| The rational part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, constraints of the superego and the realities of the external world. |
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| Strategies that discharge or soothe anxiety rather than coping directly with the cause of anxiety; usually unconscious and reality-distorting. |
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| Excessive love from a daughter to her father. |
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Definition
| Factors that are related to the development (or cause) of a particular disorder. |
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| Family history (or pedigree) method |
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Definition
| Behavior genetic research strategy that looks at incidence of disorder in relatives to determine if the incidence of a disorder increases in proportion to the degree of hereditary relationship |
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| Genotype-environment correlation |
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Definition
| Genotypic vulnerability that can shape a child's environmental experiences. |
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| Genotype-environment interaction |
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Definition
| Differential sensitivity or susceptibility to their environments by people who have different genotypes. |
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| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-cortical axis (HPA axis) |
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Definition
| Brain-endocrine system involved in responding to stress. |
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Term
| Instrumental (or operant) Conditioning |
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Definition
| Reinforcement of a subject for making a correct response that leads either to receipt of something rewarding or to escape from something aversive. |
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| Interpersonal Perspective |
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Definition
| Approach to understanding abnormal behavior that views much of psychopathology as rooted in the unfortunate tendencies we develop while dealing with our interpersonal environments |
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Definition
| Inner mental struggles resulting from the interplay of the id, ego, and superego when the three subsystems are striving for different goals. |
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Definition
| Genetic research strategy in which occurrence of a disorder in an extended family is compared with that of a genetic marker for a physical characteristic or biological process that is known to be located on a particular chromosome. |
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| Condition that must exist for a disorder to occur. |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, this viewpoint focuses on an infant or young child's interactions with "objects" (that is, real or imagined people), as well as how they make symbolic representations of important people in their life. |
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| Demand that an instinctual need to be immediately gratified, regardless of reality or moral considerations. |
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| Caused by the action of many genes together in a n additive or interactive fashion. |
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| Gratification of id demands by means of imagery or fantasy without the ability to undertake the realistic actions needed to meet those instinctual demands. |
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| Psychosexual stages of development |
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Definition
| Freud's five stages of receiving sexual pleasure: the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. |
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Definition
| Awareness of the demands of the environment and adjustment of behavior to meet these demands. |
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| Secondary process thinking |
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Definition
| Reality-oriented rational processes of the ego for dealing with the external world and the exercise of control over id demands. |
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| The return of a learned response at some time after extinction has occurred. |
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| Conditions that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder |
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| Pattern of emotional and arousal responses and characteristic ways of self-regulation that are considered to be primarily hereditary or constitutional. |
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Definition
| The use of identical and nonidentical twins to study genetic influences on abnormal behavior. |
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