-Book published by American Psychicatric Association

-Used to diagnose & classify mental disorders

-New edition published approximately every 10 years

1. Stress

-Stressor

2. Adaptation

3. Coping

1. Physical/psychological reaction to a situation that causes demands, constraints, change (often due to unexpected circumstances

-The actual event causing stress

2. modification of behavior in response to stress or changes in environment

3. how people deal with difficulties & attempt to overcome them

-How people adapt to stress (can be healthy or unhealthy)

1. Resilience Factors

2. Risk Factors (vulnerabilities)

1. Increase the likelihood of adaptive behavior:

-Temperment (mood)

-Above average intelligence

-Social Competence

-Small family structure

-*Good family relationships

2. Counteract resilience factors and increase the likelihood of maladaptive behavior:

-Genetic susceptibility (family history of mental illness)

-Victim of child abuse

-Dysfunctional family

-No support system

-Severe marital discord

Theoretical Perspectives

1. Psychoanalysis (Freud 1856-1939)

2. "Psychodynamic" Theory

3. Defense Mechanisms

1. Freud believed that personality is formed by age 5/6 years.

2. maladaptive behavior is attributed unconscious repressed memories(memories that remain unconscious b/c they are associated with intrapsychic conflict) and early childhood experiences

3. Ways that people cope with stressors. Use of defense mechanisms is normal but excessive use is considered maladaptive

-They Reduce anxiety, distort reality, & originate @ unconscious level

(Repression is an example of defense mechanism)

Theoretical Perspectives (Freud)

1. Three levels of Awareness

1. Conscious- What you are thinking about @ any given moment

-Preconscious(LTM)- Info that can be brought to conscious mind with a trigger 

-Unconscious- Contains repressed memories of info. too painful/traumatic to consciously remember

Theoretical Perspectives (Freud)

Structure of Personality

1. ID

2. EGO

3. SUPEREGO

1. -Resides in unconscious mind

-Present @ birth

-Contains biological need for survival (pure instinct)

-Operates on "Pleasure Principle": seeks instant gratification, to have its desires satisfied w/o regard for reality or consequences

-No morals

2. Reality principle emerges @ ~1year of age

-Decision maker; only part of personality that is able to make decisions

3. -emerges @ ~5-6years of age

-Contains ego ideal (everything you've ever been praised for) and conscience (everything that you've ever been punched for.

**NOTE** the ID and SUPEREGO do not have enough power to make decisions therefore they only communicate to the ego what it wants 

Theoretical Perspectives (Freud)

1. Oral (Mouth)

2. Anal (Anus)

3. Phallic (electra/oedipal conflicts)

4. Latency (sex instinct is dormant)

5. Genital (relationships)

1. 1yr. - 18 months

-Frustrated: weaned too early

-Overgratified: weaned too late

2. 12/18mos. - 3 yrs.

-Frustrated: potty trained too early

-Overgratified: Potty trained too late

3. 3 - 6 yrs. 

4. 6-12 yrs.

5. 12-19 yrs.

Erik Erikson (Theory of Personality)

1. Life Span Theorist

-Developed 8 psychosocial stages of development (skill vs. crisis)

1. Believed that personality development continues throughout life-span & if people do not learn an essential skill at each stage, the result will be a developmental crisis

Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages of development

1. Trust vs. Mistrust

2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

3. Initiative vs. Guilt

4. Industry vs. Inferiority

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair

1. (Birth-1yr.) Vital for child to form a trusting/loving relationship with care-giver

2. (1-3yrs.) 

3. (3-6 yrs.)

4. (6-12yrs.)

5. (12-19yrs.)

6. (19-40yrs.)

7. (40-65yrs.)

8. (65+yrs.) Evaluate level of satisfaction over life-span

School of Behaviorism -- 1920s

1. BF Skinner/John Watson

2. Determinants

1. Founders of School of Behaviorism

-No Theory of Personality

-Focus on how we behave/respond to things is due to situational

2. Particular situations determine a response/behavior NOT personality characteristics

Non-Directive: client sets pace of session

-highly motivated clients benefit most from non-directive therapy

-Opposite from freudian psychoanalysis which is directive: therapist sets the pace of session

Humanistic Psychotherapy Techniques

(Person/Client centered therapy)

1. Unconditional Positive Regard

2. Empathy

3. Authentic

4. Mirroring

1. Accept client w/o judgement (therapist doesn't provide advice)

2. feel for client's pain

3. Therapist & client are equal (minimal or no barriers, maximum level of eye contact)

4. Therapist repeats back what the client has stated

Humanistic Psychotherapy

(Gestalt Therapy- Fritz Pearls)

Cognitive Therapies

-used by ALL schoold of psychology

-maladaptive behavior caused by irrational or illogical thinking

-Change thoughts ==> Change behavior

-Interrupt vicious cycle of maladaptive cognition, mood, & behavior

**Problem Solving approaches & decision making skills on an individual level provide tremendous insight into personality/ability to cope/make rational & productive choices**