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| Study of the nature, development and treatment of psych disorders. |
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| 4 characteristics of stigma |
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| Distinguishing label is applied->label refers to undesirable attributes->people with label are seen as different->people with label are discriminated against |
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| Characteristics of Mental Disorders |
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| Personal Distress, Disability, Violation of Social Norms, Dysfunction |
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-Driven by unconscious forces
-Psychopathology results from conflicts of unconscious forces. |
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-Unconscious
-Pleasure principle
-libido (sexual energy) |
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-Primarily conscious
-Reality Principle (brokers Id and Superego) (attempts to satisfy Id's demands within reailty's constraints) |
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The conscience
-Develops as we incorporate parental and society values |
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| Psychological maneuvers used to manage stress and anxiety (conflict creates anxiety) |
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| Intentional, unconscious forgetting |
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| Analytical Psychology (Jung) |
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| Incorporates Freudian and humanistic psychology |
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| John Watson- observable behavior |
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| Law of effect, learning through consequences |
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| Proteins influence whether the action of a specific gene will occur. |
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| Genetic material inherited by an individual, unobservable |
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-Expressed genetic material
-Observable behavior and characteristics |
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| Different forms of the same gene |
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| Difference in DNA sequence on a gene occurring in a population |
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| Removing specific genes in animals to observe effect on behavior |
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| Study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function |
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Chemicals that allow neurons to send signals across the synapse (gap) to another neuron.
-Receptor sites on postsynaptic neuron absorb neurotransmitter
-Excitatory & Inhibitory
-Serotonin & Dopamine (depression, mania and schizophrenia)
-Noreprephine (anxiety and stress disorders) |
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| Possible Neurotransmitter mechanisms |
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Definition
-Excessive or inadequate levels
-Insufficient reuptake
-Excessive sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors |
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-Vision
-Back of the brain |
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-Hypothalamus
-Amygdala
-Anterior Cingulate
Emotion, attention to emotional stimuli, memories of emotion |
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Stress hormone
-HPA axis involved in stress |
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| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Definition
-Sympathetic Nervous System
-Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
Sympathetic Nervous System
-Excitatory
-heartbeat acceleration, pupil dilation, gastrointestinal inhibition |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
-Quiescent
-Undoes the physiological responses of the sympathetic nervous system
-Involved in anxiety disorders, especially panic and PTSD |
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| Longstanding patterns of relating to others |
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| Individuals will describe themselves differently depending upon which close relationships are told to think about |
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| Aspects of Psychodynamic Therapy |
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Definition
| -Time limited, active therapist involvement, concrete goals, develop coping skills, current life experiences, transference downplayed |
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-Roots in learning principles and cognitive science
-Behavior is reinforced by consequences (attention, escape, sensory stimulation, access to desirable objects or events) |
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| A mental process which includes: perceiving, judging, reasoning, conceiving and recognizing. |
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-Organized network of previously accumulated knowledge
-We actively interpret new information |
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-Initially developed for depression
-Depression caused by distorted thoughts
-Help patients recognize and change maladaptive thought patterns |
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| Ellis' Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy |
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| Irrational beliefs-internal repetitive thoughts that reflect assumptions about self |
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| classification of disorders by symptoms and signs |
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| Consistency of measurement |
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| Similarity of scores across repeated test observations |
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| Alternate Forms Reliability |
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| Similarity of scores on tests that are similar but not identical |
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| Internal Consistency Reliability |
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Definition
| Extent to which test items are related to one another |
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| How well does a test measure what its supposed to measure? |
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| Extent to which a measure adequately samples domain of interest |
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1. All diagnostic categories except MR and PD
2. Personality disorders and mental retardation
3. General Medical Conditions
4. Psychosocial and environmental problems
5. GAF (Global assessment of functioning scale) |
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| Can observe a behavior or state, no other implications |
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| Constellation of symptoms that occur together |
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| Cluster of symptoms, but symptoms are not accounted for by a more pervasive condition |
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| Disorder where the underlying etiology is known |
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| Proposed dementia praecox (schizophrenia) and manic depressive psychosis (bipolar) |
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| presence or absence of a disorder |
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| Rank on a continuous, quantitative scale |
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-Describe client's problem
-Determine causes of problem
-Arrive at a diagnosis
-Develop a treatment strategy
-Monitor treatment progress |
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| Study of the distribution of disorders to a population |
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Anxiety: Apprehension about a future threat
Fear: Response to an immediate threat
-Both involve arousal in the sympathetic nervous system
-Both can be adaptive |
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| Most common Psychiatric disorders are... |
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| Disruptive fear of a particular object or situation |
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-Re-exposure of traumatic event
-Avoidance of stimuli
-Increased arousal (insomnia, irritability, etc.) |
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| Disorders comorbid with Anxiety Disorders |
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Definition
| Substance abuse, personality disorders, medical disorders, 3/4 of those w/ anxiety disorders meet criteria for another disorder (60% major depression) |
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| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
-2 or more distinct personalities (alters)
-Memory gaps for periods of time when switching between alters
-Comorbid with: PTSD, major depression, borderline personality, phobias, substance abuse |
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Psychological problem takes physical form
-Bodily symptoms have no known physical cause |
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| Symptoms of mania: disconnected thoughts, high risk behaviors |
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| Hypomania with major depression |
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-A form of depression
-Continuous absorption of cortisol (stress hormone) |
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| depression, substance abuse, conduct disorder, personality disorders, anxiety disorder |
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-Low levels of endogenous opioids ("runner's high)
-substances that reduce pain, enhance mood and suppress appetite.
-Released during starvation |
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-Inappropriate or flat emotions
-Onset in late adolescence |
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| Eccentric Personality Disorders |
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Definition
| Characterized by signs of distrust in people |
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-odd or magical beliefs
-peculiar perceptions
-thinks people are judging them |
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95% certainty- Beyond a reasonable doubt
75% certainity- Clear & convincing evidence
51% certainty- Beyond a preponderance of the evidence |
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