Term
|
Definition
| Corticotropin Releasing Factor |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behavioral Inhibition System |
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Term
| The BIS is activated by which parts of brain? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What role does environment play in anxiety? |
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Definition
| functions in environment can change brain circuitry |
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Term
|
Definition
anxiety is a psychic reaction to danger
reactivation of an infantile fear situation |
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Term
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Definition
-classical and operant conditioning
-modeling
-ESTABLISH THREAT CUES |
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Term
| effect of early experience on anxiety |
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Definition
early experience with uncontrollability
parenting; secure home base teaches kids they can have control over situations |
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Term
| Social contributions to anxiety |
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Definition
-current, stressful life events trigger vulnerabilities
-divorce, relationships with peers, work, etc.
--many stressors are familiar and interpersonal
pressure to succeed, etc |
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Term
| integrated model of anxiety |
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Definition
| BIOLOGICAL vulnerability interacts with PSYCHOLOGICAL expression and SOCIAL variables to produce anxiety disorder |
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Term
| What are the problems of comborbidity? |
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Definition
half of all people with anxiety have second diagnosis (most common = depression, similar patterns of negative thought)
--comorbidity suggests common factors cross anxiety disorders |
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Term
| ___% of population has GAD |
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Definition
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Term
| GAD: More likely to be diagnosed in which gender? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
excessive uncontrollable anxious apprehension and worry
intense and unfocused persistent anxiety |
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Term
| How long does somebody need to have symptoms of GAD before they can be diagnosed? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-muscle tension
-fatigue
-irritability
-mental agitation
-sleep problems |
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Term
| GAD sufferers often seek treatment for... |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Insidious
begins in early adulthood as adequate coping process that becomes chronic and problematic |
|
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Term
| Which demographic is GAD the most prominent? Why? |
|
Definition
Elderly
failing health, loss of control over events in lives, loss of meaningful functions |
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Term
| Most common psychopharmological treatment for GAD... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect do benzodiazepines have on people with GAD? |
|
Definition
| -impair cognitive and physical functions |
|
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Term
| What other disorders are comorbid with GAD? (4) |
|
Definition
-major depression
-dysthmia
-social anxiety
-phobia |
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Term
|
Definition
do not respond as strongly as individual with panic on most physiological measures
-HIGHLY sensitive to threat, but....
-repress physical symptoms to cope with anxiety |
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Term
| What disorder are autonomic restrictions related to? |
|
Definition
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
notice threatening words shown for milliseconds
words are not shown long enough to be conscious of |
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Term
|
Definition
Shows increase in beta activity
-reflecting intense cognitive processing |
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|
Term
| 4 drugs commonly diagnosed for GAD |
|
Definition
1. Benzodiazepines
2. Effexor
3. Paxil
4. Lexapro |
|
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Term
| How does effexor work in the brain? |
|
Definition
| mixture of serotonin and epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| how does Paxil work in brain |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how does lexapro work in brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common psychological intervention for people with GAD? |
|
Definition
| Cognitive behavioral therapy |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive behavioral therapy: GAD |
|
Definition
evoke worry process
confront images and thoughts |
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Term
|
Definition
| relaxation techniques and meditation to reduce anxiety |
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Term
| Techniques of cognitive therapy for GAD (3) |
|
Definition
1. cognitive behavioral therapy
2. cognitive reframing
3. mindfulness replaces mindlessness of worry |
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|
Term
| common treatment for GAD in children (2) |
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Definition
| cognitive behavioral therapy + family therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| minimum number of criteria required to meet definition of a disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| emotional reactions related to periods |
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Term
|
Definition
| emotional reactions related to periods |
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Term
| Example of a cross-sectional design |
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Definition
| medical study looking at the prevalence of breast cancer in a population. The researcher can look at a wide range of ages, ethnicities and social backgrounds. If a significant number of women from a certain social background are found to have the disease, then the researcher can investigate further. |
|
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Term
| Cross-generational effect |
|
Definition
| -trying to generalize findings to groups where experiences are different from those that participated in the study |
|
|
Term
| __% of people that have depressive or anxiety disorder have a comorbid depressive or anxiety disorder |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what physical disorders are often comorbid with anxiety? |
|
Definition
-thyroid disease
-GI disease
-arthitis
-migraine
-allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
| __% of students with panic disorder attempted suicide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| panic disorder with agoraphobia |
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|
Term
| panic disorder with agoraphobia |
|
Definition
experience severe, unexpected panic attacks
causes person to develop agoraphobia |
|
|
Term
| Panic disorder with agoraphobia: symptoms |
|
Definition
| fear and avoidance of situations in which they would feel unsafe in the event of a panic attack or symptoms |
|
|
Term
| panic disorder without agoraphobia |
|
Definition
PD
-must experience a panic attack and develop substantial anxiety over the possibility of having another panic attack |
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Term
|
Definition
removing yourself from situations or activities that might produce the physiological arousal that resembles the beginning of a panic attack
ex: avoid exercise, saunas |
|
|
Term
| DSM criteria for Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia (3) |
|
Definition
-reoccurring unexpected panic attacks
-concern with having panic attacks, worrying about consequences of having an attack, or significant change in behavior related to the attacks
-anxiety about being in places/situations in which escape might be difficult or embarrassing
-panic attacks are not better accounted for by another mental disorder |
|
|
Term
| what % of people have PD or PDA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agoraphobia without a history of panic disoder |
|
Definition
| only have one or two symptoms rather than the minimum of FOUR for a panic attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mid-teens to 40s
median age is between 20 and 24 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-75% of cases are women because it is more socially acceptable for women to show feelings
-men with PDA drink to avoid panic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a person with PDA learns cues for their panic attacks |
|
|
Term
| what % of population experiences a panic attack during lifetime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
generalized psychological vulnerability
stress to life events |
|
|
Term
| in people with PD: stress can cause _____ |
|
Definition
false alarms
learned alarms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
associated with somatic sensations
INTEROCEPTIVE CUES (inceased heart rate, etc) |
|
|
Term
| how can we measure anxiety? |
|
Definition
| anxiety sensitivity index |
|
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Term
|
Definition
benzodiazepines reduce anxiety but do not block panic attacks
SSRIs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual dysfunction in 75% of people |
|
|
Term
| downside of taking benzodiazepenes |
|
Definition
| commonly used for PD but are hard to stop taking because of psychological and physical dependence and addiction |
|
|
Term
| PD: psychological intervention |
|
Definition
| gradual exposure therapy with anxiety-reducing coping mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| panic control treatment (PCT) |
|
Definition
| exposes patients with PD to the cluster of interoceptive sensations that remind them of their panic attacks |
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|
Term
| clinical description: specific phobia |
|
Definition
| irrational fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with an individual's ability to function |
|
|
Term
| specific phobia: DSM criteria (4) |
|
Definition
1. excessive and unreasonable fear, cued by presence or anticipation of specific
2. exposure to stimulus invokes immediate fear response
3. person recognizes that the fear is excessive
4. the fear messes up their routine |
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|
Term
| list 4 of the common specific phobias |
|
Definition
1. animal type
2. natural environment (water, heights, storms)
3. blood-injection-injury
4. situational type (planes, elevators, closed spaces) |
|
|
Term
| blood-injury-injection phobia: cause |
|
Definition
| runs in families stronger than any other phobic disorder |
|
|
Term
| blood-injury-injection phobia: onset |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood-injury-injection phobia: why do these people have different physiological symptoms during attack than other specific phobia sufferers? |
|
Definition
| people with this phobia inherit a strong vasovagal response to blood and injury which causes a drop in blood pressure and a tendency to faint |
|
|
Term
| Situational phobia: age of onset |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main difference between situational phobia and PDA? |
|
Definition
| people with situational phobia never experience panic attacks outside of the context of their phobic situation or object |
|
|
Term
| Natural environment phobia: what is different about it? |
|
Definition
-if you fear one situation, then you are most likely going to fear another environmental situation
-have some danger associated with them |
|
|
Term
| Natural environment phobia: age of onset |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural environment phobia: cause |
|
Definition
| something in our genes that makes us sensitive to these situations if any sign of danger is present |
|
|
Term
| animal phobia: age of onset |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
afraid of contracting a disease and go to excessive lengths to avoid exposure to the disese
--more prevalent during AIDs epidemic
--looks a lot like OCD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fear and avoidance of swallowing pills, foods, or fluids
produces significant weight loss |
|
|
Term
| separation anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
-children's unrealistic and persistent worry that something will happen to their parents or themselves
kids refuse to go to school or leave house, refuse to sleep alone, |
|
|
Term
| which anxiety disorder has the youngest age of onset? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phobias: direct experience |
|
Definition
| phobias caused by an earlier experience with stimulus |
|
|
Term
| phobias: direct experience |
|
Definition
| phobias caused by an earlier experience with stimulus |
|
|
Term
| 4 ways to develop specific phobia |
|
Definition
1. true alarm
2. false alarm
3. observing somebody else experience fear
4. being told about danger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phobias acquired by DIRECT EXPERIENCE
actual harm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experiencing a panic attack |
|
|
Term
| __% of people have specific phobias because of a true alarm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment for specific phobias |
|
Definition
|
|
