Term
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Definition
| an unpleasant, global, unfocused feeling |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in physiological or biological reactions |
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Term
| DSM-IV classifies anxiety disorders |
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Definition
Generalized Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorders
Phobias
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Severe and frightening episodes of apprehension and feelings of impending doom
Free floating anxiety with anxiety attacks, which are recurrent accompanied by sweating, choking, etc. May accompany agoraphobia (fear of open spaces) |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Symptoms |
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Definition
Persistent high levels of anxiety
Physiological problems such as heart palpitation
Cognitive problems involving worry and apprehension |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic Perspective (anxiety) |
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Definition
Internal conflicts between id and superego
Threat of forbidden impulses cause unconscious anxiety |
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Term
| Behavioral & Cognitive Perspectives (anxiety) |
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Definition
Anxiety is a learned response to a stimulus
Panic attacks may begin with anxiety-provoking thoughts.
Cognition can influence somatic (physical) symptoms |
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Term
| Biogenic Perspective(anxiety) |
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Definition
Panic attack may result from dysfunction of receptors monitoring oxygen in the blood.
It may be associated with dysfunctions of locus ceruleus in the brain.
Genetic predisposition is also supported |
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Term
| Treatment of Panic Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| Biochemical Treatment and Behavioral Treatment |
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Term
| Biochemical Treatment (anxiety) |
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Definition
Both anti-depressants and tranquilizers have been effective
Medication has been useful in treating anxiety disorders
Anti-anxiety medication also known as minor tranquilizers include benzodiazepines (such as Valium, Librium, and Xanax) |
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Term
| Etiology of Panic Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic Perspective, Behavioral & Cognitive Perspectives, Biogenic Perspective |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive-behavioral treatment is effective
Replacing anxious thoughts with non-anxious thoughts and learning relaxation techniques is helpful. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear of being in a public or open space |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic Perspective, Classical Conditioning Perspective, Modeling, Observational Learning (Modeling) Perspective, Cognitive and Operant Conditioning Perspective, Biogenic Perspective |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic Perspective (phobia) |
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Definition
| Phobias are expressions of wishes, fears and fantasies that are unacceptable to the person. For example, it is better to be afraid of leaving home than act on sexual impulses outside the home. |
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Term
| Classical Conditioning Perspective (phobia) |
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Definition
| Based on Watson’s “little Albert” experiment, phobias are learned via conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| may cause phobia (such as watching others act fearful). |
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Term
| Observational Learning (Modeling) Perspective (phobia) |
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Definition
| Watching a model show pain may condition a person to develop pain reactions |
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Term
| Cognitive and Operant Conditioning Perspective (phobia) |
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Definition
| Positive thoughts replacing negative thoughts reduce fear. Rewarding a fear reaction may result in learning the fear. |
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Term
| Biogenic Perspective (phobia) |
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Definition
| Constitutional or physiological factors may predispose persons to develop fear reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| biochemical and behavioral methods |
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Term
| Biochemical Methods (phobia) |
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Definition
| Anti-anxiety and anti-depressants (such as imipramine and paxil) are effective. |
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Term
| Behavioral Treatments (phobia) |
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Definition
| Exposure therapy, Systematic desensitization, Modeling therapy |
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Term
| Exposure therapy (phobia) |
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Definition
| involves exposing a person gradually to the fearful conditions. |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization(phobia) |
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Definition
| (gradual exposure) has been used as a treatment for phobias. (Wolpe used this technique) |
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Term
| Modeling therapy (phobia) |
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Definition
| The phobic person observes a model and is gradually exposed to a phobic situation |
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Term
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Definition
| repetitive thoughts or images that produce anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| repetitive acts to relieve anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
Impaired control over mental processes.
Worries and urges over possible loss of control over motor behavior.
Worry about contamination and checking behavior. |
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Term
| Etiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior |
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic Perspective, Behavioral Perspective, Biogenic Model |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic Perspective (obsessive-compulsive behavior) |
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Definition
| Freud felt obsessions represented substitutions or replacements of an original conflict. The defense undoing is used to deal with guilt caused by id vs. superego conflict. |
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Term
| Behavioral Perspective(obsessive-compulsive behavior) |
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Definition
| It is a behavior that reduces anxiety. It could be a learned response. |
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Term
| Biogenic Model(obsessive-compulsive behavior) |
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Definition
| Increased metabolic activity in the frontal lobe of the hemisphere of the brain might cause this behavior. Some evidence of heredity has been noted. |
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Term
| Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
| Biological Treatments, Behavioral Treatment, Cognitive therapy |
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Term
| Biological Treatments (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) |
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Definition
| Drugs and medications increasing the level of serotonin in the brain are helpful |
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Term
| Behavioral Treatment(Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) |
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Definition
| Combination of flooding and response prevention (such as rubbing food over one’s body and not allowing it to be washed by the person) has been effective. |
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Term
| Cognitive therapy(Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) |
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Definition
| aims at modification of irrational thoughts and replacing them with rational thoughts. |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| A type of anxiety disorder that develops in response to an extreme psychological or physical trauma, which produces feelings of terror and helplessness |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms |
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Definition
Re-experiencing the traumatic event in dreams or memories.
Emotional numbing or avoiding stimuli associated with trauma.
Heightened autonomic arousal, sleep disturbance, aggression and
similar symptoms. |
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Term
| Post traumatic Stress Disorder Etiology |
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Definition
| Pre-existing anxiety disorder or a family history of anxiety may be a contributing factor. |
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Term
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Definition
Treatment involves crisis intervention approach, use of extinction procedures.
Recently a new method of treatment called eye movement desensitization created by Shapiro, which involves visualizing and describing events, has proved effective. |
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Term
| Classification of Dissociative Disorders |
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Definition
1. Dissociative Amnesia
2. Dissociative Fugue
3. Depersonalization Disorder
4. Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) |
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Term
| Dissociative Amnesia Symptoms |
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Definition
| Partial or total loss of important personal information. Might occur suddenly, after a stressful or traumatic event. |
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Term
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Definition
| relates to a particular or specific time period. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to inability to remember certain details. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to total forgetting |
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Term
| Dissociative Fugue Symptoms |
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Definition
| Confusion over personal identity and unexpected travel from home. Sometimes multiple fugue episodes are reported. |
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Term
| Depersonalization Disorder Symptoms |
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Definition
| Feelings of unreality concerning one’s self and the environment. |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
| Two or more relatively independent personalities appear to exist in one person. Personalities are sometimes direct opposites. Frequent in women who have suffered physical or sexual abuse. |
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Term
| Psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) Perspective(Dissociative Disorders) |
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Definition
| Repression of unpleasant or traumatic events from consciousness. This process protects the person from painful memories. |
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Term
| Behavioral Perspective (Dissociative Disorders) |
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Definition
| Avoidance of stress by indirect means causes dissociative problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| These disorders involve complaints of physical symptoms, which are closely similar to true medical conditions. However, no actual physiological basis exists for the complaints. Persons with somatoform disorders believe a physical condition actually exists. |
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Term
| Classification of Somatoform Disorders |
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Definition
| Somatization Disorder, Conversion Disorder, Pain Disorder, Hypochondriasis, Body Dysmorphic Disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| A person complains of bodily symptoms that have no physical basis, e.g. headaches. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud believed an unconscious sexual or aggressive conflict was “converted” into a physical problem. Complaints of paralysis, deafness, blindness, loss of feelings with no physical causes are frequent. This disorder was known as hysteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| This disorder is characterized by reports of severe pain that may have no physiological or neurological basis or may linger longer after an injury is healed (the phantom pain). |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistent pre-occupation with one’s health and physical condition with no physical problems present |
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Term
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Definition
| Preoccupation with some imagined defect in the appearance of a normal appearing person, or excessive concern with a slight physical defect |
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Term
| Etiology of Somatoform Disorders |
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) Perspective, Behavioral Perspective |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) Perspective (Somatoform Disorders) |
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Definition
| Freud believed hysterical reactions were caused by repression of some type of conflict, usually sexual or aggression. To protect the person from intense anxiety, this conflict is converted to some physical symptom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protection of the person from anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| Getting sympathy, attention and care for dependency needs |
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Term
| Behavioral Perspective (Somatoform Disorders) |
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Definition
| Assuming the sick role is reinforcing. Allowing escape from responsibilities. |
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Term
| Treatment of Somatoform Disorders |
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Definition
| Hypnotherapy, Behavior therapy, Family Therapy |
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Term
| Hypnotherapy (Somatoform Disorders) |
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Definition
| The process involves bringing repressed conflicts from unconscious to the conscious level. |
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Term
| Behavior therapy(Somatoform Disorders) |
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Definition
| The process involves non-reinforcement of the symptoms. Cognitive behavioral approach is useful. This process involves replacing anxious thoughts with normal, non-anxious thoughts. |
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Term
| Family Therapy(Somatoform Disorders) |
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Definition
| Involves teaching families adaptive ways of supporting each other and not reinforcing sick behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| unexpected, abrupt death with no specific physical basis. |
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Term
| the General adaptation syndrome (GAS) stages |
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Definition
a. The alarm stage
b. The stage of resistance
c. The stage of exhaustion |
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Term
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Definition
This model assumes that all changes in a person’s life, positive or negative, can act as stressors. Accumulation of small changes may be very powerful.
On Holmes’ Social Readjustment Rating Scale each life event is given a numerical value. Negative life changes are more detrimental than positive ones |
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Term
| STRESS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM |
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Definition
Stress may decrease the immune systems efficiency, increasing susceptibility to various diseases. Stress releases some hormones, which may impair the immune functioning has been associated with social and psychological stressors.
Happily married men have the strongest immune systems.
Most diseases are caused by an interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Persons showing hardiness, i.e., ability to deal well with stress are open to change, have feelings of involvement or commitments and a sense of control over their lives. |
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Term
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Definition
Narrowing of the arteries in or to the heart blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart, causing heart problems
Type A personality is associated with heart disease and heart attack. |
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Term
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Definition
Peptic ulcers are essentially open sores within the digestive system.
Duodenal ulcers are located in the small intestine. Gastric ulcers are in the stomach. Emotional states are related to ulcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Migraine, Tension, and Cluster Headaches |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by constriction of cranial arteries followed by dilation of cerebral vessels, which result in severe pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| are usually not as severe as migraines. They are dull, constricting aches on both sides of the head, precipitated by psychological factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually occur on one side of the head near the eyes, producing tear and blocked nose. |
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Term
| Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) Perspective (psycho-physiological) |
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Definition
| Each type of psycho-physiological disorder is produced by a specific form of unconscious conflict, e.g., the inhibition of aggressive feelings may produce hypertension or other cardiovascular disorders. |
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Term
| Biological Perspective(psycho-physiological) |
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Definition
| Some genetic basis may be present for development of psycho-physiological disorders. |
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Term
| Somatic weakness hypothesis |
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Definition
| states that weaker body organs are more affected by stressors. |
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Term
| Autonomic response specificity hypothesis |
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Definition
| states that some people respond to different stressors with the same physiological response. |
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Term
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Definition
| believed continued stress resulted in diseases of adaptation such as ulcer or hypertension. |
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Term
| TREATMENT OF PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS |
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Definition
| Medical treatment and psychological therapies are both useful and effective. Stress management and anxiety management techniques are used. Both relaxation training and biofeedback are effective. |
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Term
| Relaxation Training(psycho-physiological) |
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Definition
| In this technique, specific methods are used to tense and flex various muscles. |
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Term
| Biofeedback(psycho-physiological) |
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Definition
| The client is taught to voluntarily control a physiological function, e.g. monitor his/her heartbeat. |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques(psycho-physiological) |
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Definition
| Clients are taught to change their thoughts, to replace anxiety-producing thoughts with normal relaxing thoughts. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by behavioral patterns that are inflexible (rigid) and maladaptive, causing personal and social problems, impaired functioning and defective perception of self and others. |
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Term
| Disorders Characterized by Odd or Eccentric Behaviors |
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Definition
| Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder |
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Term
| Paranoid Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Distrust and suspiciousness of others; excessive jealousy and hypersensitivity |
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Term
| Schizoid Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Socially isolated, recluse and withdrawn; emotionally cold and indifferent. |
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Term
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder |
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Definition
Peculiar thoughts and behaviors with poor interpersonal relationships
Problems with thinking and perception
Both personalities are the forerunners of schizophrenia |
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Term
| Disorders Characterized by Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behaviors |
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Definition
| Histrionic Personality Disorder, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Anti-Social Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder |
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Term
| Histrionic Personality Disorder |
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Definition
Self-dramatization, exaggerated emotional expressions, and attention seeking behavior
Shallow and egocentric |
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Term
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
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Definition
Exaggerated sense of self –importance, exploitative and lack of empathy
Need for admiration and attention. Denial is used to maintain inflated self-concept. |
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Term
| Anti-Social Personality Disorder |
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Definition
Failure to conform to social or legal codes
Lack of anxiety and guilt and responsible behavior
Lying, cheating, and using other people to one’s own gain |
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Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder |
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Definition
This is not a condition that fluctuates between neurosis and psychosis
Intense fluctuations in mood, self-image, and interpersonal relationships
Moody, self-centered, demanding individuals
Faulty self-identity causes difficulty in coping with one’s emotions and life in general.
Need to depend on others to assert one’s self |
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Term
| Disorders Characterized by Anxious or Fearful Behaviors |
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Definition
| Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder, 3. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder |
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Term
| Avoidant Personality Disorder |
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Definition
Fearful of rejection and humiliation
Reluctance to enter into social relationships
Often depressed, anxious, angry at oneself with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy |
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Term
| Dependent Personality Disorder |
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Definition
Excessive reliance on others and inability to assume responsibilities
Lack of self-confidence and feelings of inadequacy
Need for someone to take care of them |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder |
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Definition
Perfectionism, interpersonally controlling, and devotion to detail with rigidity
Pre-occupation with details, rules and errors leading to indecision |
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Term
| ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER |
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Definition
Checkely states the following characteristics:
1. Superficial charm and good intelligence
2. Shallow emotions and lack of empathy, guilt or remorse
3. Failure to learn from experience and absence of anxiety
4. Unreliability, insincerity, and untrustworthiness |
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Term
| Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) theory (Antisocial Personality Disorder) |
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Definition
| Faulty superego development results in the absence of guilt. |
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Term
| Family &Socialization Theories (Antisocial Personality Disorder) |
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Definition
Poor parental supervision and involvement with undesirable peer groups
Modeling after anti-social parents
Showcase and rejecting parents |
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Term
| Biogenic (Biological) Perspectives (Antisocial Personality Disorder) |
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Definition
Anti-social personality patters are influenced by heredity
Central nervous system abnormality is shown by abnormal brain waves
Autonomic nervous system abnormalities indicate that such persons may be under the conditions of under-arousal, who need to seek excitement and thrills
They may have lower levels of autonomic nervous system reactivity
Anti-social personalities show fearlessness and the lack of anxiety
Fearless people seek thrill and adventures and show low anxiety |
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Term
| Arousal. Sensation Seeking and Behavioral Perspectives (Antisocial Personality Disorder) |
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Definition
Persons with low arousal seek excitement and stimulation. These are called Big T characters who can be constructive or destructive heroes or villains.
High arousal persons seek low levels of stimulation. These are called Little t.
Farley believes we need to direct stimulation-hungry Big T’s into constructive rather than destructive mental and physical activities.
Other studies show under-arousal and lowered levels of anxiety are noted in antisocial personality. A more intense stimulus is needed to elicit a reaction in psychopaths. Punishment alone is not sufficient to discourage psychopaths. |
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Term
| Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Due to a little anxiety, such persons are poorly motivated to change. Some behavior modification programs might help. |
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Term
| Etiology & Treatment for Personality Disorders in General |
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Definition
| In general, treatment for personality disorder is not very effective. Motivation for change is weak. Modifying rigid/inflexible traits is not an easy task. Behavior modification in the form of reward and punishment has been effective to some degree. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Failure to resist an impulse or temptation to perform an act which may be harmful
2. Tension or arousal is experienced before the act
3. After the act, a sense of excitement, gratification or release is felt |
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Term
| Intermittent Explosive Disorder |
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Definition
| Loss of control over aggressive impulses, in forms of assault or property destruction |
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Term
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Definition
A recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects
Irresistible urge and tension before stealing or shoplifting and then an intense feeling of relief or gratification |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to resist impulses to gamble, despite harmful consequences |
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Term
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Definition
Deliberate fire setting on more than on occasion
Fascination with fire and burning objects
Intense pleasure or relief when setting fire
Fire setting children have higher levels of behavior dysfunctions, hostility and impulsivity |
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Term
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Definition
A disorder characterized by recurrent pulling out of one’s own hair resulting in noticeable hair loss
A sense of tension before pulling hair with gratification after the act |
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Term
| Psychoanalysts (impulse control disorder) |
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Definition
| link such patterns to obsessive-compulsive activity with sexual overtones |
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Term
| Behaviorists (impulse control disorder) |
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Definition
| believe in learning, conditioning, and modeling. Treatment involving rehearsing alternative responses help. Support groups such as the Gamblers Anonymous are helpful. |
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