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Definition
| The scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning |
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| Criteria for determining abnormality |
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Definition
| Behavior that is unusual/statistically deviant, behavior that is socially unacceptable and violates norms, distorted perception of reality, person is suffering or distressed, behavior is dysfunctional (maladaptive/self-defeating), behavior is dangerous |
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Definition
| demon possession; Malleus Maleficarum = witch's hammer; Pope Innocent |
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| Hippocrates; imbalance of bodily humors caused all illness |
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Definition
| abnormality due to life experience and psychological processes in the mind |
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| medical model/Psychiatry led to... |
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Definition
| led to development of phenothiazenes; 1963 Kennedy's community mental health act |
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| Freud; all behavior determined by dynamic processes and conflicts within the mind |
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Definition
| cutting holes in the skull; exorcism (demonological model) |
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| Freud's structure of personality - Id |
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Definition
| from birth, pleasure principal |
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| Freud's structure of personality - Ego |
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Definition
| from age 1, reason/good sense, reality principle |
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| Freud's structure of personality - Superego |
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Definition
| from middle childhood, moral principle |
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| Freud's defense mechanisms |
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Definition
| repression, regression, rationalization, displacement, projection, reaction formation, denial, sublimation |
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| Freud's stages of psychosexual development: Oral stage |
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Definition
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| Freud's stages of psychosexual development: Anal stage |
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Definition
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| Freud's stages of psychosexual development: Phallic stage |
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Definition
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| Freud's stages of psychosexual development: Latency stage |
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Definition
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| Freud's stages of psychosexual development: Genital stage |
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Definition
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| Freud's continuum of abnormality |
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Definition
| normal <---> neurosis (anxiety, abnormality) <---> psychosis |
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Definition
| all behavior is learned or conditional; environment creates learned behavior; abnormal behavior can be unlearned or replaced by healthy behaviors |
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| Behaviorism (learning perspective) |
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Definition
| classical conditioning + operant conditioning can explain any behavior (CC & OC); environment determines behavior |
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Definition
| Pavlov; food = unconditional stimulus; bell = conditional stimulus; both eventually cause salivation (unconditional response); example of dog being classically conditioned to salivate by the sound of a bell |
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| extinction (in conditioning) |
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Definition
| over time, stops eliciting response |
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| Human example of classical conditioning |
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Definition
| car crash, adrenaline and tension response; may continue to exist in safe conditions |
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Definition
| consequences of behavior affect later behavior |
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Definition
| increases probability of behavior again |
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Definition
| present positive consequence, increases behavior (reward) |
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Definition
| remove something aversive, increases behavior (medication) |
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Definition
| decreases probability of behavior again |
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Definition
| present aversive (pain, limited movement) |
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Definition
| remove something pleasant (time-out) |
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| Reinforcement/Punishment: |
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Definition
| can be classically conditioned, primary - biological and physical level; natural and immediate consequences are more powerful than delayed and imposed ones |
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Definition
| strategies based in learning theory; CC & OC; help people change through self-monitoring, goal-setting, contingency management, stimulus control |
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Definition
| Albert Bandura (founder); person & environment interact, bidirectional influence; person variables - self-efficacy, outcome expectancy |
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Definition
| Bobo doll studies; can observe reinforcement and punishment; modeling; shaping and coaching; self-regulatory model; therapy - teach clients these skills |
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Term
| Power of Cognition - Automatic Thoughts & Beliefs |
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Definition
| beliefs are our core: formed throughout life, usually adaptive (at first), automatic thoughts interface with our environment |
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Term
| Beck's Cognitive Distortions or Errors |
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Definition
Assumes negative emotions and problem behavior is controlled by cognition.
Ex: - if I don't get an A, I'm a failure
- everyone must like me
- it doesn't matter what I do, nothing helps
Treatment: cognitive restructuring |
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Term
| Humanistic-Existential Model |
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Definition
| emphasis on choice and meaning in life; Victor Frankl's logotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
hierarchy of needs
physical needs
safety needs
belongingness
esteem needs
altruism
self-actualization |
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Term
| Classification of Psychopathology |
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Definition
| important for research, clinical practice, boulder model, scientist-practitioner model, scientists (research), practitioners (clinical practice), helps to merge them |
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Definition
| diagnostic and statistical manual |
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Term
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Definition
match client's behavior to symptoms in criteria
most disorders have essential symptoms
some have rule-out symptoms
some have associated but unnecessary symptoms
abnormal behaviors are grouped into diagnostic categories |
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Term
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Definition
- abnormal behaviors are considered symptoms of psychological disorders
- psychopathology requries both emotional distress/impaired daily functioning & not a culturally sanctioned response to a stressful event (e.g. bereavement)
- assumes etiology has multiple causes or unknown causes
- non-theoretical
- somewhat empirical
- descriptive, not explanatory |
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| Multiaxial System: Axis I |
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Definition
clinical syndrome
- other conditions which are focus of clinical attention |
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Term
| Multiaxial System: Axis II |
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Definition
Personality disorder
- pervasive development disorders; permanent |
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Term
| Multiaxial System: Axis III |
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Definition
| General medical conditions |
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| Multiaxial System: Axis IV |
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Definition
| Psychosocial/Environmental problems |
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Term
| Multiaxial System: Axis V |
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Definition
| Global assessment of functioning (GAF) |
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Term
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Definition
100 - superior
80 - symptoms transient (temporary)
70 - mild symptoms
10 - danger to self and others |
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Term
| Tests - reliable vs. unreliable |
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Definition
Rorschach & MMPI tests unreliable
Clinical interview most widely used |
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Term
| Primary Care Physicians (Stress, Illness, & Health Psychology) |
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Definition
gatekeepers, often follow medical model, 60% of office visits find nothing physically wrong
- 80-90% due to stress/psychological consequences, yet stress is not treated
- most psychological disorders go undiagnosed |
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Term
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Definition
APA 1978 Division 38
Merges psychology, medicine, and public health
study etiology of disease scientifically
promote health
prevent and treat illness
promote public health policy and improve health care system |
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Term
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Definition
pneumonia/influenza
TB
intestinal disease
CHD
stroke
Nephritis
accidents
cancer
senility
diphtheria |
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Term
| Current leading causes of death |
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Definition
coronary heart disease (CHD)
cancer
stroke
accidents
COPD
pneumonia/influenza
suicide
AIDS
diabetes
cirrhosis of liver
homicide |
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Term
| Why the change in leading causes of death: |
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Definition
immunizations
water purification
sewage sanitation
food preservation
pasteurized milk
preventative health care |
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Term
| Changing patterns in disease |
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Definition
relative decrease in infectious disease
more chronic disease
longer drain on health care system
more lifestyle influence
more disease revealed in elderly |
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Term
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Definition
| events or situations; avoid or alter |
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Term
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Definition
filtered through automatic thoughts, beliefs, values - cognition
altered thinking alters emotional response to stress |
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Term
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Definition
physiological and mental toll
fight or flight - evolution
exercise and formal relaxation help |
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Term
| Behavior to maximize physical & mental health: |
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Definition
| don't smoke, exercise, diet, safe sex, alcohol in moderation, sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| repetitive, purposeful, and intentional behaviors or mental acts that are performed in response to an obsession |
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Term
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Definition
- person recognizes that behavior is excessive/unreasonable
- obsessions/compulsions cause marked distress; time-consuming, interfere with normal routine, occupational functioning, or social activities/relationships |
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Term
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Definition
- response to traumatic event
- experiences, witnesses, confronted with events that involved actual or threatened death, serious injury, threat to physical or psychological integrity of self or others
- response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror
- event persistently re-experienced: distressing recollections or dreams - nightmares, flashbacks, anniversaries, physiological reactivity to cues related to event
- duration of over 1 month, otherwise acute stress disorder
- significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important area of functioning |
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Term
| PTSD: persistent avoidance of stimuli related to event & numbing of responsiveness |
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Definition
- avoid thoughts, feelings, activities, situations associated with trauma
- inability to recall important aspect of trauma
- diminished interest in significant activity (anhedonia)
- feeling detached
- restricted range of emotion/affect
- sense of foreshortened future |
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Term
| PTSD: persistent symptoms of increased arousal/anxiety |
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Definition
- difficulty falling/staying asleep
- irritability/anger outbursts
- difficulty concentrating
- hypervigilance - overawareness
- exaggerated startle response |
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Term
| Gender Issues - specific to adult males victimized by males |
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Definition
2-31% male population sexually abused
special population: runaways, prostitutes, institutionalized children, inpatient psychological population, perpetrators
more underrepresented than women
- fear homosexuality label
- blaming
- denial of adolescent to child abuse - recapitulation
- lack of supervision
- missing of sings
- differential emotional response
- males not supposed to be as affected as women |
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