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| refers to several types of severe mental disorder in which the person in considered to be out of contact with reality. |
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| a group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder. |
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Definition
according to wakefield, a condition should be considered a mental disorder if, and only if, it meets 2 criteria:
1) the condition results from the inability of some internal mechanism to perform its natural function
2) the condition causes some harm to the person as judged by the standards of the person's culture. |
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| the scientific study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population. |
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| the number of new cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a specific period of time. |
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| the total number of active cases, both old and new, that are present in a population during a specific period of time. |
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| the presence of more than one condition within the same period of time. |
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| branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of mental disorders. Psychiatrists are licensed to practice medicine and therefore are able to prescribe medication. |
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| concerned withthe application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders. |
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| a third profession that is concerned with helping people to achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning. |
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| 3 subdivisions of the brain |
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Definition
| hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates basic bodiliy functions; structures of the hindbrain include the medulla, pons, and cerebellum |
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Definition
| controls various bodily functions involved in sustaining life, including heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. |
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Definition
| serves various functions in reulating stages of sleep |
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Definition
| serves as a control center helping to coordinate physical movements. |
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Definition
| involved in the control of some motor activities, especially those related to fighting and sex. |
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Definition
| evolved more recently than the hindbrain and midbrain and, therefore, is the site of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processes. |
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Definition
| links the higher mental processes of the forebrain with the midbrain and hindbrain. It is made up of a variety of different brain stuctures that are central to the regulation of emotion and basic learning processes. |
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| 2 most important components of the limbic system |
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Definition
| thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Definition
| involved in receiving and integrating sensory information from both the sense organs and higher brain stuctures. |
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Definition
| controls basica biological urges, such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity. |
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Definition
| involved in language and related functions |
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| right cerebral hemisphere |
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Definition
| involved in spatial organization and analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres; involved in coordinating the different functions that are performed by the left and the right hemispheres of the brain. |
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Definition
| the uneven surface area of the brain that lies just underneath the skull; it is the site of the control and integration of sophisticated memory, sensory, and motor functions. |
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| cerebral cortex divided into 4 lobes |
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Definition
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe |
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Definition
| involved in controlling a number of complex functions, including reasoning, planning, emotion, speech, and movement. |
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Definition
| receives and integrates sensory information and also plays a role in spatial reasoning. |
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| processes sound and smell, regulates emotions, and is involved in some aspects of learning, memory, and language. |
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Definition
| receives and interprets visual information. |
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Definition
| the study of changes in the functioning of the body that result from psychological experiences; psychophysiology arousal results from the activity of the endocrine system and the nervous system. |
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Definition
| a collection of glands found at various locations throughout the body; produce psychophysiological responses by releasing hormones into the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| basic system of communication within the body; divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the brain and the spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| includes all connections that stem from the central nervous system and innervate the body's muscles, sensory systems, and organs; divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. |
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| regulates functions of various body organs, such as the heart and stomach. |
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| the view that there are many routes to the same destination (or disorder). |
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Definition
| says that the same event can lead to different outcomes. |
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| the idea that causality works in both directions. |
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| developmental psychopathology |
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Definition
| a new approach to abnormal psychology that emphasizes the importance of developmental norms to determine what constitutes abnormal behavior. |
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Definition
| a pattern of behavior that precedes the onset of the disorder. |
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Definition
| field of study concerned with the study of biological structures. |
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Definition
| the field of study that investigates biological functions. |
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Term
| 5 dimensions of temperament |
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Definition
1. openness to experience
2. conscientiousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism- nervous and moody instead of calm and pleasant. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal behavior is created by social expectations. |
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| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| involves deliberately inducing a seizure by passing electricity through the brain. Can be effective in treating severe depressions that do not respond to treatments, especially for a patient at high risk for suicide. |
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Definition
| a controversial biological treatment involving the surgical destruction of specific regions of the brain. |
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Definition
| the study of the use of medications to treat psychological disturbances; has been the most promising avenue of biological treatment. |
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| cognitive behavior therapy |
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Definition
| teaching new ways of thinking, acting, and feeling using different, research-based techniques; focuses on the present and on behavior, adhering to the truism, "Actions speak louder than words." |
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Term
| systematic desensitization and 3 key elements of it |
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Definition
a technique for eliminating fears. 3 key elements:
1. relaxation training using progressive muscle relaxation, a method of inducing a calm state through the tightening and subsequent relaxation of all the major muscle groups.
2. construction of a hierarchy of fears ranging from very mild to very frightening, allowing clients to confront their fears gradually.
3. learning process- the gradual pairing of ever-increasing fears in the hierarchy with the relaxation response. |
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Term
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Definition
| gradually confronting fears in real life while simultaneously maintaining a state of relaxation. |
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Definition
| involves helping clients to confront their fears at full intensity. |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning technique that directly changes rewards and punishments for identified behaviors. |
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Definition
| the relationship between a behavior and its consequences. |
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Definition
| teaches clients new ways of behaving that are both desirable and likely to be rewarded in everyday life. 2 commonly taught skills are assertiveness and social problem solving. |
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Definition
| based on the idea that people are "intuitive scientists" who are constantly drawing conclusions about the causes of events in their lives. Involves trying to change attributions, often by asking clients to abandon intuitive strategies. |
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Term
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Definition
| developed by Aaron Beck specifically as a treatment for depression; involves challenging negative distortions by gently confronting clients' cognitive errors in therapy, and asking clients to see how their thinking is distorted based ont heir own analysis of their life. |
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Term
| rational-emotive therapy (RET) |
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Definition
| designed to challange cognitive distortions; searches for a client's irrational beliefs, points out the impossibility of fulfilling them, and uses any and every technique to persuade the client to adopt more realistic beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| strives to increase emotional awareness in order to help people make their own life choices and resolve their own dilemmas. In humanistic the relationship between the therapist and the client IS the treatment. |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| valuing clients for who they are and refraining from judging them. (Rodgers) |
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Definition
| the bond between a therapist and a client; it is crucial to the success of therapy, no matter what approach is used. |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical procedure that allows researchers to combine the results from different studies in a standardized way. |
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