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Abnormal Psychology
midterm 2: chapters 10, 13, 8 - gender, schizophrenia, eating, sleep
152
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
04/07/2013

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Term
Sex-typical or atypical activity and playmate preferences (gender conformity/nonconformity) cause the person to feel ______ from opposite or same-sex peers who are viewed as ____.
Definition
different, “exotic”
Term
__________ to opposite or same-sex peers becomes erotic or romantic attraction to opposite or same-sex persons (sexual orientation)
Definition
Non-specific autonomic arousal
Term
_____ of monozygotic twins did not have the same sexual orientation
Definition
half
Term
Gender Identity Disorder is not dependent on _____
Definition
sexual attraction and arousal patterns (e.g. if they are cross-dressing, they are not primarily doing this for sexual arousal)
Term
True or False
Most hermaphrodites have Gender Identity Disorder
Definition
FALSE - Distinct from hermaphrodites who are born with an intersex condition: ambiguous genitalia
Term
True or False
individuals who are sexually attracted to the same sex are thought to have gender identity disorder
Definition
TRUE - Distinct from individuals who are sexually attracted to the same sex
Term
what is berdache
Definition
In first-nations cultures people who are “two-spirit” or “berdache” are attracted two both sexes
Term
The prevalence for GID is _____ and Occurs ____ more often in biologically born males
Definition
-rare .01%
-3x
Term
gender identity develops between ___ years of age
Definition
18 and 3
Term
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): chromosomal females whose brains were flooded with _____, and have____ internal organs and ___ external genitalia
-CAH were more _____ in behaviour, but identified as ____
Definition
androgens
female
male
masculine
girls
Term
True or false - David/Brenda Reimer would be diagnosed with GID
Definition
FALSE - he would not be diagnosed with GID
Term
parent’s preference for a certain gender may have a ____ influence for developing GID
Definition
weak
Term
For sex reassignment surgery- who adjusts better? M2F or F2M?
Definition
Female-to-male conversions adjust better than male-to-female
Term
What are the criteria for sex reassignment surgery?
Definition
-They must live in the opposite role for 1-2 years to be certain of their choice
-They must be psychologically, socially, and financially stable
Term
What are the outcomes of sex reassignment surgery?
Definition
-75% are satisfied with surgery
-7% regret the surgery
-2% commit suicide
Term
What are the (5) stages of sexual arousal
Definition
-Desire phase: sexual urges occur in response to sexual cues or fantasies
-Arousal stage: a subjective sense of sexual pleasure, and physiological signs of sexual arousal
-Plateau phase: brief period occurs before orgasm
-Orgasm phase: ejaculation, contraction of the lower 1/3 of the vagina
-Resolution phase: decrease on arousal
Term
What is the difference between Lifelong dysfunctions and Acquired dysfunction, generalized, specific (sexual disorders)
Definition
-Lifelong dysfunctions: present during a person’s entire sexual life
-Acquired dysfunctions: begins after sexual activity has been relatively normal
-Generalized: individuals always struggles
-Specific: problem only occurs in a certain situation
Term
sexual dysfunction Affects ____ of Canadian females and ___ of Canadian males
Definition
28%
18%
Term
For Sexual aversion disorder the primary problem may be ____. Provide statistical evidence
Definition
-The principle problem may be panic disorder (present in 25% of cases), or PTSD
-10% of males with this report panic attacks during attempted sexual activity
Term
premature ejaculation - ejaculation within ____ minutes of penetration, typical is ____ minutes
Definition
-ejaculation within 1-2 minutes of penetration
-typical is 7-10 minutes
Term
Predictor is of premature ejaculation is ____
Definition
infrequency of sex
Term
_____ (sexual disorder) May be better conceptualized as a pain disorder
Definition
Dyspareunia: pain of intercourse is so severe that sexual behaviour is disrupted
Term
Describe psychological contributions (path) to sexual dysfunction
Definition
Cues > negative affect > negative cognitive expectations > attention focus on consequences of performance > leads to dysfunctional performance > avoidance of sexual cues
Term
what is Erotophobia?
Definition
learned negative attitudes about sexuality
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
Childhood sexual abuse associated with orgasmic and erectile dysfunction
Definition
TRUE
Term
what is a psycho-social treatment for premature ejaculation, is it effective?
Definition
Squeeze technique for premature ejaculation
60-90% effective
Term
how is performance anxiety treated for sexual dysfunction?
Definition
sensate focus on non-demand pleasuring
Term
what is a psycho-social treatment for female orgasm disorder, is it effective?
Definition
-Masturbatory training for female orgasm disorder
- 60-90%
Term
what is a psycho-social treatment for vaginismus
Definition
Use of dilators
Term
what is a psycho-social treatment for low sexual desire problems
Definition
Exposure to erotic material for low sexual desire problems
Term
how effective is viagra?
Definition
50-80% achieve erection
30% have severe headache
32% had an erection AND were sexually satisfied
Term
Describe (3) medical treatments other than viagra for erectile dysfunction- effectiveness?
Definition
(1) Direct injections of vasodilating drugs into the penis - Dilates blood vessels so more blood can flow into the penis
(2) Penile prostheses: silicone rode, Used as a last resort
(3) Vacuum device therapy: creates a vacuum that draws blood into the penis - Awkward, 70-100% achieve erection
Term
____ is sexual attraction and arousal to inappropriate people, or objects
Definition
paraphilia
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
attraction to a certain part of the body is a fetish
Definition
FALSE
partialism: not a fetish, attracted to a certain part of the body
Term
____ is sexual attraction to a non-living object
Definition
Fetishism
Term
____ is rubbing and touching a non-consenting person
Definition
Frotteurism
Term
what is the difference between sadism and masochism?
Definition
Sadism: inflicting pain or humiliation to attain sexual gratification (real acts, not simulated)

Masochism: suffering pain or humiliation to attain sexual gratification (real acts, not simulated)
Term
What is the relationship between sadism and rape?
Definition
-Some rapists are sadists, but most do not show paraphilic patterns of arousal (more likely to have ASPD)
-Rapists show sexual arousal to violent sexual and non-sexual material
Term
_____ males may be aroused to adult women, but this is unlikely in ______
Definition
Incestuous
pedophiles
Term
what are (7) factors contributing to the cause of paraphilia?
Definition
(1) Early inappropriate sexual associations or experiences - accidental or vicarious
(2) inadequate development of consensual adult arousal patterns
(3) inadequate development of appropriate social skills for relating to adults
(4) Disordered relationships during childhood and adolescence
(5) Early sexual fantasies that are repeatedly reinforced through the extreme pleasure of masturbation
(6) May be related to obsessive compulsive disorder or have a very strong sex drive
(7) Repeated attempts to inhibit undesired arousal and behaviour resulting in (paradoxical) increase in paraphilic thoughts, fantasies, and behaviour
Term
What is Covert sensitization?
Definition
Covert sensitization: imaginal procedure involving aversive consequences
Term
What is Orgasmic reconditioning?
Definition
Orgasmic reconditioning: associate masturbation with appropriate stimuli
Term
_____ of cases paraphilia show some improvement, but poorest outcomes are for ____ and _____. Risk factors for failure are: ____, ____, and ____.
Definition
-70-100%
-rapists and for people with multiple paraphilia
-Denial of problem, Multiple victims, Lack of stability (social relationships, employment)
Term
What is dementia praecox
Definition
-early conceptualization of schizophrenia
-Kraepelin combined several disorders into “dementia praecox” and distinguished these from bipolar disorder
-Catatonia: alternating immobility and excited agitation
-Hebephrenic: silly and immature emotionality
-Paranoia: delusions or grandeur or persecution
Term
Bleuler believed schizophrenia was a result of “_____ _____” of the basic functions of personality
Definition
associative splitting
Term
____ % of schizophrenics experience positive symptoms
Definition
50-70%
Term
what is the difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (general - do not list)
Definition
-positive symptoms: excess of normal behaviour, distortion of normal behaviour
-and cannot tell the difference
-Negative symptoms: Absence of insufficiency of normal behaviour
Term
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia (2)?
Definition
-delusions
-hallucinations
Term
What is the difference between:
-delusions
-hallucinations
Definition
-delusion (disorder of thought content): a belief that would be seen by most members of a society as a misrepresentation of reality
-Hallucinations: The experience of sensory events without any input from the surrounding environment
Term
Describe (4) different kids of delusions
Definition
-delusions of grandeur
-delusions of persecution
-Cotard’s syndrome: belief the body has changed in some impossible way
-Capgras syndrome: the person believes someone they know has been replaced by a double
Term
______ may be a way to cope with body changes and avoid depression, they may persist because new information is not being ______
Definition
delusions
properly integrated
Term
Hallucinations are experienced more often when people are _____ or _____
Definition
unoccupied or restricted from sensory input
Term
Research suggests people hallucinating are listening to ____
Definition
their own thoughts and cannot tell the difference
Term
Describe the (5) negative symptoms of schizophrenia
HINT- they all start with A for SOME WEIRD REASON WHY??
Definition
-Absence of insufficiency of normal behaviour
-Avolition (apathy): inability to initiate and persist in activities - highly related to a poor outcome (example: not brushing hair or teeth)
-Alogia: relative absence of speech (Brief replies, uninterested in conversation, slow response)
-Anhedonia: presumed lack of pleasure in activities
-Affective flattening: do not show emotional expressiveness (Flat tone, vacant stare)
-Asociality: severe deficits in social relationships
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
schizophrenics do not experience emotions to the same degree as others (affective flattening)
Definition
FALSE
they may still experience emotions internally, but they do not express them
Term
What are the (2) disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia?
Definition
-Disorganized or rambling speech: jumping from topic to topic and speaking illogically, includes: cognitive slippage, and loose associations or derailment, and tangentiality
-Inappropriate affect and disorganized behaviour
Term
when schizophrenics show illogical and incoherent speech, this is know as
Definition
Cognitive slippage
Term
when schizophrenics show taking conversation in unrelated directions, this is know as
Definition
Loose associations or derailment
Term
when schizophrenics show going off on a tangent and not answering a question directly, this is know as
Definition
Tangentially
Term
when schizophrenics show laughing or crying at inappropriate times, this is know as
Definition
Inappropriate affect
Term
when schizophrenics show holding unusual postures, this is know as
Definition
Catatonic immobility
Term
What subtype of schizophrenia is this?
• Delusions and hallucinations
• Cognitive skills and affect remain intact
• Stronger familial link
Definition
Paranoid
Term
What subtype of schizophrenia is this?

• marked disruption in speech and behaviour
• flat or inappropriate affect
• unusually self-absorbed
• may have disorganized delusions/hallucinations which do not cluster around a central theme
• develops earlier, often chronic and little to no improvement or remission
Definition
Disorganized
Term
What subtype of schizophrenia is this?

• Waxy flexibility, engaging in excessive activity, opposing by remaining rigid
• Odd mannerisms with the body and face (e.g. grimacing)
• Echolalia: repeat or mimic the words of others (nonsensical)
• Echopraxia: repeat or mimic the movements of others
Definition
Catatonic
Term
What subtype of schizophrenia is this?

• Meet general criteria
• Do not fit into another subtype
Definition
Undifferentiated
Term
What subtype of schizophrenia is this?

• People who have previously had an episode of schizophrenia
• Criterion A is not longer met, but was met in the past
• Social withdrawal, bizarre thoughts, inactivity, flat affect
Definition
Residual
Term
What subtype of schizophrenia is this?
immobility, posturing, mutism
Definition
Catatonic - Negative withdrawal subtype
Term
What subtype of schizophrenia is this?
routine obedience, waxy flexibility
Definition
Catatonic - Automatic subtype
Term
What subtype of schizophrenia is this?
grimacing, perseveration, echolalia
Definition
Catatonic - Repetitive/echo subtype
Term
What subtype of schizophrenia is this?
excitement, impulsivity, combativeness
Definition
Catatonic - Agitated/resistive subtype
Term
What are the (5) delusions of delusional disorder
Definition
-Erotomanic: belief that a stranger or celebrity is in love with them
-Grandiose: inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship to a deity or celebrity
-Jealous: belief a sexual partner is unfaithful
-Persecutory: belief they are being malevolently treated
-Somatic: feels afflicted by a medical defect
Term
• Higher prevalence of _____ Personality Disorder in relative’s of people with schizophrenia
Definition
schizoid
Term
schizophrenia affects about ____ of the population
Definition
1%
Term
schizophrenia usually develops in ______, but can emerge at any time
-onset ____ with age for men
-onset ____ with age for women
Definition
early adulthood
decreases, increases
Term
schizophrenia affects males and females equally, but ____ tend to have a better long-term prognosis
Definition
females
Term
What are the (4) Developmental Courses of schizophrenia?
Definition
- most common (35%): impairment increasing with each of several episodes and no return to normality
- (35%): several episodes with minimal or no impairment inbetween
- (22%): one episode only, no impairment
- (8%): impairment after the first episode with subsequent exacerbation and no return to normality
Term
Schizophrenia
• Risk in monozygotic twins is ____
• Risk drops to ____ for fraternal (dizygotic) twins
Definition
48%
17%
Term
risk for schizophrenia increases as a function of _____
Definition
genetic similarity
Term
The relationship between viral infections and schizophrenia:
Definition
inconclusive
Term
Majority of schizophrenics have enlarged ____. Reasons?
Definition
ventricles
(adjacent areas may have not fully developed or may have atrophied)
Term
Siblings with worse schizophrenia symptoms may have had more ____
Definition
birth complications
Term
what is hypofrontality? How many schizophrenics have?
Definition
less active frontal lobes
About 50% have
Term
What are (2) Neurological problems of schizophrenia?
Definition
abnormal reflexes and inattentiveness
Term
What are (4) pieces of evidence for the Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
Definition
(1) Drugs that increase the level of dopamine in our brains can result in schizophrenic-like behaviour
(2) L-Dopa can induce symptoms of schizophrenia
(3) Drugs that decrease dopamine (antagonists) reduce schizophrenic-like behaviour
(4) Antipsychotic drugs Can lead to side effects that look like Parkinson’s disease (a disease we know is associated with low dopamine levels
Term
What are (6) pieces of evidence against the Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
Definition
(1) It depends on different sits and receptors
(2) Glutamate may also play a role
(3) D1 receptors seem to be underactive in the frontal lobe- may be responsible for negative symptoms
(4) A significant number of schizophrenics are not helped by dopamine
(5) Drugs are not very helpful for negative symptoms
(6) Drugs are fast-acting, but changes in symptoms is slow
Term
What are the Sociogenic and Social selection hypotheses of schizophrenia? Which is more likely?
Definition
-Sociogenic hypothesis: lower class is stressful, and predisposing individuals to become schizophrenic
-Social selection hypothesis: schizophrenia makes it difficult to hold a job, resulting in a drift to the lower class

*Social Selection is more likely
Term
For schizophrenia: High levels of _____ in the family associated with relapse
Definition
expressed emotion - (criticism, emotional over involvement/intrusiveness, low tolerance of the disorder)
Term
does high expressed emotion cause schizophrenia? Why/Why not?
Definition
Not causal (rates are higher in some countries, but prevalence remains the same)
Term
Role of psychological factors: psychological factors likely exert _____ effect in producing schizophrenia
Definition
only a minimal
Term
Most antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications reduce or eliminate the ____ symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
positive
Term
do antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications have side effects? What about new medications?
Definition
Acute and permanent extrapyramidal and Parkinson-like side effects

-Slow motor movement
-Involuntary movement of the face, jaw, tongue

-Less side effects in new antipsychotics
Term
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ____ much promise for schizophrenia treatment
Definition
does not show
Term
Psychoanalysis & psychodynamic therapy is ____ helpful for treating schizophrenia
Definition
not
Term
For schizophrenia, _____ and ____ is important to prevent “the revolving door”
Definition
Communication skills and stress management for the family
Term
There is evidence that _____ follows bulimia and is a consequence of it.
Definition
depression
Term
____ with bulimia also had anxiety, but those with anxiety are ___ likely to have ED
Definition
75%
no more
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
there is a relationship with impulsively and substance use issues & bulimia
Definition
true
Term
o salivary glands become enlarges
o enamel on teeth eroded from vomit
o electrolyte imbalance- very dangerous
o intestinal problems

are all symptoms of
Definition
Bulemia
Term
____ of bulimics are female- onset from _____
Definition
90-95%
16-19 years
Term
prevalence of bulimia is ___ for females, ____ for males
Definition
1.1%
0.1%
Term
successful weight loss is the hallmark of ____
Definition
anorexia
Term
what are the (2) subtypes of anorexia
Definition
(1) restricting: dieting, fasting
(2) binge eating-purging: small binges followed by purges
Term
what is lanugo
Definition
downy hair growth in abnormal parts of the body such as cheeks and limbs
Term
anorexia usually develops around age
Definition
13 or early adolescence
Term
TRUE OR FALSE

immigrants who move to western cultures are less at risk for anorexia
Definition
FALSE
Term
_____ can lead to weight gain through binges
Definition
Dieting
Term
those who ____ have an intentional and memory bias towards food
Definition
diet chronically
Term
TRUE OR FALSE

ED Tend to run in families
Definition
TRUE
Term
What are (2) neurocognitive features of anorexia & bulimia?
Definition
(1) Weak central coherence: overly detailed style of thinking: miss big picture due to focus on the details, which impairs integration and organization of information

(2) Set shifting: thinking flexibly is diminished, can’t problem solve, plan for the future, and managing ambiguity, “black and white” thinking, perfectionistic behaviours
Term
____ Have greater inhibitory control- it is easier for them to “not do” or inhibit than to do

___ have been found to have poor inhibitory control and greater impulsivity
Definition
anorexics
bulimics
Term
In bulimics - Antidepressants can help reduce ____ behaviour
Antidepressants are _____ efficacious in the long-term
Definition
binging and purging
not
Term
What is the 1st treatment goal for anorexia? Why?
Definition
-Weight restoration is the first goal
-it is difficult to think clearly and engage in therapy when in a state of starvation
Term
What are the behavioural and cognitive treatments for anorexia?
Definition
• Behavioural: preventing compensatory behaviours
• Cognitive: addressing distortions
Term
What is the Maudsley approach to treating ED?
Definition
Parents become actively engaged and supporting the child or adolescent to eat more
Term
Long-term prognosis for anorexia is ____ than for bulimia
Definition
poorer
Term
What are the (5) stages of the stages of change model?
Definition
o Precontemplation
o Contemplation
o Preparation
o Action
o Maintenance
Term
how common are Sleep problems?
Definition
25%-40% in developing children
Term
What are (4) stages of sleep
Definition
-Transitioning from wakefulness into drowsiness and then sleep (5%)
-Light sleep (50% of the time)
-Deeper sleep, slow-wave sleep
-Deepest sleep, slow-wave sleep
Term
Describe Newborn sleep. What are the associated problems?
Definition
get 10-18 hours, need 12-18 hours, chunks of 45 minutes to 3 hours, no day/night differentiation
• Parents struggle with no day/night distinction
Term
Describe Infant sleep. What are the associated problems?
Definition
get 11-14, need 14-15, night 8-10 hours, two day naps total 3 hours
Term
Describe Toddler sleep. What are the associated problems?
Definition
get 10-13, need 12-14, night 9-10 hours, daytime 1-3 hour nap(s)
• Bedtime struggles
• Night wakings
Term
Describe Preschooler sleep. What are the associated problems?
Definition
get 9-10 hours, need 11-13, night 9-10, some nap
• Fears
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Limit testing
• Partial arousal parasomnias
Term
Describe School-age sleep. What are the associated problems?
Definition
get 9.5, need 10-11, night
• Fears and anxiety
• OSA
• Poor sleep habits
Term
Describe Adolescent sleep. What are the associated problems?
Definition
get 7-7.5, need 8.5-9.5, but later
• Shift in circadian rhythm (internal clock) combined with environmental demands
Term
What is the difference between dyssomnias and parasomnias?
Definition
Dyssomnias: difficulties in getting enough sleep, problems in the timing of sleep, and complaints about the quality of sleep
Parasomnias: abnormal behavioral and physiological events during sleep
Term
What is Sleep onset latency:
Definition
when you go to bed vs. when you actually fall asleep
Term
What is Sleep efficiency (SE)
Definition
time spent in bed vs. time sleeping
Term
What (4) things does a Polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation measure?
Definition
o EEG- leg movements and brain wave activity
o EOG- eye movements
o EMG (electromyograph)- muscle movements
o ECG- heart activity
Term
Females report insomnia ____ often as males
Definition
twice as
Term
Primary insomnia affects ____ adult population
Definition
1‐10%
Term
Sleep problems ____ with age
Definition
increase
Term
-____ and ____ are used as pharmacological treatment for insomnia
-Prolonged use can cause _____ and _____
-Best as ___ solution
Definition
Benzodiazepines and over‐the‐counter sleep medications
rebound insomnia, dependence
short‐term
Term
Describe Stimulus control procedures to treat insomnia
Definition
-Your brain learns to associate other things you do in bed with sleep time
-Person should go to bed when sleepy and try to sleep for 20 minutes
-If no sleep, do something boring, and then try again
-Always get up at the same time no matter what
Term
What are (3) relaxation techniques to improve sleep
Definition
progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery, diaphragmatic breathing
Term
Describe Behavioural Insomnia of Childhood - Sleep onset association type
Definition
-a condition that must be present for the child to fall asleep)
-When they wake at night an the sleep association isn’t available
-Break sleep onset association and provide something in child’s control
Term
Describe Behavioural Insomnia of Childhood - Limit-setting type
Definition
-want to stall, stay up, and not miss things
-Stalling, requests for attention
-Approach: consistent behavioural treatment, reinforce good behaviours, removing reinforcement for negative behaviours
Term
Describe Behavioural Insomnia of Childhood - combined type
Definition
-Bedtime problems
-Night waking
-Consistent behavioural limits
-Break sleep onset association
Term
narcolepsy Affects about ____ of population
Definition
.03% to .16%
Term
males have narcolepsy _____ as females
Definition
equally the same amount
Term
Onset of narcolepsy is during _____; typically ___ over time
Definition
adolescence
improves
Term
What are (2) treatments for narcolepsy?
Definition
-Stimulant medication (e.g., methylphenidate “Ritalin”)
-Antidepressant meds may be helpful for cataplexy because suppress REM sleep
Term
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders are More common in____, may occur in up to _____ of population
Definition
males
10‐20%
Term
What are (2) treatments for Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
Definition
(1) Pediatric: if tonsils & adenoids implicated, remove ~70% cure rate
(2) if airway is otherwise crowded: continuous positive airway pressure machine (PAP or CPAP).
Term
o Sleep terror disorder
o Sleepwalking disorder

occur during ____ sleep
Definition
non-REM
Term
Nightmare disorder occurs during ___ sleep
Definition
REM
Term
TRUE OR FALSE

nightmare disorder is More common in children than adults
Definition
TRUE
Term
Describe (2) treatments for nightmare disorder
Definition
-May involve antidepressant medication (this can suppress REM sleep) or relaxation training
-Dream rehearsal
Term
Describe (3) treatments for sleep terror disorder
Definition
-Often involves a wait‐and‐see approach (initially)
-Antidepressants (i.e., imipramine) or benzodiazepines for severe cases
-Scheduled awakenings prior to the sleep terror can eliminate the problem
Term
What is Somnambulism
Definition
sleep walking
Term
sleep walking usually occurs
Definition
Usually during first few hours of deep sleep
Term
Describe (2) treatments for sleep walking
Definition
-Safety planning
-Address related factors: adequate sleep, stress reduction
Term
List the criteria for schizophrenia (6)
Definition
o (A) Two or more of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1 month period (or less if successfully treated):
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganized speech
• Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
• Negative symptoms
• Note: only one criterion A symptom is required if delusions are bizarre or hallucinations consist of a voice keeping up a running commentary on the person’s behaviour or thoughts, or two or more voices conversing with each other
o (B) social/occupational dysfunction: work/interpersonal or self-care are markedly below the level achieved prior to onset (or failure to achieve at all if onset is in childhood)
o (C) duration: 6 months of disturbance, including 1 month of cluster A symptoms
• may have periods or prodromal or residual symptoms
o (D) Schizoaffective and mood disorders are excluded
o (E) Substance/general medical condition exclusion
o (F) relationship to a pervasive developmental disorder
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