Term
|
Definition
| These Drugs (Substances) Stimulate Central Nervous System or Brain Centers |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Benzedrine, Methedrine and Dexedrine) –Known as “pep pills”, stimulants |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Caffeine, Nicotine, stimulants |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| These Drugs (Substances) Depress Central Nervous System or Brain Centers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepines (valium or Librium), Buspar, Xanax and many others, also known as minor tranquilizers, depressants |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (also known as major tranquilizers), Phenothyazines (Thorazine and Stellazine – Haldo and many others, depressants |
|
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Term
| Barbiturates (Sleeping Substances) Depressants of Central Nervous System |
|
Definition
Sleep Inducing Agents
Seconal, Luminal, and Sodium Amythol &Pentothal (used in executions) |
|
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Term
| Opium and Its Derivatives (Narcotics) |
|
Definition
| Opiates – Morphine, Heroin and others |
|
|
Term
| Hallucinogens (Mind Altering Drugs) |
|
Definition
| Marijuana (Cannabis sativa plant); LSD, Phencyclidine (PCP) and many others |
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Term
|
Definition
| the excessive use of a substance that continues despite negative consequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inability to cut down or control use, using much activity to obtain substance |
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Term
| short term effects of alcohol |
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Definition
| Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol – C2H5OH (not methanol or wood alcohol) is a Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant. It depressed brain centers. The initial feelings of elation and euphoria soon give way to depression. |
|
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Term
| short term effects of alcohol |
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Definition
| When the level of alcohol in the blood increases, death might be the end result. People drink because it makes them feel good. Anxiety disappears. Inhibition is relaxed and a person feels happy. Continual drinking, however, dramatically changes the picture. |
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Term
| Long-term effects of alcohol |
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Definition
| involve alcoholism, a very serious addiction. Heavy drinking causes black outs. Chronic alcoholism destroys brain cells and causes cirrhosis (damage to liver). |
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Term
|
Definition
| can result in an abuse disorder or dependency disorder |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| These drugs or substances can cause generalized depression of CNS and a slowing down of responses. They relax or calm a person. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to using at least three drugs or substances |
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Term
|
Definition
| known as minor tranquilizers, depressant |
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Term
|
Definition
| includes morphine, heroin and codeine, depressants |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sleeping substances, depressants |
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Term
|
Definition
| These drugs or substances stimulate CNS or brain centers, inducing elation, agitation, and act as appetite suppressants |
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Term
|
Definition
| also known as “speed” or “pep pills” which speed up the activities of CNS by increasing dopamine in the synapses. They inhibit sleep and appetite. stimulant |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| found in coffee, tea, and chocolate and some soft drinks. stimulant |
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Term
|
Definition
| extracted from the coca plant and is taken in different ways. It increases dopamine in the brain. stimulant |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a purified and potent form of cocaine produced by heating cocaine with ether, called free-basing sold in solid pieces or “rocks”. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| taken from the leaves of the plant cannabis sativa, produces euphoria, tranquility and passivity with changes in perception. is said to cause no physical addiction. Hallucinogenic |
|
|
Term
| LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) |
|
Definition
| produces distortion of reality and hallucinations |
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Term
|
Definition
| also known as “angel dust” and may cause psychotic-like symptoms, hallucinogenic |
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Term
| ETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Biogenic (Biological explanations) |
|
Definition
| There are some evidences pointing to genetic factors. For example, familial alcoholism involves genetic and heredity factors whereas the non-familial alcoholism involves the environmental factors. Effort is made to locate the gene (or genes) responsible for alcoholism. |
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|
Term
| ETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) and Personality Explanations |
|
Definition
Childhood trauma and fixation in the oral stage may cause alcoholism. Alcohol provides oral gratifications and satisfies dependency needs
Some personality characters such as antisocial personality, addictive personality, and depression are contributing factors |
|
|
Term
| ETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Sociocultural Explanations |
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Definition
| Consumption tends to increase or decrease with socioeconomic status. Cultural values play important roles in drinking patterns |
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Term
| ETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Behavioral Explanations |
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Definition
| Drinking behavior is learned. Alcohol serves to reduce anxiety and tension. Relapse refers to resumption of drinking after a period of abstinence |
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|
Term
| Overall Theories of Addiction Process |
|
Definition
Solomon believes addiction is an acquired motivation such as love or attachment
Wise suggests a combination of both behavioral perspectives and biogenic approaches |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the removal of the abusive substances and long-term maintenance without it |
|
|
Term
| TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Self-Help Groups |
|
Definition
Alcoholics Anonymous – “AA groups”
Similar groups are available for drug abusers and other abusers also. |
|
|
Term
| TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Pharmacological Approach |
|
Definition
This approach involves using chemical agents.
Antabuse is used to create aversion towards alcohol.
Methadone is a synthetic narcotic chemical which reduces craving for heroin. It also decreases withdrawal symptoms.
Nicotine patch is effective in helping smokers. |
|
|
Term
| TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Cognitive &Behavioral Approaches |
|
Definition
Aversion therapy –The sight, smell or taste of alcohol or any other drug is paired with noxious stimuli
Covert sensitization uses imagery. Alcoholics imagine nausea or vomiting in the presence of alcohol. Rapid smoking has been effective |
|
|
Term
| TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Multimodal Treatment |
|
Definition
| A combination of approaches can be used as well. Inpatient facilities are 28 to 30 days after which they are seen in outpatient facilities. Patients are encouraged to attend support groups. Family therapy especially for adolescents is effective. To make treatment effective, patients have to be in constant contact with their AA or other supports groups. |
|
|
Term
| THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE |
|
Definition
1. The Appetitive Phase
2. The Excitement Phase
3. The Orgasm Phase
4. The Resolution Phase |
|
|
Term
| The Appetitive Phase, THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE |
|
Definition
| A person shows desire for sexual activity. Dysfunction in this phase is called sexual desire disorder. |
|
|
Term
| The Excitement Phase, THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE |
|
Definition
| – Specific and direct sexual stimulation occurs. Increase in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration are noted. Males have erection. Dysfunction in this phase is called sexual arousal disorder. |
|
|
Term
| The Orgasm Phase, THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE |
|
Definition
| The dysfunction in this phase is called orgasm disorder. |
|
|
Term
| The Resolution Phase, THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE |
|
Definition
| Relaxation after the orgasm. Dysfunctions due to pain are called dyspareunia and vaginismus. |
|
|
Term
| CLASSIFICATION OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS |
|
Definition
1.Sexual Desire Disorder
2.Sexual Arousal Disorders
3.Orgasm Disorders
4.Sexual Pain Disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
B. Sexual Aversion Disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (Frigidity)
B. Male Erectile Disorder (Impotency) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Female Orgasmic Disorder
B. Male Orgasmic Disorder
C. Premature Ejaculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Dyspareunia – Genital Pain in both sexes
B. Vaginismus – Involuntary spasm of the vagina |
|
|
Term
| ETIOLOGY & TREATMENT OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS |
|
Definition
| Sexual dysfunction may be due to psychological factors or a combination with biological (biogenic or physical) factors. |
|
|
Term
| ETIOLOGY & TREATMENT OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS- Biological Factors & Treatment |
|
Definition
| Lower levels of testosterone or high levels of estrogen have been associated with low sexual interest in both sexes and erectile problems in males. Drugs that suppress the level of testosterone seem to decrease sexual desire in men. High blood pressure also decreases sexual desire in men. Surgical methods such as penile implants have been helpful to men. |
|
|
Term
| ETIOLOGY & TREATMENT OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS- Psychological Factors & Behavioral Therapy |
|
Definition
| can include historical, pre-disposing factors, sexual trauma, inadequate or inappropriate sexual experiences and relationship conflicts. Education, anxiety reduction and behavioral exercises are helpful. Sex therapists are available. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conflict between a person’s anatomical sex and his/her gender identity as male or female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person persistently identifies with the opposite sex, showing role conflicts at an early age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition whereby a person cross-dresses with no sexual abnormalities. |
|
|
Term
| ETIOLOGY OF GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS - The Psychoanalytic Perspective |
|
Definition
| Unresolved Oedipus or Electra complexes and identification with the opposite-sex parent |
|
|
Term
| ETIOLOGY OF GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS - Behavioral Perspective |
|
Definition
| Parental encouragement of feminine behavior |
|
|
Term
| ETIOLOGY OF GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS - Biological (biogenic) perspective |
|
Definition
| Exposure to the opposite sex hormones affects the brain centers governing sexual orientations. This process usually happens during the fetal stage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexual urges and fantasies regarding (a) non-human objects; (b) real or simulated suffering and (c) non-consenting others |
|
|
Term
Paraphilias Involving Non-Human Objects
- Fetishism |
|
Definition
| Strong sexual attraction for an inanimate object such as panties, bras, shoes, bags, etc. |
|
|
Term
Paraphilias Involving Non-Human Objects
- Transvestite Fetishism |
|
Definition
| Sexual arousal is obtained through cross-dressing in heterosexuals. |
|
|
Term
| Paraphilias Involving Non-Consenting Persons - Exhibitionism |
|
Definition
| Exposures of one’s genitals to unsuspecting strangers. Most of such men are in their twenties |
|
|
Term
| Paraphilias Involving Non-Consenting Persons - Voyeurism |
|
Definition
| Observing the genitals or watching sexual acts. “Peeping” is a deviation if it is preferred to sexual intercourse. The term “Peeping Tom” is also used for this disorder. |
|
|
Term
| Paraphilias Involving Non-Consenting Persons - Frotturism |
|
Definition
| Sexual urges and fantasies of touching and rubbing against non-consenting persons. |
|
|
Term
| Paraphilias Involving Non-Consenting Persons - Pedophilia |
|
Definition
| Erotic gratification through fantasies or sexual contact with children. Child sexual abuse is common |
|
|
Term
| Paraphilias Involving Pain or Humiliation - Sadism |
|
Definition
| Obtaining sexual gratification by inflicting pain on others |
|
|
Term
| Paraphilias Involving Pain or Humiliation - Masochism |
|
Definition
| Obtaining sexual gratification by receiving pain, or humiliation |
|
|
Term
| Paraphilias Involving Pain or Humiliation - Sadomasochism |
|
Definition
A combination of sadism and masochism in a
person. |
|
|
Term
| Paraphilias Involving Pain or Humiliation - Necrophilia |
|
Definition
| Sexual contact with a dead person. |
|
|
Term
| Paraphilias Involving Pain or Humiliation - Zoophilia |
|
Definition
| Sexual contact with an animal |
|
|
Term
ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF PARAPHILIAS
Psychoanalytic Theory |
|
Definition
Castration anxiety and unresolved Oedipus complex are important
factors in males.
Helping the patient understand relationship between his/her
deviation and the unconscious conflict producing it is
recommended. |
|
|
Term
| ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF PARAPHILIAS Behavioral Perspective |
|
Definition
Stress on the importance of early conditioning experiences in the
etiology of sexual deviant behaviors.
Reward and punishment techniques are effective |
|
|
Term
| ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF PARAPHILIAS Biogenic (Biological) Perspectives |
|
Definition
Possible genetic, neuronal, hormonal and brain abnormalities may
be associated with sexual disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as forcible sexual act against a person without his/her consent. Highly traumatic experience. It affects sexual enjoyment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempts to compensate for feelings of personal or sexual inadequacies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| demonstrates his anger towards women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derives satisfaction from inflicting pain on a victim. |
|
|
Term
| the cultural spill over theory. |
|
Definition
| Rape is more frequent in cultures that encourage violence. |
|
|
Term
| TREATMENT FOR INCEST OFFENDERS AND RAPISTS |
|
Definition
Imprisonment is usually the most effective preventative treatment.
The rapist treatment outcome is poor.
Surgical castration has been used. Chemical therapy has also been implemented. The results are questionable.
Support groups are probably most effective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DSM-I and DSM-II classified homosexuality as sexual deviation.
In 1976, the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality as a deviation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sexual activity and enjoyment of sex among older population remains high (Janus, 1993).
However, physiologically based changes in the patterns of sexual arousal and orgasm have been found over the age sixty five. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intense sadness, feelings of worthlessness and withdrawal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated mood, expansiveness, irritability and hyperactivity |
|
|
Term
| Affective symptoms of Depression |
|
Definition
| include sadness, unhappiness, “blue mood” and apathy. |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive symptoms of Depression |
|
Definition
| include feelings of pessimism, loss of interest and motivation, ideas of guilt, difficulty in concentrating and making decisions. |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral symptoms of Depression |
|
Definition
| include neglect of personal appearance, psychomotor retardation, and agitation and suicide gestures. |
|
|
Term
| Physiological symptoms of depression |
|
Definition
| include loss or gain of appetite and weight, constipation, sleep disturbance and loss of sexual desire. |
|
|
Term
| CLASSIFICATION OF MOOD DISORDERS |
|
Definition
1. Depressive disorders (unipolar)
A. Major depressive disorder (with or without psychotic features)
B. Dysthymia (without psychotic features)
2. Bipolar Disorders
A. Bipolar disorders, mania and depression
B. Cyclothymia ( severe mood swings) |
|
|
Term
| Major depressive disorder |
|
Definition
the main symptoms are depressed moods, loss of interest or please, loss of weight and others.
There is no history of manic disorder
Can be single episode or recurrent episodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the main symptoms are low-grade depressed mood, feeling of pessimism or guilt, loss of interest of chronic nature lasting over years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates the presence of manic and depressive episodes in the same patient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a persistent and chronic mood disorder in the form of mood swings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seasonal mood changes or post-pardon depression |
|
|
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Sociocultural Explanation |
|
Definition
| Expression of depression differs from culture to culture |
|
|
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Sociocultural Explanation
Stress and Depression |
|
Definition
| – Stress may activate a person’s predisposition (diathesis) to depression. A severe stress is more effective than several minor ones. Chronic (long-term) stress is more highly related to depression. Stress results in relapse as well. Social support counteracts stress. |
|
|
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Sociocultural Explanation
Gender and Depression |
|
Definition
| Depression is far more common among woman than men. Women may seek help more often than men. Submissive nature of some women leads to depression. In men, depression is masked by substance abuse and anger. |
|
|
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Psychoanalytic Explanation |
|
Definition
| This theory focuses on separation and anger as the causes of depression. Loss through separation or death is crucial. Anger stems from feelings of being deserted or abandoned. Anger turned toward the self, causes depression. |
|
|
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Learning Explanation |
|
Definition
| Separation or loss of a significant other, causing reduced reinforcement is important in depression. Reduction in environmental reinforcement is another important contributor. There is a need to replace lost reinforcements. Patients need to learn social behaviors that can elicit positive reinforcements. |
|
|
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Cognitive Explanation |
|
Definition
| Low self-esteem is related to depression. Beck feels depression is a disturbance of thinking rather than mood. Patients have schemas (blue prints) that set them up for depression. |
|
|
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Learned Helplessness |
|
Definition
Seligman states that feelings of helplessness are learned which happens when one’s actions have no effect on the environment, as a result of which passivity and depression occur.
Attributional styles can be optimistic or pessimistic. Depressed persons make depressive attributions. |
|
|
Term
Biological Perspectives Regarding Moods Disorders
Genetic Factors – The Role of Heredity |
|
Definition
| Mood disorders tend to run in families. Twin studies reveal this factor, especially in bipolar disorders. |
|
|
Term
Biological Perspectives Regarding Moods
Disorders
Biochemical Factors – Neurotransmitters and Mood Disorders |
|
Definition
| Genetic factors influence the amount of neurotransmitters in the synapses. Depression is caused by a deficit of specific neurotransmitters nor-epinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. Mania is caused by an oversupply of these substances. Depression is also linked with increase in REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement). In more severe disorders including the psychotic forms of major mood disorders, endogenous (internal) factors may become more prominent. |
|
|
Term
| Biomedical Treatment for Depressive Disorders |
|
Definition
| These include the use of medication and electroconvulsive therapy |
|
|
Term
TREATMENT OF MOOD DISORDERS
Biomedical Treatment for Depressive Disorders
Tricyclic antidepressants |
|
Definition
| seem to block the re-uptake of nor-epinephrine by the nerve cells. |
|
|
Term
TREATMENT OF MOOD DISORDERS
Biomedical Treatment for Depressive Disorders
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors |
|
Definition
increase the level of nor-epinephrine in the brain synapses.
These prevent the breakdown of nor-epinephrine by MAO enzymes. Prozac appears to block the re-uptake of transmitter substances such as nor-epinephrine and serotonin. |
|
|
Term
Biomedical Treatment for Depressive Disorders
Electroconvulsive Therapy |
|
Definition
| ECT is reserved for the patients with severe unipolar depression who do not respond to tricyclic’s or MAO inhibitors. Response to ECT is fast. |
|
|
Term
| Psychotherapy and Behavioral Treatments for Depressive Disorder |
|
Definition
| A variety of psychological forms of treatment have been used. Cognitive therapists believe that distorted thoughts cause psychological problems and changing them can eliminate depression. Teaching patients to replace illogical thoughts with positive and logical thoughts is the aim of this method. The patient is encourages to take part in positive activates and to attend social skills programs. |
|
|
Term
| Biomedical Treatment for Bipolar (Manic-Depressive) Disorders |
|
Definition
| Drugs, especially lithium are used. Lithium carbonate is the treatment of choice for manic patients. Lithium decreases the total level of neurotransmitters in the synaptic areas by increasing the re-uptake of nor-epinephrine into the nerve cells. Some side effects are noted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of disorders characterized by severely impaired cognitive processes. It is a disorder which involves disturbance of thinking primarily. |
|
|
Term
| History of Diagnostic Category - schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Emil Kraeplin (1896) called this disorder Dementia Praecox meaning early insanity. Bleuler (1911) coined the term schizophrenia from the two terms schizen (split) and phren (mind). It has been difficult to agree on a precise definition of schizophrenia. |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV Definition of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| given to a disorder if delusions, hallucinations, or marked disturbance in thinking, affect or speech are demonstrated. |
|
|
Term
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| thought disorder, bizarre behavior, delusions and hallucinations. |
|
|
Term
| Delusions positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| false beliefs which are firmly held to by the patient |
|
|
Term
| Delusions of grandeur positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| thinking one is a very important person |
|
|
Term
| Delusions of control positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| others try to control the patient |
|
|
Term
| Delusions of thought broadcasting positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| others can hear the patients thoughts |
|
|
Term
| Delusions of persecution positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| others are plotting to harm the patient |
|
|
Term
| Delusions of reference positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| others are talking about the patient |
|
|
Term
| Thought withdrawal positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| ones thoughts are removed by others |
|
|
Term
| Perceptual Distortions positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| These include hallucinations which are sensory stimuli or perceptions with no direct actual stimulation. Hallucinations are mainly auditory, but can also be visual or tactile or felt through the sense of smell. |
|
|
Term
| Disorganized Speech and Thought Disturbances positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Speech is disorganized and is called “the word salad”. There is lack of insight that one’s thinking is disturbed |
|
|
Term
| Loose associations positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| also referred to as cognitive slippage with continual shifting from topic to topic with no logical connections |
|
|
Term
| Neologism positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| The patient forms ne words whose meanings he/she only understands |
|
|
Term
| Problems with attention positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| the patient is unable to focus on one subject |
|
|
Term
| Disorganized Motoric Disturbances positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Extreme high or low levels of motor activities are demonstrated by the patient |
|
|
Term
| Flat affect Negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| lack of demonstration of emotions or feelings |
|
|
Term
| Anhedonia Negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| inability to feel pleasure |
|
|
Term
| Avolition Negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alogia Negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| lack of meaningful speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symptoms include delusions, auditory hallucinations together with extreme suspiciousness and mistrust |
|
|
Term
| Disorganized schizophrenia (formerly called hebephrenia) |
|
Definition
| Symptoms include regressive behavior, disorganized and incoherent speech, inappropriate affect, silly, vulgar, bizarre behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Symptoms include disturbance in motor activity, either extreme excitement or motoric immobility
Patient might take a position and remain in that position for a long period of time. This is called waxy flexibility |
|
|
Term
| Undifferentiated, residual schizophrenia |
|
Definition
Symptoms are mixed and undifferentiated, thus a clear classification is not made.
Residual refers to past illness, but non-symptomatic at present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An acute, brief psychotic episode following a severe trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A combination of the symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorder |
|
|
Term
| THE COURSE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA |
|
Definition
A person’s premorbid personality (personality before the illness) is important. The typical course of schizophrenia consists of three phases:
Prodromal, active, and residual
The prodromal phase includes the onset and buildup of the symptoms
The active phase shows full blown symptoms
In the residual phase, the severity of the symptoms decline
Today many schizophrenics can lead a productive life, provided they take their medication regularly |
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|
