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Abnormal Psychology
N/A
76
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
01/15/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Psychopathology
Definition
Study of the nature, development and treatment of psych disorders.
Term
4 characteristics of stigma
Definition
Distinguishing label is applied->label refers to undesirable attributes->people with label are seen as different->people with label are discriminated against
Term
Characteristics of Mental Disorders
Definition
Personal Distress, Disability, Violation of Social Norms, Dysfunction
Term
Psychoanalytic Theory
Definition
-Driven by unconscious forces
-Psychopathology results from conflicts of unconscious forces.
Term
Id
Definition
-Unconscious
-Pleasure principle
-libido (sexual energy)
Term
Ego
Definition
-Primarily conscious
-Reality Principle (brokers Id and Superego) (attempts to satisfy Id's demands within reailty's constraints)
Term
Superego
Definition
The conscience
-Develops as we incorporate parental and society values
Term
Defense Mechanisms
Definition
Psychological maneuvers used to manage stress and anxiety (conflict creates anxiety)
Term
Repression
Definition
Intentional, unconscious forgetting
Term
Analytical Psychology (Jung)
Definition
Incorporates Freudian and humanistic psychology
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
John Watson- observable behavior
Term
Thorndike
Definition
Law of effect, learning through consequences
Term
Modeling
Definition
Learning by imitation
Term
Gene Expression
Definition
Proteins influence whether the action of a specific gene will occur.
Term
Genotype
Definition
Genetic material inherited by an individual, unobservable
Term
Phenotype
Definition
-Expressed genetic material
-Observable behavior and characteristics
Term
Alleles
Definition
Different forms of the same gene
Term
Polymorphism
Definition
Difference in DNA sequence on a gene occurring in a population
Term
Knockout studies
Definition
Removing specific genes in animals to observe effect on behavior
Term
Epigenetics
Definition
Study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
Chemicals that allow neurons to send signals across the synapse (gap) to another neuron.
-Receptor sites on postsynaptic neuron absorb neurotransmitter
-Excitatory & Inhibitory
-Serotonin & Dopamine (depression, mania and schizophrenia)
-Noreprephine (anxiety and stress disorders)
Term
Possible Neurotransmitter mechanisms
Definition
-Excessive or inadequate levels
-Insufficient reuptake
-Excessive sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors
Term
Frontal Lobes
Definition
-Perception
-Develop last
Term
Occipital Love
Definition
-Vision
-Back of the brain
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
Hearing
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Sensory relay center
Term
Brainstem
Definition
Motor Relay Center
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Balance
Term
Limbic System
Definition
-Hypothalamus
-Amygdala
-Anterior Cingulate

Emotion, attention to emotional stimuli, memories of emotion
Term
Cortisol
Definition
Stress hormone
-HPA axis involved in stress
Term
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Definition
-Sympathetic Nervous System
-Parasympathetic Nervous System
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Sympathetic Nervous System
-Excitatory
-heartbeat acceleration, pupil dilation, gastrointestinal inhibition
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
-Quiescent
-Undoes the physiological responses of the sympathetic nervous system

-Involved in anxiety disorders, especially panic and PTSD
Term
Object Relations Theory
Definition
Longstanding patterns of relating to others
Term
Relational Self
Definition
Individuals will describe themselves differently depending upon which close relationships are told to think about
Term
Aspects of Psychodynamic Therapy
Definition
-Time limited, active therapist involvement, concrete goals, develop coping skills, current life experiences, transference downplayed
Term
Cognitive Behavioral
Definition
-Roots in learning principles and cognitive science
-Behavior is reinforced by consequences (attention, escape, sensory stimulation, access to desirable objects or events)
Term
Cognition
Definition
A mental process which includes: perceiving, judging, reasoning, conceiving and recognizing.
Term
Schema
Definition
-Organized network of previously accumulated knowledge
-We actively interpret new information
Term
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
Definition
-Initially developed for depression
-Depression caused by distorted thoughts
-Help patients recognize and change maladaptive thought patterns
Term
Ellis' Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
Definition
Irrational beliefs-internal repetitive thoughts that reflect assumptions about self
Term
Diagnosis
Definition
classification of disorders by symptoms and signs
Term
Reliability
Definition
Consistency of measurement
Term
Inter-rater reliability
Definition
Observer agreement
Term
Test-Retest Reliability
Definition
Similarity of scores across repeated test observations
Term
Alternate Forms Reliability
Definition
Similarity of scores on tests that are similar but not identical
Term
Internal Consistency Reliability
Definition
Extent to which test items are related to one another
Term
Validity
Definition
How well does a test measure what its supposed to measure?
Term
Content Validity
Definition
Extent to which a measure adequately samples domain of interest
Term
DSM-IV-TR 5 axes
Definition
1. All diagnostic categories except MR and PD
2. Personality disorders and mental retardation
3. General Medical Conditions
4. Psychosocial and environmental problems
5. GAF (Global assessment of functioning scale)
Term
Symptom
Definition
Can observe a behavior or state, no other implications
Term
Syndrome
Definition
Constellation of symptoms that occur together
Term
Disorder
Definition
Cluster of symptoms, but symptoms are not accounted for by a more pervasive condition
Term
Disease
Definition
Disorder where the underlying etiology is known
Term
Emil Kraepelin
Definition
Proposed dementia praecox (schizophrenia) and manic depressive psychosis (bipolar)
Term
Categorical
Definition
presence or absence of a disorder
Term
Dimensional
Definition
Rank on a continuous, quantitative scale
Term
Psychological Assessment
Definition
-Describe client's problem
-Determine causes of problem
-Arrive at a diagnosis
-Develop a treatment strategy
-Monitor treatment progress
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
Study of the distribution of disorders to a population
Term
Anxiety vs. fear
Definition
Anxiety: Apprehension about a future threat
Fear: Response to an immediate threat
-Both involve arousal in the sympathetic nervous system
-Both can be adaptive
Term
Most common Psychiatric disorders are...
Definition
anxiety disorders
Term
Phobia
Definition
Disruptive fear of a particular object or situation
Term
PTSD Symptoms
Definition
-Re-exposure of traumatic event
-Avoidance of stimuli
-Increased arousal (insomnia, irritability, etc.)
Term
Disorders comorbid with Anxiety Disorders
Definition
Substance abuse, personality disorders, medical disorders, 3/4 of those w/ anxiety disorders meet criteria for another disorder (60% major depression)
Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Definition
-2 or more distinct personalities (alters)
-Memory gaps for periods of time when switching between alters

-Comorbid with: PTSD, major depression, borderline personality, phobias, substance abuse
Term
Somatoform Disorders
Definition
Psychological problem takes physical form
-Bodily symptoms have no known physical cause
Term
Bipolar I
Definition
Symptoms of mania: disconnected thoughts, high risk behaviors
Term
Bipolar II
Definition
Hypomania with major depression
Term
Dysthymic Disorder
Definition
-A form of depression
-Continuous absorption of cortisol (stress hormone)
Term
Bulimia comorbid with
Definition
depression, substance abuse, conduct disorder, personality disorders, anxiety disorder
Term
Eating disorders
Definition
-Low levels of endogenous opioids ("runner's high)
-substances that reduce pain, enhance mood and suppress appetite.
-Released during starvation
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
-Inappropriate or flat emotions
-Onset in late adolescence
Term
Eccentric Personality Disorders
Definition
Characterized by signs of distrust in people
Term
Schizoid PD
Definition
affects employment
Term
Schizotypal PD
Definition
-odd or magical beliefs
-peculiar perceptions
-thinks people are judging them
Term
Standards of Proof
Definition
95% certainty- Beyond a reasonable doubt
75% certainity- Clear & convincing evidence
51% certainty- Beyond a preponderance of the evidence
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