Term
| what are the typical features and typical explanations for a major depressive disorder? |
|
Definition
| a major depressive disorder is diagnosed when there is the typical pattern of depressive symptoms but with no history of a manic or hypomanic episode; studies indicate a genetic link and an abnormality of 5-HTT - a gene associated with the transportation of serotonin |
|
|
Term
| how is major depressive disorder likely to be treated? |
|
Definition
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), antidepressants, cognitive therapy, adjunct therapy |
|
|
Term
| what do you associate with Martin Seligman? |
|
Definition
| learned helplessness which is powerlessness which you create by giving children an experience where they have no control of their environment (example of dog in electrified cage and how he didn’t leave when they opened the door) |
|
|
Term
| how would Beck treat depression? |
|
Definition
•psychoeducation
•increasing activities and elevating mood
•identifying negative thinking and biases
•challenging automatic thoughts
•changing primary attitudes |
|
|
Term
| what are the typical features and typical explanations for a bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
•Bipolar I: full manic and major depressive episodes
•Bipolar II: mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive disorders
studies of brain structure indicate abnormalities in the basal ganglia and cerebellum of individuals with bipolar disorder and some evidence for a genetic predisposition |
|
|
Term
| how is this bipolar disorder likely to be treated? |
|
Definition
| Lithium (antipsychotic drug) and adjunct psychotherapy |
|
|
Term
| what is adjunct psychotherapy? |
|
Definition
| therapy alongside with medication that will help monitor medication and educating person on their condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A suicide attempt that does not result in death |
|
|
Term
| what types of suicide were identified by Shneidman? |
|
Definition
•death seeker – a person who clearly intends to end his or her life at the time of a suicide attempt
•death initiator – a person who attempts suicide believing that the process of death is already under way and that he or she is simply hastening the process
•death ignorer – a person who attempts suicide without recognizing the finality of death
•death darer – a person who is ambivalent about the wish to die even as he or she attempts suicide |
|
|
Term
| what do we know about suicide rates in terms of age and gender? |
|
Definition
| women attempt suicide more often but men are more successful in their attempts. mostly later in life (old age) and in teenagers. |
|
|
Term
| what kind of events are likely to trigger suicide? |
|
Definition
•stressful events and situations
•mood and thought changes
•alcohol and drug use
•mental disorders
•modeling and contagion suicide |
|
|
Term
| how is suicide explained by the psychodynamic model? |
|
Definition
| themes of loss and self-directed anger (eg Stekel; Menninger); thanatos (Freud) |
|
|
Term
| how is suicide explained by the socio-cultural model? |
|
Definition
| egoistic, altruistic, and anomic suicide (Emile Durkheim) |
|
|
Term
| how is suicide explained by the biological model? |
|
Definition
| lower levels of serotonin activity are associated with suicide |
|
|
Term
| how did Durkheim explain suicide and what are his 3 types? |
|
Definition
| talked about suicide in a soci-cultural aspect. A mother sacrificing herself for her child, an anime (social alienation), etc. -- egoistic, altruistic, and anomic suicide |
|
|
Term
| what does suicide prevention involve? |
|
Definition
•establishing a positive relationship
•understanding and clarifying the problem
•assessing suicidal potential
•assessing and mobilizing the caller’s resources
•formulating a plan |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the risk and protective factors in relation to suicide? |
|
Definition
risk - childhood trauma (sexual/physical abuse; neglect; parental loss), genetic & familial (family history of suicide, mental illness, or abuse), behavioral (impulsivity; aggression; severe anxiety)
protective - life satisfaction, positive social support, positive therapeutic relationship |
|
|
Term
| what are the major features of anorexia nervosa? |
|
Definition
-fear of giving in to appetite and losing control over their weight
-a preoccupation with food – thinking, dreaming, planning around food
-distorted thinking – an overestimation of body size; and unrealistically high expectations for self control, achievement, and perfection |
|
|
Term
| what are the major features of bulimia nervosa? |
|
Definition
-recurrent episodes of binge eating
-recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain
-symptoms continuing, on average, at least twice a week for three months
-undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation |
|
|
Term
| what is the typical age of onset of anorexia? |
|
Definition
| between 14 and 18 years of age |
|
|
Term
| what is the typical age of onset in bulimia? |
|
Definition
| typically 15 to 21 years of age |
|
|
Term
| describe the typical medical consequences of anorexia? |
|
Definition
•cessation of menstruation
•dry skin and brittle hair; reduced bone density; low blood pressure; slow heart rate; sensitivity to cold; lanugo – down on cheeks and limbs
•metabolic and electrolyte imbalances may result in serious cardiovascular problems
•between 2 and 6% die from medical conditions brought on by starvation, or from suicide |
|
|
Term
| describe the typical psychological consequences of anorexia? |
|
Definition
| anxiety, mood disorders and substance abuse are common and obsessive compulsive disorder |
|
|
Term
| what are the typical medical consequences of bulimia? |
|
Definition
•enlarged salivary glands and erosion of dental enamel
•electrolyte imbalance
•severe constipation and possible colon damage
•calluses on fingers and back of hand |
|
|
Term
| what are the typical psychological consequences of bulimia? |
|
Definition
| anxiety and mood disorders are common as is substance abuse |
|
|
Term
| what happens in a typical binge? |
|
Definition
| binges are secret and there is some associated shame – they are preceded by tension and an uncontrollable desire to consume, they are followed by self-blame, guilt, depression and concern about weight gain |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the compensatory behaviors favored by bulimics? |
|
Definition
| vomiting; laxatives; diuretics |
|
|
Term
| how would you distinguish between anorexia and bulimia in terms of psychological and medical characteristics? |
|
Definition
•individuals with bulimia: are more concerned with pleasing others, being attractive and having relationships and are more likely to be sexually active; also are more prone to mood swings and have poor impulse control
•individuals with anorexia: are more obsessive, control focused and achievement oriented (psychological)
•individuals with bulimia: experience dental issues; intestinal disorders, kidney disease or heart damage resulting from frequent vomiting or chronic diarrhea
•individuals with anorexia: have dry skin and brittle hair; reduced bone density; low blood pressure; slow heart rate; sensitivity to cold; lanugo; and amenorrhea (medical) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| family therapist argued we treat the family not just the person with the eating disorder because the eating disorder is a result of problems in the life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| talked about over controlling mother and the person doesn’t gain a strong sense of self |
|
|
Term
| what is weight set point? |
|
Definition
| the regular weight for your height and age |
|
|
Term
| what’s the difference between substance abuse and substance dependence? |
|
Definition
abuse - they rely on the drug quite heavily, causes problems with relationships, at work, etc.
dependence - they plan their lives around the drug, can allow for a higher tolerance, withdrawal, or both |
|
|
Term
| what happens in withdrawal from alcohol, hypnotics, or opioids? |
|
Definition
| includes delirium tremens (DT’s), physically painful, long term withdrawal, flu-like symptoms, sensitive and vulnerable to emotional and physical discomfort |
|
|
Term
| what is the long term damage of the over-use of alcohol, hypnotics, or opiods? |
|
Definition
| liver, pancreas, and cardiovascular damage and structural changes in the brain including Korsakoff’s syndrome |
|
|
Term
| how do cocaine and amphetamines operate? |
|
Definition
| works by blocking dopamine reuptake – and increasing norepinephrine and serotonin activity in selective areas |
|
|
Term
| what is the long-term damage of the over-use of cocaine and amphetamines? |
|
Definition
| heart irregularities, memory damage |
|
|
Term
| what is a synergistic effect? |
|
Definition
| the increase of effects that happens when under the influence of multiple substances |
|
|
Term
| what is the sociocultural explanation for substance abuse? |
|
Definition
| proposes that the socioeconomic context is a significant factor in the development of patterns of substance abuse and dependence |
|
|
Term
| what is the psychodynamic explanation for substance abuse? |
|
Definition
| links the development of drug dependence to excessive dependency needs resulting from poorly formed early attachment and emotional deprivation; others have linked drug dependence to a range of personality traits described as the “substance abuse personality” – e.g. impulsive, antisocial |
|
|
Term
| what is the behavioral explanation for substance abuse? |
|
Definition
•operant models explain that the individual is rewarded by the reduction of tension associated with using the drug – a negative rather than positive reinforcement
•classical conditioning also appears important in the development of associations with objects or circumstances associated with drug use |
|
|
Term
| what are the biological explanations for tolerance and withdrawal? |
|
Definition
| the drug user develops a tolerance for the drug, becoming more and more reliant on it, withdrawal occurs in the period before the brain has readjusted to absence of the drug |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of dopamine in addiction? |
|
Definition
| ultimately all drugs appear to activate the brain’s ‘reward center’ either directly or indirectly to increase dopamine activity and create an experience of intense pleasure |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the cognitive behavioral approaches to drug abuse and dependence? |
|
Definition
| behavioral self-control training (BSCT); relapse prevention training |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the psychodynamic approaches to drug abuse and dependence? |
|
Definition
| psychodynamic therapies – aims to uncover and resolve underlying issues and change substance-related lifestyles |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the sociocultural approaches to drug abuse and dependence? |
|
Definition
| self-help and residential programs (AA; residential treatment centers; therapeutic communities) culture and gender-sensitive programs; community prevention programs |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the biological approaches to drug abuse and dependence? |
|
Definition
| detoxification; antagonist drugs (e.g. Disulfiram – Antabuse); drug maintenance therapy |
|
|
Term
| what does an agonist substitute do and what is an example? |
|
Definition
| acts in the same way of your drug of choice (substitute drug), an example is propranolol |
|
|
Term
| what kind of drugs work as part of an aversive treatment and provide an example? |
|
Definition
| anything that will make the person associate a negative reaction from the drug; Antabuse |
|
|
Term
| what is sexual dysfunction? |
|
Definition
| A disorder marked by persistent inability to function normally in some area of the human sexual response cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include disorders in which sexual arousal occurs primarily in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals |
|
|
Term
| what is gender identity disorder? |
|
Definition
| psychological dissatisfaction with your biological sex |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 phases of the human sexual response cycle? |
|
Definition
| Desire, Excitement, Orgasm, Resolution |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 dysfunctions of the desire phase and what are their causes? |
|
Definition
| hypoactive sexual desire disorder (a disorder marked by a lack of sexual interest and a resulting low level of sexual activity) and sexual aversion disorder (characterized as an aversion to and avoidance of sexual contact) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 dysfunctions of the excitement phase and what are their causes? |
|
Definition
| female sexual arousal disorder (marked by the persistent inability to attain sexual excitement) and male erectile dysfunction disorder (dysfunction in which a man repeatedly fails to attain an erection during sexual activity) |
|
|
Term
| what is sexual dysfunction? |
|
Definition
| A disorder marked by persistent inability to function normally in some area of the human sexual response cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include disorders in which sexual arousal occurs primarily in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals |
|
|
Term
| what is gender identity disorder? |
|
Definition
| psychological dissatisfaction with your biological sex |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 phases of the human sexual response cycle? |
|
Definition
| Desire, Excitement, Orgasm, Resolution |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 dysfunctions of the desire phase and what are their causes? |
|
Definition
| hypoactive sexual desire disorder (a disorder marked by a lack of sexual interest and a resulting low level of sexual activity) and sexual aversion disorder (characterized as an aversion to and avoidance of sexual contact) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 dysfunctions of the excitement phase and what are their causes? |
|
Definition
| female sexual arousal disorder (marked by the persistent inability to attain sexual excitement) and male erectile dysfunction disorder (dysfunction in which a man repeatedly fails to attain an erection during sexual activity) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 dysfunctions of the orgasm phase and what are their causes? |
|
Definition
| premature ejaculation (in which a man reaches orgasm and ejaculates before, or shortly after penetration and before he wishes to do so), male orgasmic disorder (characterized by repeated inability to reach orgasm or long delays in reaching orgasm after normal sexual excitement), female orgasmic disorder (A dysfunction in which a woman rarely has an orgasm or repeatedly experiences a very delayed one) |
|
|
Term
| what is vaginismus and it’s likely cause? |
|
Definition
| usually based on a learned fear response – often the result of misinformation or a traumatic or painful experience; in some instances the condition is associated with other infections or other diseases associated with painful intercourse |
|
|
Term
| what is dyspareunia and it’s likely cause? |
|
Definition
| in women usually associated with physical injury or conditions that create a painful experience – in some instances dyspareunia may be the result of a hypoactive sex drive or the consequences of abuse or trauma |
|
|
Term
| what are the eight broad principles of treating sexual dysfunction? |
|
Definition
•assessment and conceptualization of the problem – including ‘sex history’
•mutual responsibility – both partners are involved
•education about sexuality – information
•attitude change – confronting beliefs and experiences
•elimination of performance anxiety and the spectator role
•increasing sexual and general communication skills – enhancing non-threatening communication specifically around sexual activity but also in broader relationship issues
•changing destructive lifestyles and marital interactions – eg home circumstances, relationships with extended family, work life
•addressing physical and medical issues – eg medication; physical disease or injury |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the specific treatments for sexual dysfunction? |
|
Definition
| drugs such as Viagra, Cialis and Levitra, self-instruction training; exploration of trauma; hormone treatment, adjunctive sex therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A paraphilia consisting of recurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving object, often to the exclusion of all other stimuli |
|
|
Term
| what is transvestic fetishism? |
|
Definition
| A paraphilia; cross dressing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A paraphilia in which persons have repeated sexually arousing urges or fantasies about exposing their genitals to another person and may act upon those urges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A paraphilia in which a person has repeated and intense sexual desires to observe unsuspecting people in secret as they undress or to spy on couples having intercourse and may act upon these desires |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A paraphilia consisting of repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve touching and rubbing a nonconsenting person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A paraphilia in which person is sexually aroused by the act or thought of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A paraphilia characterized by repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve inflicting suffering on others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A paraphilia in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies about watching, touching, or engaging in sexual acts with prepubescent children, and may carry out these urges or fantasies |
|
|
Term
| how is gender identity disorder different from transvestism and from intersexed individuals? |
|
Definition
| Intersexed individuals are born with both sexual organs, and transvestism is just dressing in the style of the opposite sex |
|
|
Term
| what is the typical treatment for gender identity disorder? |
|
Definition
| sex reassignment surgery which also includes administration of hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the startling disorder characterized by disturbance by a broad spectrum of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions including delusions and hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior and inappropriate emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed clinical description of schizophrenia under the diagnosis “dementia praecox” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| introduced the term schizophrenia – emphasizing the concept of the ‘breaking of associative threads’ |
|
|
Term
| what are positive symptoms – give examples? |
|
Definition
| crazy behaviors all closely associated with schizophrenia - delusions; disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perceptions and hallucinations; inappropriate affect |
|
|
Term
| what are negative symptoms – give examples? |
|
Definition
| behaviors that just make the person seem depressive - poverty of speech; blunted and flat affect; loss of volition and social withdrawal |
|
|
Term
| what is a delusion and 3-4 examples? |
|
Definition
| a strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary – delusions of persecution; delusions of reference; delusions of grandeur; and delusions of control |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| includes awkward movements and odd gestures – in its extreme form – catatonia – in the form of catatonic stupor; catatonic rigidity or posturing; or catatonic excitement |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main phases of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| the prodromal phase, the active phase and the residual phase |
|
|
Term
| what are the three major types of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
•disorganized – marked disruption in speech and behavior, flat or inappropriate affect – often early onset and chronic course
•catatonic – unusual motor responses, odd mannerisms eg echolalia/echopraxia
•paranoid – thematic delusions eg of grandeur or persecution – cognitive skills and affect relatively intact |
|
|
Term
| what is the Dopamine Hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| abnormally high levels of dopamine cause the symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| how was the dopamine hypothesis first established and what are some of the observations that undermined the explanation? |
|
Definition
•the theory was developed in response to the ‘Parkinsonian’ side effects produced by early antipsychotic medication
•the drug L-dopa can produce schizophrenic-like symptoms |
|
|
Term
| what are the differences in brain structure seen in schizophrenia – how might they occur? |
|
Definition
•some evidence of enlarged ventricles which may increase susceptibility
•hypofrontality associated with smaller frontal and temporal lobes
•smaller amounts of cortical gray matter and abnormal blood flow
•some of the likely causes - genetic factors, poor nutrition, fetal development, birth complications, immune reactions and toxins
•viral problems – may interrupt fetal development or may emerge during puberty or young adulthood and alter brain function – animal studies show an association between the exposure to the influenza virus and the development of schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| what is the schizophrenogenic mother? |
|
Definition
| theory by Fromm-Reichmann - a defensive response to harsh unnurturing. described the “schizophrenogenic mother” as both overprotective and rejecting |
|
|
Term
| the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| argues that efforts to understand and make sense of hallucinations and delusions may undermine rationality and encourage paranoia |
|
|
Term
| what is emotional expression? |
|
Definition
| The general level of criticism, disapproval, and hostility expressed in a family. People recovering from schizophrenia are considered more likely to relapse if their families rate high in expressed emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the belief that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity (developed by Maxwell Jones) |
|
|
Term
| what are the essentials of effective community care? |
|
Definition
•coordinated services – delivered by a community mental health center
•short-term hospitalization – acute admission with aftercare and partial hospitalization – using day care and day hospitals
•supervised residences – halfway houses or group homes offering supervised care
•occupational training – through sheltered workshops |
|
|
Term
| what is oppositional defiant disorder? |
|
Definition
| A childhood disorder in which children argue repeatedly with adults, lose their temper, and swear, feeling intense anger and resentment |
|
|
Term
| what is defined as a conduct disorder? |
|
Definition
| A childhood disorder in which the child repeatedly violates the basic rights of others, displaying aggression and sometimes destroying others’ property, stealing, or running away from home |
|
|
Term
| what is ADHD and what are the likely secondary problems associated with this disorder? |
|
Definition
•attention deficit - poor focus; disorganized; distractible; hyperactivity - eg fidgets; leaving seat; excessive running/climbing; impulsivity eg poor control; blurting out answers
•secondary problems include compromised academic performance; social isolation |
|
|
Term
| what are the probable causes of ADHD? |
|
Definition
•strong evidence of a dopamine association
•previously ideas of ‘minimal brain damage’
•uterine environment - low birth weight; smoking during pregnancy; exposure to lead
•accumulated psychosocial factors |
|
|
Term
| how might ADHD be treated? |
|
Definition
•stimulant medication
•behavioral interventions – to reinforce impulse control and attentional focus
•combination treatment – behavioral and medication management although treatment availability is often contingent on social circumstances |
|
|
Term
| what is defined as a conduct disorder? |
|
Definition
| A childhood disorder in which the child repeatedly violates the basic rights of others, displaying aggression and sometimes destroying others’ property, stealing, or running away from home |
|
|
Term
| what is ADHD and what are the likely secondary problems associated with this disorder? |
|
Definition
•attention deficit - poor focus; disorganized; distractible; hyperactivity - eg fidgets; leaving seat; excessive running/climbing; impulsivity eg poor control; blurting out answers
•secondary problems include compromised academic performance; social isolation |
|
|
Term
| what are the probable causes of ADHD? |
|
Definition
•strong evidence of a dopamine association
•previously ideas of ‘minimal brain damage’
•uterine environment - low birth weight; smoking during pregnancy; exposure to lead
•accumulated psychosocial factors |
|
|
Term
| how might ADHD be treated? |
|
Definition
•stimulant medication
•behavioral interventions – to reinforce impulse control and attentional focus
•combination treatment – behavioral and medication management although treatment availability is often contingent on social circumstances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| childhood disorder marked by repeated bed-wetting or wetting one’s clothes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| childhood disorder characterized by repeated defecating in inappropriate places, such as one’s clothing |
|
|
Term
| what 2 major disorders are categorized as pervasive developmental disorders and why? |
|
Definition
•Autistic Disorder and Asperger’s Disorder
•pervasive in the sense that the individual’s life is significantly disrupted – in terms of language, socialization and cognition |
|
|
Term
| what are the major features of Autism Disorder in terms of social interaction, communication and behavior and interests? |
|
Definition
•social interaction – eg restricted non-verbal communication; developmentally delayed peer relationships; lack of social/emotional reciprocity
•communication – about 50% never acquire useful speech; unusual communicative style
•restricted behavior, interests and activities – perseveration of sameness; stereotyped and repetitive behavior |
|
|
Term
| what is Asperger’s Disorder and what are it’s key features? |
|
Definition
| a significant impairment in the ability to engage in meaningful social interaction along with restricted stereotyped behaviors but without severe delays in language or other cognitive skills characteristic of people with autism |
|
|
Term
| what are the likely social, psychological, and biological explanations for pervasive developmental disorders? |
|
Definition
•sociocultural – research has failed to support original ideas of family relationships and stress
•psychological causes – perceptual or cognitive disturbances
•biological sources – some genetic basis; prenatal difficulties or birth complications; a postnatal event; increased volume of white matter in the brain; and wide-ranging differences in structure and brain activity |
|
|
Term
| what is communication training therapy? |
|
Definition
| sign language; simultaneous communication; augmentative communication and child-directed interventions |
|
|
Term
| what is family and community care? |
|
Definition
| parent training; support groups; parents associations |
|
|
Term
| how do we define mental retardation; how is it assessed? |
|
Definition
| marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average; based on the assessment of intellectual function as measured by the individuals intelligence quotient and adaptive function – categorized as mild, moderate and profound retardation |
|
|
Term
| what are the three levels of learning disability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the likely causes of mental retardation? |
|
Definition
•chromosomal – eg Down’s Syndrome - most commonly type is trisomy 21 – caused by three twenty-first chromosomes; Fragile X syndrome
•metabolic causes
•pre-natal and birth complications – eg fetal alcohol syndrome; brain damage related to anoxia
•childhood problems – injuries, toxins, infections |
|
|
Term
| specifically what is the cause of Down’s syndrome? |
|
Definition
| caused by three twenty-first chromosomes; Fragile X syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what additional aspects of function should be supported? |
|
Definition
| support for personal, social and occupational growth - eg dating support; sheltered workshops |
|
|
Term
| what is geropsychology and how is it distinct from a focus on disorders of cognition? |
|
Definition
| considers the mental health issues of the elderly – including anxiety, depression, substance abuse rather than the issues of loss in memory |
|
|
Term
| how should depression in later life be treated? |
|
Definition
•support from children – a form of role reversal
•support from the community – depending on the level of collective efficacy
•creative action – taking steps to adjust and adapt to failing ability and preparing for future needs |
|
|
Term
| how should anxiety in later life be treated? |
|
Definition
| psychotherapy, CBT and anxiolytic medication |
|
|
Term
| how should substance abuse in later life be treated? |
|
Definition
| detoxification; Antabuse; AA; and cognitive therapy |
|
|
Term
| what is delirium – what typically causes it in the elderly, and how is it treated? |
|
Definition
a rapidly developing clouding of consciousness; the person has great difficulty concentrating, focusing attention, and following an orderly sequence of thought; •misuse of medication; substance abuse; fever; head injury;
•treatment - often addresses the underlying medical condition or mismanagement of medication; social support is important |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A syndrome marked by severe problems in memory and in at least one other cognitive function |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the key features of Alzheimer’s disease? |
|
Definition
•broad cognitive impairment – memory; orientation, judgment and reasoning; poor sequencing and planning – starting with lapses of attention and difficulties with language and communication – becomes increasing pervasive
•also loss of interest, possible social isolation and agitation, depression, anxiety, and hostility |
|
|
Term
| they are “twisted protein fibers that form within certain brain cells as people age.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| they are “sphere-shaped deposits of beta-amyloid protein” |
|
Definition
|
|
