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Abnormal Psychology
college house notes. covers syptoms of major/common disorders and behaviors.
69
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
05/01/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
  1. Addiction
Definition

characterized by the three C's

  1. craving to compulsion
  2. continuance despite adverse consequences
  3. loss of control
Term
Types of Addiction
Definition

alcohol

drugs

gambling

sex

food

videogames

kleptomania

shopping

 

 

Term
Intoxication
Definition

Experience of significant maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the direct effect of a substance on the CNS.

Term
Tolerance
Definition
Same dose of drug produces less of an effect & a greater amount of the drug is needed to achieve the same level of intoxication
Term
Withdrawal
Definition
physiological and behavorial symptoms that result when a person stops or reduces their use of the substance
Term
Stimulants
Definition

drugs that tend to increase feelings or alertness, reduced feelings of fatigue, and enable a person to stay waake over sustained periods of time.

examples

  1. cocaine
  2. methamphetamine
  3. MDMA/Ectasy
  4. Ritalin
Term
Opiates
Definition

Herion

oxycontin

percoset

methadone

Term

NMDA antagonists

 

Definition

NMDA is a type of glutamate receptor. If these areas are not active at a normal level, it results in subtle brain damage (cause degeneration of neurons and schizophrenia-like symptoms.

Examples of NMDA antagonists are

  1. PCP
  2. ketamine(K)
  3. dextromethorphan/Robitussin
Term
Barbiturates
Definition

barbiturates-act as depressants to slow down the action of the central nervous system.

causes relaxations makes people sleepy, dangerous in large quantities.

leads to increased tolerance and physiological and psychological dependence.

HOwever, tolerance does not increase amount needed to cause death

Term
Benzodiazepines
Definition

antianxiety drugs

taken up quickly int eh digestive tract

patients become psychologically and physiologically dependent on them.  withdrawal likely.

relapse rates are high.

 

believed to work by enhancing the activity of GABA receptors

 

 

Term

Addiction as a Progressive Illnes

Levels of involvement

Definition
  1. Use-0 non-pathological
  2. "risky"-heavy use with discrete negative consequences
  3. "Problem"- problematic use without functional decline
  4. DSM_IV Abuse-pathological
  5. DSM-IV Dependence-pathological
Term
pathological
Definition
abnormal physical or mental condition
Term
symptoms of alcohol/substance Abuse DSM-IV
Definition

impariment/distress in more than one symptoms for 12 months

  • major role obligations
  • physically hazardous situation
  • legal problems
  • interpersonal problems
Term
symtpoms of Alcohol Substance Dependence DSM-IV
Definition

impairment/distress in more than three symptoms for 12 months

  • tolerance
  • withdrawal
  • consume more than intended
  • persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut back
  • excessive time spent acquiring, using, reocvering
  • activities reduced
  • use despite exarcerbation of a health condition
Term
Prevalence of Substance Abuse
Definition
  • more than 1/3 US has tried an illegal substance
  • Alcohol Abuse (13%) dependence (5%)
  • Druge ABuse (8%) dependence (3%)
  • rates are higher in Men (2:1)
  • native American>Caucasion>Hispanic>African American>Asian American
Term
Comorbidity of Substance Abuse
Definition

~50% w/SUD have mental disorder

~50% w/mental disorder have SUD

 

most likely to have SUD (30%) if you have Antisocial PD

Term
Mesolimbic Dopamine System
Definition

center of psychoactive drug activation in the brain. involved in the release of dopamine and in mediating the rewarding properties of drugs.

Located in the center of the brain, the ventral tegmental area, controls emotions, memory, and gratification. activation of this area stimulates gratification, interupting normal functions

 

Drugs of abuse produce acute increases in dopamine in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) which projects to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and on to the prefrontal cortex (PFC)

[image]

Term
Genetic factors in alcohol abuse
Definition

having parents who were alcoholics increases the likelihood of the child developing the abuse

 

whether genetics is solely the reason is still up for debate because of the possibility of environmental and personality factors

Term
why do people relapse
Definition

druge exposure

drug cues/contexts

stress

Term
why do people get treatment for SUD?
Definition

Pressure of family and friends

court mandates

overdoes or drug-induced psychosis

hitting "botton"--loss of health, marriage, employment, housing

desire for change

 

users typically feel ambivalent about trying to change

Term
Prochaska & DiClement's Transtheoretical Model of Change
Definition
  1. Pre-contemplation
  2. contemplation
  3. determination/preparation
  4. action maintenance
  5. relapse (repeat cycle over again)
Term
Alcohol Detoxification
Definition

alchohol withdrawal includes insomnia, anziety, nausea, headaches, alcohol withrdawal delierium, alcohol-amnestic disorder

 

medications used are benzodiazepines

Term
recovery programs for addiction recovery
Definition

medication

psychoeducation

stress management

relapse prevention

AA/NA support groups

behavorial couples therapy

finding new menaing and reinforcers

Term
Personality
Definition
an individuals stable patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. happens across importnat social contexts, and originates in early development.
Term
Psychodynamic Views of Personality
Definition

Failure to meet developmental goals produces unconscious conflicts (related to trust, autonomy, identity)

Person develops characteristic defense/coping mechanisms

 

 

PROS: emphasizes development, explains abnormal personality

CONS: de-emphasizes temperament, difficult to test

Term
Trait view fo personality
Definition
a collection of fixed attributes
Term
The Big Five Traits of Personality
Definition

current dominant trait theory

openness

conscientiousness

extroversion

agreeableness

neuroticism

 

PROS: intuitive, descriptive

CONS: de-emphasizes situation, fundamental attribution error

Term
Biopsychosocial View
Definition

temperament "x"  social learning --> behavior/personality

PROS: emphasizes interaction of innate predispositions, previous learning,and current context. Implies ways to change behavior

 

CONS: identifying key dimensions of persons and situations

 

Term
Definition of Personality Disorder
Definition

a pattern of behavior or experience that is

enduring, inflexible, and pervasive

which deviates from cultural expectations

AND causes distress or impairment

 

Term

Personality Disorder Cluster A

Paranoid

Definition

Odd, distrust or detachment

 

Paranoid suspiciousness and mistrust of others, see self as blameless

schizoid: impaired social relationships, inability and loack of desire to form attachments to others

schizotypal: peculiar thought patterns; oddities of perception and speech that interfere with communicaiton and social interaction

 

Term

Personality Disorders Cluster B

histrionic

Definition

dramatic-emotional

Histrionic: self dramatization; over concern with attractiveness

 

Term

Personality

Personality Disorder Cluster C

Avoidant

Definition

Anxious

Avoidant: hypersensitivity to rejection or social derogation; shyness; insecurity in social interactionand initiating relationships

 

Term
DSM-IV Axis I and II
Definition
Term
General Definition of Eating Disorders
Definition
Disorders of food ingestion, regurgitations, or attitude that affect health and well-being
Term
Anorexia Nervosa
Definition
intense fear of gaining weight or becoming "fat" coupled with refusal to maintain adequate nutrition and with sever loss of body weight
Term
Bulimia nervosa
Definition

frequent occurrence of binge-eating episodes, accompanied by a sense of loss of control of overating and

recurrent inappropiate behavior like purging food or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain

Term

Eating Disorder

Prevalence

Definition

mostly caucasian, middle to upper class women

onset= early teens AN; late teens BN

 

BN 1.5% women .5% men

AN .9% women .3%men

Term
Stress-Diathesis Model
Definition

diathesis is having a predisposition toward developing a disorder

Stress is the response of the individual to demand that are percieved as taxing or exceeding his or her personal resources

Whether a person develops a disorder is dependent on these two

Term
Social Diathesis in Western Culture (Eating Disorders)
Definition

the advent of TV caused a dramatic shift in women's attitude toward weight and dieting

 

acculturation into US society is associated with higher rates of eating disorders

Term
psychological diatheses (eating disorders)
Definition

perfectionism

negative body image and dieting

negative affect

Term
treatment of eating disorders
Definition

no demonstrated efficacy for AN,

 

no long terms for bulimia, though antidepresants reduce frequency of binging and purgining

Term
psychological treatment of anorexia nervosa
Definition

first step is weight restoration

then psychoeducation (about nutritiation and health

then target dysfunctional attitudes

body shape

thinness=worth

control

family involvement (communication about eating/attitudes about body shape

treatment still worse lon-term than bulimia

Term
psychological treatment of bulimia
Definition

cognitive-behavior therapy (end binge-purge cycles, target dysfunctional thoughts)

interpersonal psychotherapy ( improve interpersonal functioning)

Efficacy (similar in long-run, CBT may work quicker)

Term
Antisocial personality disorder
Definition
Disorder chatacterized by continual violation of and disregard for the rights of others through deceitful, aggressive or antisocial behavior, typically without remosrse or loyalty to anyone
Term

Personality Cluster A disorder

schizoid

Definition

schizoid: impaired social relationships, inability and lack of desire to form attachments to others

 

 

Term

Personality Disorders Cluster B

Narcissistic

Definition

Narcissistic: gradiosity; preoccupation with recieving attention

 

Term

Personality Disorder Cluster B

Borderline

Definition

Borderline: Impulsiveness; inappropiate anger; drastic mood shifts

(more women have this than men)

Term
DSM-IV 5 Aves of Diagnosis
Definition
  • Axis I: clinical disorders, including major mental disorders, as well as developmental and learning disorders
  • Axis II: underlying pervasive or personality conditions, as well as mental retardation
  • Axis III: Acute medical conditions and physical disorders.
  • Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the disorder
  • Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning or Children’s Global Assessment Scale for children and teens under the age of 18.
Term

Personality Disorder Cluster C

Dependent

Definition

Dependent: difficult in separating in relationships; discomfort at being alone; subordination of needs in order to keep others involved in a relationship; indecisiveness

 

Term

Personality Disorder Cluster C

Obsessive-Compulsive

Definition
Obsessive-compulsive: excessive concern with order, rules, and trivial details; perfectionistic (more males than females 2:1)
Term
Marsha Linehan Biosocial Theory for Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition

emotional dysregulation and invalidating environment

 

Emotionally Sensitive Child + Traumatic Childhood Event + A Family that does not properly nurture the child's emotional needs = an adult with Borderline Personality Disorder.

Term
Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition
  1. Linehan's Dialectical behavior therapy (improve affect tolerance and regulation; develop better coping skills)
  2. Psychodynamic Therapy (help patient integrate extreme negative and positive views of the world)
  3. Medications (SSRI's, mood stabilitzers, low does of antipsychotic meds)
Term
Psychopathy
Definition
refers to syndrome casued by psychological deficits (slef-centered, manipulative, lack of empathy)
Term
Characteristics of Psychopathy
Definition

 

Antisocial behavior

examples

impulsivity and sensation-seeking

irresponsible, socially deviant lifestyle, unlwaful behavior

substance abuse

 

absence of guilt, empathy, conscience

grandios self worth

superficial charm, pathological lying, exploitative

 

Term
Cleckley's "ABCDs" of Psychopathy
Definition

A: appears normal (superficial charm, intelligence, not delusional

B: behavior is antisocial

C: consistency lacking (lack of goals, failre to follow life plan)

D: deficits (lack of remorse, incapacity for love)

Term

Developmental Precursors to Schizophrenia (Walker)

 

Definition
watched video tapes of 32 children who were pre-schizophrenic  found that by age 2, the pre's showed more negative facial expressions and unusual hand movements
Term
Expressed Emotion
Definition

measure of the family environment based on what the family says during private interviews

three components

critism

hostility

emotional overinvolvement

 

Term

EE (expressed emotion) relation to relapse in schizophrenia patients

 

Definition

patients in in high EE families are more likely to relapse

 

schizophrenia patients are more vunerable to stress.

biologically, stressed releases cortisol which lead to increased levels of dopamin and glutamate which are implicated in schiphrenia

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