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| The scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnorma patterns of functioning. |
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| A society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct. |
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| A people's common history, values, instiutuions, habits, skills, technology. |
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| An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skiull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior. |
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| According to the Greeks and Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning. |
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| A type of insitution that first became popular in the 16th century to provide care for persons with mental disorders. Most became virtual prisons. |
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| A 19th century approach to treating people with metal dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment. |
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| state-run public mental insitutuions in the US |
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| The view that abnormal psychoological functioning has physical causes. |
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| The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological. |
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| Benjamin Rush (1755- 1813) |
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| Spread mortal treatment in the US and is now considered the father of American psychiatry. |
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| Hippocrates (460 -377 b.c.) |
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| father of modern medicine - illnesses had natural casues. |
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| Johann Weyer (1515- 1588) |
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first physiciann to specialize in mental illness. believed that mind was susceptible to sickness as body was.
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| either the theory or the treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology. |
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| Drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many sysmptoms of mental dysfunctioning. |
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| The practice, begun in the 60's of releasing hundres of thouands of patients from public mental hospitals. |
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| An arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapist for counseling services. |
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| interventions aimed at deterring mental discorders before they can develop. |
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| The study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities. |
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| the field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior. |
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| A system of health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope and cost of medical or pscyhological services. |
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| A general understanding of the nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal psychological functioning in the form of laws or principles. |
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| the process of systematically gathering and evaluating information through careful obeservations to gain an understanding of a phenomenon. |
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| A hunch or prediction that certain variables are related in certain ways. |
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| A detailed account of a person's life and psychological problems. |
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| The accuracy with which a study can pinpoint one of various possible factors as the cuase of a phenomenon. |
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| The degree to which the results of a study may be generalized beyond that study. |
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| The degree to which events or characteritics vary along with each other. |
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| A research procedure used to determine how much events or characterisitics vary along with each other. |
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| A study that measures the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population. |
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| The number of new cases of a disorder occurring in apopulation over a specific period of time. |
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| a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time. |
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| A reserach procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the effect of the manipulation is observed. |
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| the variable in an experiment that is manipulated to determine wheter it has an effect on another variable. |
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| The variable in an experiment that is expected to change as the independent variable is manipulated. |
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| in an experiment, a variable other than the independent variable that is also acting on the dependent variable. |
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| In an experiment, a group of participants who are not exposed to the independent variable. |
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| in an experiment, the participants who are exposed to the independent variable under investigation. |
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| A selection procedure that ensures that participats are randomly placed either in the control group or in the experimental group. |
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| An experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control condition. |
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| A sham treatment that the participant in an experiment believes to be genuine. |
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| Experimental procedure in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows whether the participant has received the experimental treatment or a placebo. |
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| An experiment in which investigators make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at large. ie mixed design. |
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| An experiment in which nature, rather that an experimenter, manipulates an independent variable. |
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| A research method in which the experimenter produces abnormal-like behavior in laboratory participants and then conducts experiments on the participants. |
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| single-subject experimental design |
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| A research method in which a single participant is observed and meaured both before and after the manipulation of an independent variable. |
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| A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations. Also called a paradigm. |
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| The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another |
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| A chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrities of neighboring neurons. |
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| A site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter. |
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| the chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream. |
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| Chromosome segments that control the charteristics and traits we inherit. |
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| Drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning. |
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| psychotropic drugs that help reduce tension and anxiety. minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics |
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| psychotropic drugs that improve the moods of people with depression. |
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| psychotropic drugs that help stablize the moods of people suffering from a bipolar mood disorder. mood stablizers |
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| psychotropic drugs that help correct the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions found in psychotic disorders. |
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| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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| a form of biological treatment, used primarily on depressed patients, in wchich a brain seizue is triggered as an electri current passes through electrodes attached to the patient's forehead. |
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| Brain surgery for mental disorders --neurosurgery |
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| According to Freud, the pscyhological force that produces instinctural nmeeds, drives, and impulses. |
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| According to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle. |
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| According to psychoanalytic theory, strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse. |
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| According to Freud, the psychological force that represents a person's values and ideals. |
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| According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development |
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| The psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego and considers it an independent force. |
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| the psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the rold of the self - our unified personality. |
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| The psycholodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior. |
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| A psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any though, feeling or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant. |
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| An unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy |
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| According to psychodynamic theorists, the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient's life, now or in the past. |
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| the reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems. |
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| the psychoanalytic process of facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings, and overcoming one's problems. |
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| relational psychoanalytic therapy |
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| A form of psychodynamic therapy that considers therapists to be active participants in the formation of patients' feelings and reactions, and therefore calls for therapists to disclose their own experiences and feelings in discusssions with patients. |
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| a simple form of learning |
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| a process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated. |
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| a process of learning in whcih an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others. |
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| a process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person's mind and produce the same response. |
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| systematic desensitization |
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| a behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread. |
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| the belief that one can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary. |
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| cognitive behavioral therapies |
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| therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking. |
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| a therapy developed by Aaron Beck the helps people recognize and change their faculty thinking processes. |
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| The humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth |
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| the humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy and genuineness. |
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| the humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques usch as role playing and self-discovery exercises. |
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| a therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value. |
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| A theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules. |
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| A therapy format in which a group of people with similar problems meet together with a therapist to work on those problems. |
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| people with similar problems who help and support one another without the direct leadership of a clinician. "mutural help group" |
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| a format in which the therapist meets with all members of a family and helps them to change in theropeutic ways. |
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| format in which the terapist works with two people who share a long term relationship. |
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| community mental health treatment |
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| emphasizes community care |
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| multicultural perspective |
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| the view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of vaules and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior and functioning of its memebers. "culturally diverse perspective" |
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| culture-sensitive therapies |
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| approaches that seek to address the unique issues faced by members of minority groups. |
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| gender-sensitive therapies |
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| approaches geared to the pressures of being a woman in western society. feminist therapies |
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| explanations that attribute to cause of abnormality to an interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotion, behavioral cognitve social and societal influences. |
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| idiographic understanding |
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| an understanding of the behavior of a particular individual |
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| The process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant |
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| the process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual's score can be measured. |
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| a measure of the consistency of test or research results |
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| the accuracy of a test's or study's results; that is, the extent to which the test or study actaully mesures or shows what it claims. |
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| a set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning. |
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| a device for gathering information about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning from which broader information about the person can be inferred. |
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| a test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to. |
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| a test designed to measure broad personality characteristics, consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and fellings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them. |
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| tests designed to measure a person's responses in one specific area of functioning such as affect social skills or cognitive processess. |
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| a test that measures physical responses such as heart rate and miuscle tension as possible indcators of psychological problems. |
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| a test that directly measure brain structure or activity. |
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| Neurological tests that provide images of brain structure or activitiy. |
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| neuropsycholological test |
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| a test that detects brain impairment by measuring a person's cognitive perceptual and motor performances. |
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| a cluster of symptoms that usually ocur together |
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| a list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making appropriate diagnoses. |
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| empirically supported treatment |
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| a movement in the clinical field that seeks to identify which therapies have received clear resarch support for each disorder, to develop corresponding treatment guidelines, and to spread such information to clinicians. known as evidence-based treatment |
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| an effort to identify a set of common strategies that run through the work of all efffective therapists. |
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| a psychiatrist who primarily prescribes medications |
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