Term
Major Depression Disorder |
|
Definition
May include delusions where a person feels is being percecuted because of inmorality or personal inadequacy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acts to maintain a system current level of functioning or homeostasis. Negative feedback acts to correct system in trouble and restore equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Has associate features like anxiety and depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
People severly depress commit least suicide than less depressed people. It is when they feel better that they act on their desires. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Someone who express the desire to kill self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Children can experience it but are not capable of pairing cathastrophyc thoughts to symptoms. Children are not able to link physical symptoms or illness to internal factors until early adolescent years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Correlate with family that are enmeshed, dependent and have high conflict. Lack cohesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rates rise for age 10-19. Also increasing for elderly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reading errors- substitute words with similar meanings Example- hot for cold Rock for stone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Treatment includes social skills training and to increase more pleasent social situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Person think someone is in love with her/him even though the person already told her/him that she/he is not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
judgements are usually made on a person undesireble behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reaction to stress is more negative if a person beliefs/doubt her/his ability to cope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Classication of mental and emotional disorder is unreliable and potentially harmful |
|
|
Term
Self Instructional Training with hyperactivity is use to? |
|
Definition
Insert thoughts between stimulus and responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The diagnosis of Mental Retardation requires (1) significantly subaverage intellectual functioning (i.e., an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test); (2) concurrent deficits in adaptive functioning in at least two areas (e.g., communication, self-care, social/interpersonal skills, self-direction, functional academic skills, safety); (3) an onset prior to age 18. |
|
|
Term
Learning Disorders: Reading Mathematic Writting expression
|
|
Definition
A- academic achivement below expected (tested) according to age, intelligence and education B- interfere with academic achivement and/or daily living C- if sensory deficit, difficilties are in exess to the usual
|
|
|
Term
Autistic Disorder The verbal and nonverbal communication of children with Autistic Disorder are both markedly impaired. When speech develops, it is often abnormal in prosody and involves echolalia (echoing the words and phrases of others), reversals in pronouns, and/or other abnormalities. |
|
Definition
The majority of children with autism continue to have severe problems into adulthood, but the prognosis is best for those who have some communicative language skills by age 5 or 6 and an IQ score in the mildly retarded range or higher. |
|
|
Term
Asperger's Disorder The essential features of Asperger's Disorder are severe impairment in social interactions and a restricted repertoire of behaviors, interests, and activities with no substantial delays in language, self-help skills, cognitive development, or curiosity about the environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ADHD Reported statistics for comorbidity for ADHD are far from consistent. However, frequently-cited comorbidity rates are 30 to 50% for Conduct Disorder; 15 to 75% for a Mood Disorder; 25% for an Anxiety Disorder; and 10 to 29% for a Learning Disorder. Comorbid ADHD and Conduct Disorder are associated with a particularly poor prognosis and have been linked to a high risk for an eventual diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder. The treatment for ADHD often includes a prescription for methylphenidate (Ritalin) or other CNS stimulant. Some children experience suppression of height and weight with long-term use of methylphenidate, but this can usually be alleviated by providing "drug holidays" during summer and winter vacations. |
|
Definition
| Up to 70% of children with ADHD still meet the diagnostic criteria for the disorder in adolescence, and at least 50% continue to exhibit difficulties as adults. In these adults, the core symptoms of the disorder are still apparent but usually in an attenuated or modified form. The unfocused overactivity of childhood, for instance, is often manifested in adulthood as excessive restlessness. |
|
|
Term
Conduct Disorder Involves a repetitive, persistent pattern of behavior involving violation of the basic rights of others or of age-appropriate social rules and norms. The diagnostic features are classified in DSM-IV in terms of four categories - aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules. |
|
Definition
Childhood-Onset Type is diagnosed when the onset of symptoms is prior to age 10; Adolescent-Onset Type is diagnosed when symptoms begin at age 10 or later. Prognosis is worse for the Childhood-Onset Type. According to T. Moffitt, the differences in severity of symptoms and prognosis for the Childhood- and Adolescent-Onset Types (which she refers to as "life-course persistent" and "adolescent-limited") are due to differences in etiology. Specifically, the Childhood-Onset Type is the result of a combination of neuropsychological deficits and exposure to adverse environmental factors, while the Adolescent-Onset Type most often reflects a temporary "maturity gap" that involves a desire to assume adult responsibilities and obtain the rewards associated with antisocial behavior. |
|
|
Term
Tourette's Disorder A diagnosis of Tourette's Disorder requires the presence of multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics. About 50% of children with Tourette's have symptoms of ADHD, while 40 to 60% have symptoms of OCD. (DSM-IV lists obsessions and compulsions as the most common associated symptoms of this disorder.) |
|
Definition
Haloperidol alleviates symptoms in about 70% of people with this disorder, and the effectiveness of this drug confirms the hypothesis that Tourette's Disorder is related to excessive or oversensitivity to dopamine. |
|
|
Term
Enuresis: Studies comparing the bell-and-pad (which is also known as the night alarm and moisture alarm), imipramine, and desmopressin (a synthetic antidiuretic hormone) have found the bell-and-pad to be most effective. Although imipramine and desmopressin have excellent short-term effects, they are associated with higher relapse rates than the bell-and-pad. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Separation Anxiety Disorder: |
|
Definition
Separation Anxiety Disorder involves excessive anxiety related to separation from the home or from people to whom the individual is attached. The disorder often develops following a life stressor such as death of a relative or pet or a move to a new neighborhood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Young children and older adults are at the highest risk for delirium. Common causes of delirium in the elderly include drug intoxication, uncontrolled diabetes, infections and fever, stroke, head trauma, and cancer. The elderly are also at high risk for delirium immediately after surgery, especially hip surgery. |
|
|
Term
Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type involves a gradual onset of symptoms and a slow, progressive decline in cognitive functioning. Alzheimer's usually begins with deficits in recent memory and visuospatial skills and a personality change involving passivity and disengagement or irritability. Later, the individual develops a loss of memory for past events, aphasia and apraxia, and flat or labile mood. |
|
Definition
Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type involves a gradual onset of symptoms and a slow, progressive decline in cognitive functioning. Alzheimer's usually begins with deficits in recent memory and visuospatial skills and a personality change involving passivity and disengagement or irritability. Later, the individual develops a loss of memory for past events, aphasia and apraxia, and flat or labile mood. |
|
|
Term
| Substance-Induced Disorders: Alcohol Withdrawal and Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Withdrawal have the same symptoms - autonomic hyperactivity, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient hallucinations, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, and/or grand mal seizures. |
|
Definition
Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder (Korsakoff's Syndrome) is characterized by memory impairment involving both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is most severe, especially for declarative memories. Retrograde amnesia affects recent memories more than remote memories. |
|
|
Term
Schizophrenia: Evidence for a genetic contribution to Schizophrenia is provided by studies comparing the concordance rates for people with varying degrees of genetic similarity: Specifically, the concordance rates for Schizophrenia are 10% for biological siblings; 17% for fraternal (dizygotic) twins; and 48% for identical (monozygotic) twins. Note that the relatives of people with Schizophrenia are not only at high risk for Schizophrenia themselves but also have higher-than-normal rates of other "schizophrenic spectrum disorders," especially Schizotypal Personality Disorder. A number of structural brain abnormalities have been linked to Schizophrenia including ventricular enlargement. |
|
Definition
| Until recently, the dopamine hypothesis has been the most widely-accepted neurochemical theory of Schizophrenia. It proposes that Schizophrenia is due to oversensitivity to dopamine. Evidence for this hypothesis is provided by the effectiveness of traditional antipsychotic drugs, which act by blocking dopamine transmission, and by the fact that drugs that increase dopamine levels (e.g., amphetamines) can produce the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia. More recently, other neurotransmitters have been implicated, especially serotonin, glutamate, and norepinephrine. According to DSM-IV-TR, better prognosis is associated with good premorbid adjustment, acute onset, later age at onset, an absence of anosognosia (poor insight), female gender, the presence of a precipitating factor, co-existing mood symptoms, normal neurological functioning, and early and consistent treatment with an antipsychotic drug. |
|
|
Term
Major Depressive Disorder:
Among adults and adolescents, Major Depressive Disorder is twice as common in females than males. However, in prepubertal children, it is about equally common in males and females. |
|
Definition
The reformulated learned helplessness model of depression views it as the result of prior exposure to uncontrollable negative events coupled with an attribution style that views negative events as due to internal, stable, and global factors. More recently, the impact of feelings of hopelessness has been added to the theory. |
|
|
Term
Suicide: One of the most consistent findings of the research on suicide is that older adults have the highest rates of completed suicide, with the highest rate being for white males aged 70 and over. In contrast, the highest rate of attempted - but not completed - suicide is for women between the ages of 24 and 44. The greatest increase in suicide rates in the last two decades has been among 10- to 19-year-olds with the rate for 10- to 14-year olds more than doubling in the past 15 years. |
|
Definition
| With one exception, whites have higher rates of suicide than members of other ethnic/racial groups at all ages. The exception is that some Native American tribes have the highest rates among 15- to 24-year-olds. Suicide is less common among the married than among the single, divorced, or widowed. Loss of a spouse through death or divorce increases the risk for suicide, especially during the first year after the loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Blood-Injection-Injury Type differs from the other types of Specific Phobia in terms of the person's physiological reaction to feared stimuli. In the Blood-Injection-Injury Type, the feared stimulus produces a fainting response that involves a brief increase in heart rate and blood pressure followed by a decrease in both. In contrast, other Specific Phobias are associated with an increase in heart rate and blood pressure only. Because of this difference, relaxation techniques are not used for the Blood-Injection-Injury Type since they would exacerbate the fainting tendency. Instead, the individual is encouraged to tense his or her muscles (rather than relax them) in the presence of a feared stimulus. |
|
|
Term
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: |
|
Definition
DSM-IV identifies several characteristics that distinguish GAD from nonpathological worry: People with GAD describe their worries as difficult to control and as more pervasive and distressing, while people with nonpathological levels of anxiety view their worries as more controllable and are less likely to have worry-related physical symptoms (especially adults). |
|
|
Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: |
|
Definition
| For many of the Anxiety Disorders, in vivo exposure with response prevention (flooding) is most effective. However, for OCD, exposure is effective, but the research suggests that imaginal and in vivo exposure are about equally effective. There is also evidence that antidepressant drugs - especially clomipramine and the SSRIs - have excellent short-term effects for reducing OCD symptoms but must be used in conjunction with exposure since they have poor long-term effects when used alone. Note that the effectiveness of the SSRIs provides support for the hypothesis that OCD is due to low levels of serotonin. In adults, OCD is about equally common in males and females; in children, the disorder is more common in males. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Narcolepsy is characterized by irresistible attacks of restorative sleep accompanied by cataplexy (loss of muscle tone) and/or an intrusion of REM sleep during the transition between sleep and wakefulness. Cataplexy is often triggered by a strong emotion. Narcolepsy may also include hypnagogic and/or hypnopompic hallucinations (intense dreamlike images or auditory or physical sensations just before falling asleep or just after waking up, respectively). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bulimia involves recurrent binge eating with inappropriate compensatory behavior (excessive exercise, purging, use of diuretics) for at least three months. Research has linked bulimia to low levels of serotonin; and the SSRIs (especially Prozac) have been found useful for alleviating the symptoms of this disorder. |
|
|
Term
Borderline Personality Disorder: |
|
Definition
Linehan's Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that has been found useful for reducing premature termination from therapy and suicide threats and gestures for patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. This treatment is comprised of three basic strategies: (1) group skills training designed to help clients regulate their emotions and improve their social and coping skills; (2) individual outpatient therapy to strengthen clients' motivation and newly-acquired skills; and (3) telephone consultations to provide additional support and between-sessions "coaching." |
|
|
Term
Anxiety Disorders
Co morbidity: Diagnostic co morbidity is high among individuals with an Anxiety Disorder. Studies of outpatient clinical samples, for instance, indicate that over 50% of patients with a principal DSM diagnosis of an Anxiety Disorder have one or more additional diagnoses at the time of assessment (e.g., Brown and Barlow, 1992). Of the Anxiety Disorders, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is associated with the highest co morbidity rates. In their clinical sample, Brown and Barlow (1992) found that 80% of patients with a primary diagnosis of GAD had at least one other anxiety or mood disorder. |
|
Definition
Panic Disorder (Prevalence): The reported prevalence rates for Panic Disorder (with and without Agoraphobia) vary from study to study, but most report a lifetime prevalence rate between one and two percent in community samples, with one-third to one-half of these individuals also having Agoraphobia (APA, 2000). In terms of co-diagnoses, Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia (PDA) is associated with higher rates of co morbidity than Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia; and, of the Anxiety Disorders, GAD has been identified as the disorder most likely to co-occur with a primary diagnosis of PDA (e.g., Brown et al., 2001).
|
|
|
