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Abnormal Psych: Exam #3
Introduction, Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Substance Use Disorders
293
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/13/2015

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Term
True or False: Video Gaming Addiction in now a formal diagnostic category in the DSM V.
Definition
False. Gambling is the only non-substance addictive disorder that is in the DSM V.
Term
What is the "Cinderella Law"?
Definition
Laws in South Korea that limit underage videogaming between the hours of 12 am and 6 am, to limit severe health disruptions caused by continuous gaming. There has been difficulty enforcing these laws.
Term
What are some advantages to the categorization of substance use as a disease?
Definition
a) public awareness is brought to the problem
b) funding to study substance use disorders and their treatment is more widely available
c) some stigma is reduced
Term
What are some disadvantages of the categorization of substance use as a disease?
Definition
a) reduction in addicts' accountability
b) less incentive to abstain from substances
c) addict is placed in victim role
d) this theorization is inconsistent with controlled use.
e) self-fulfilling prophecy
Term
There is a high co-morbidity between substance use disorders and other mental disorders. What are the theories for why this is the case?
Definition
a) people who have a mental disorder may self-medicate using illicit substances and are at a higher risk to develop substance use disorder
b) individuals with substance use disorders have higher liklihood of low socio-economic status, violence in environment, etc. that make them more likely to experience other mental disorders.
Term
True or false: treatment for substance use disorders often involves treatment for other co-morbid mental disorders, such as mood or anxiety disorders.
Definition
False: this would be a good treatment practice, but it is not used.
Term
Define "drug of abuse"
Definition
A psychoactive substance. Any chemical which alters a person's mood, perception, or brain functioning.
Term
What are some legal drugs of abuse? (In the USA)
Definition
Nicotine, Alcohol, and Caffeine are legal without a prescription. Drugs like benzodiazepines and some opiates are available with a prescription and are often abused.
Term
Define "illicit drugs"
Definition
Psychoactive substances that may not be illegal, but are misused. (Prescription drugs and naturally occurring hallucinogens are examples)
Term
What are designer drugs?
Definition
Drugs that mimic the effects of illegal drugs, but have slightly altered chemical compounds, so they are nto technically illegal. Often they are even more dangerous because of the lack of regulation and the inclusion of additives.
Term
What is MDPV?
Definition
A designer drug, also called bath salts, that mimics MDMA. Extremely potent and has severe side effects (psychosis, suicidality). Now illegal.
Term
What are the DSM V diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorders?
Definition
Two or more of the following:
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Use of larger amounts or for longer than intended
Persistent attempts to quit or cut back
giving up important activities to use substances
spendign a lot of time acquiring or using substance
physical or mental health problems associated with substance use
Failure to fulfill major role obligations
Recurrent use in hazardous situations
recurrent interpersonal or social problems due to use
Craving
Term
Define Tolerance
Definition
The process of the nervous system becoming less sensetive to the effects of the substance. (This results in a need for increased quantities of the substance in order to achieve the same high)
Term
Define Withdrawal
Definition
The symptoms that a person experiences when they stop using a drug.
Term
What are the two major psychological aspects of addiction?
Definition
Impulsivity and Compulsivity
Term
True or false: illegality of drugs is correlated with the danger of their use and abuse
Definition
False. Illegality is primarily a product of social and political factors.
Term
What is the Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathway?
Definition
Pathway in the brain that includes the ventral striatum and is involved in the production of dopamine.
Term
What correlation exists between substance abuse and dopamine receptor density in scans of brains?
Definition
There is a higher density of dopamine receptors in healthy controls than in substance users.
Term
Is the low density of dopamine receptors in substance abusers a cause or result of substance abuse disorders?
Definition
Potentially both, although stronger evidence suggests that substance use causes changes in the brain's concentration of dopamine receptors.
Term
What areas of the brain were effected during an MRI study of people being injected with cocaine?
Definition
Cocaine use increased activity in the ventral striatum and decreased activity in the amygdala (increase in reward systems and decrease in fear systems).
Term
During what century do we have the earliest archaeological records of alcohol production/consumption?
Definition
3000 BCE (Egypt)
Term
True or false: a large number of people who have alcohol use disorder receive treatment for it
Definition
False. Only about a quarter receive treatment.
Term
What are the gender demographics associated with alcohol use disorder?
Definition
Men outnumber women 2:1
Term
Rank ethnic/racial prevalence of Alcohol use disorders
Definition
1. Native American
2. Caucasian
3. Black
4. Hispanic
5. Asian
Term
People with what educational demogrpahics have the highest levels of alcohol use disorders?
Definition
People who have attended college have higher levels of alcohol use disorder than those who have not.
Term
In what regions of the US is alcohol use disorder most common?
Definition
West, Midwest
Term
In what regions of the US is alcohol use less common?
Definition
South, Northeast
Term
True or false: low and moderate alcohol use disorder is most common in lower income populations.
Definition
False. Severe alcohol use disorder is more common in lower income populations, but mild and moderate disorders are equally common among members of different socio-economic classes.
Term
What percentage of college students meet the criteria for alcohol use disorder (ages 18-24)?
Definition
20%
Term
List three long-term physiological effects of disordered alcohol use.
Definition
1. cirrhosis of liver
2. malnutrition
3. stomach pains
Term
What is alcohol withdrawal delirium?
Definition
Severe withdrawal effects that occur rarely following prolonged drinking sprees. Effects include disorientation, hallucinations, aute fear, extreme suggestibility, and physiological systems including fever. Usually follower by several days of sleep.
Term
What is the death rate associated with alcohol withdrawal delirium?
Definition
10% (associated with the physiological symptoms).
Term
What is another name for Korsakoff's Syndrome?
Definition
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder
Term
What is Alcohol Amnestic Disorder?
Definition
a memory deficit followed by fabrication of events to fill up memory gaps that follows many years of heavy alcohol use. it is possible that this is the result of a vitamin B deficiency.
Term
Describe the Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathway's Role in the effects of alcohol
Definition
Alcohol blocks GABA, which normally inhibits dopamine, so that more dopamine is present in the brain.
Term
How are genetic contributions relevant to the development of alcoholism?
Definition
The risk of alcoholism with no dependent parents is increased twofold when one parent is dependent and fourfold when both parents are dependent. Studies show increased dependence in children who are adopted by non-dependent parents, so even if some of this is learned, it's not entirely learned.
Term
What are the three main chemical compounds involved in the metabolism of alcohol?
Definition
Alcohol, acetaldehyde, acetate
Term
What is the name of the enzyme that facilitates the transformation of Alcohol into acetaldehyde?
Definition
ADH1B
Term
What is the name of the enzyme that facilitates the transformation of Acetaldehyde into acetate?
Definition
ALDH2
Term
The polymorphism of ADH1B associated with flushing causes a(n) __________ (increase or decrease) in conversion of alcohol into acetaldehyde.
Definition
Increase
Term
The polymorphism of ALDH2 associated with flushing causes a(n) __________ (increase or decrease) in conversion of acetaldehyde into acetate.
Definition
Decrease
Term
Which polymorphism associated with flushing (of ADH1B or ALDH2) is more common?
Definition
ADH1B.
Term
Define "flushing" in the context of alcohol use.
Definition
Flushing is a reaction to alcohol use where the face reddens and one has aversive reactions, such as nausea, dizziness, or headaches. It is caused by the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body.
Term
How is flushing and alcohol metabolism relevant to a discussion of alcohol use disorders?
Definition
Individuals who are genotypically predisposed to "flushing" are significantly less likely to develop alcohol use disorders, because it constitutes a natural aversive stimulus to alcohol consumption.
Term
In individuals genotypically predisposed to flushing, what health consequences are there to drinking excessively?
Definition
Esophageal cancer.
Term
What are some psychological characteristics of people who are more at risk for alcoholism?
Definition
a) individuals who experiences a significant reduction in stress following alcohol consumption
b) individuals who experience strong conditioned responses to alcohol cues.
c) individuals with more positive expectations of alcohol use
d) individuals who use alcohol to self-medicate for anxiety or stress related disorders
Term
What were the findings of the alcohol preference experiment in mice?
Definition
Mice with certain genotypes favored water mixed with alcohol (and sugar) over plain water (mixed with the same amount of sugar), while others significantly favored the non-alcoholic water. Bogdan referred to the mice as "strains" of mice, which made them sound like diseases...
Term
Define Impulsivity in terms of substance use disorders.
Definition
the urge to consume a substance in search of positive effects on the body, for arousal, gratification, or pleasure.
Term
Define Compulsivity in terms of substance use disorders.
Definition
the urge to consume a substance in order to evade negative effects, to relieve anxiety or withdrawal symptoms, or to bring the body back up to a baseline of functioning.
Term
True or false: impulsivity is associated with positive reinforcement
Definition
true
Term
True or false: compulsivity is associated with negative reinforcement.
Definition
true
Term
True or false: impulsivity is associated with negative reinforcement
Definition
false
Term
True or false: compulsivity is associated with positive reinforcement.
Definition
false
Term
What are some social factors associated with risk for alcoholism?
Definition
a) experimentation with alcohol
b) parental modeling
c) high levels of negative affect in the home
d) girls who have friends who are boys
Term
In a map of the world that shows consumption of alcohol per person, the lowest consumption is found in countries in north and central parts of africa, the middle east, south asia and pacific islands. Why might this be?
Definition
Countries where dominant religions do not allow alcohol consumption (mainly Islam) show lower levels of alcohol consumption. This may either be because consumption actually is lower, or because reporting is lower as a result of stigmatization.
Term
What are some examples of biological treatments for alcoholism?
Definition
Medications that cause negative reactions if alcohol is consumed, medications that reduce cravings, and medications that reduce withdrawal symptoms.
Term
What is Antabuse?
Definition
A drug that causes vomiting if one induces alcohol while taking it. Potential problems with the drug include medication compliance, as a result, it is sometimes injected rather than taken in pill form.
Term
What types of psychological treatments exist for alcoholism?
Definition
Twelve Step recovery programs or CBT
Term
True or false: CBT is more effective than twelve step recovery programs (for alcoholism)
Definition
true (studies show)
Term
Which is a more popular treatment for alcoholism in the US, CBT or 12 step?
Definition
12 step
Term
What are the most significant differences between the treatment ideals for alcoholism in the United States and Europe?
Definition
US treatment systems are focused on abstinence while European treatments are focused on control.
Term
What is addictive potential?
Definition
The liklihood that someone who experiments with a drug will become dependent on it.
Term
What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
Definition
Anxiety pertains to the anticipation of future events, whereas fear is a reaction to present danger. In general Anxiety is more diffuse and fear more specific. Anxiety can be disproportionate and interfere with life, whereas fear responses are utilitarian.
Term
Common trait across all anxiety disorders (three words)
Definition
Failure to Habituate
Term
What percentage of Individuals with an anxiety disorder have another anxiety disorder or a mood disorder?
Definition
50%
Term
What percentage of individuals with depression also have an anxiety disorder?
Definition
60%
Term
What particular attributes distinguish anxiety disorders from other/daily experiences of fear/anxiety?
Definition
1. Anxiety is unrealistic or irrational
2. Anxiety is disabling, interferes with daily life (self or others)
Term
What disorders fall under the category of anxiety disorders in the DSM 5? (4 elements)
Definition
1. Phobic Disorder (Specific Phobia)
2. Panic Disorder
3. Social Anxiety Disorder
4. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Term
What categories of disorders exist in the DSM 5 which previously all fell under the category of anxiety disorders? (3 elements)
Definition
1. Anxiety Disorders
2. OCD and related Disorders
3. Stress related Disorders
Term
Rank the lifetime prevalence of the following disorders, from highest to lowest: Panic Disorder, Specific Phobia, Social Anxiety Disorder, OCD, Agorophobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, PTSD
Definition
1. Specific Phobia and Social Anxiety Disorder
3. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
4. Panic Disorder and PTSD
6. OCD and Agorophobia
Term
What are the differences between the role of stressful life events in the development of anxiety disorders vs. mood disorders?
Definition
Mood disorders, especially depression, are more often precipitated by stressful events involving loss (such as the death of a loved one), while anxiety disorders are more often precipitated by events involving danger and insecurity.
Term
What social factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders?
Definition
1. Stressful Life Events
2. Childhood Adversity
3. Parental Anxiety (learned behaviors)
Term
What biological factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders?
Definition
Genetic factors that increase likelihood of anxiety disorders are the same across disorder categories (Increased Amygdala and Insula activity among them)
Term
What is the significance of eye whites in anxiety disorder research?
Definition
Amount of visible whites of the eye exposed are considered a clear signal of levels of anxiety/fear in another, and therefor levels of danger in environments. Experiments using only eye whites flashed on a screen for miliseconds showed effects on Amygdala activity.
Term
What is the Insula?
Definition
A region of the brain connected to the autonomic nervous system which assigns meaning to physiological responses and is important for bodily perception.
Term
What is Interoception?
Definition
The kind of exposure necessary for panic disorder where physiological states are induced for exposure (i/e shortness of breath or dizziness).
Term
Why is the Insula relevant to anxiety disorders?
Definition
Awareness of physiological response to anxiety can precipitate further anxiety. The Insula is especially important is social phobia/SAD and panic disorder, where anxiety is often produced by a fear of fear, or a fear of response to fear. The Insula is less important in, for example, arachnophobia.
Term
Define Phobia
Definition
Persistent, Irrational, narrowly defined fears that are associated with a specific object or situation.
Term
What are the types of Phobic Disorders?
Definition
Specific Phobia, Social Phobia (specific or generalized), and Agoraphobia (which is better categorized alongside Panic disorder)
Term
What are the DSM V criteria for a diagnosis of a Specific Phobia?
Definition
Marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable CUED by the presence or anticipation of a specific stimulus.
Term
Explain the Mnemonic: Ferret Robberies Are Pretty Intense
Definition
FRAPI- Fear, Response, Avoidance, Persistence, Interference - the five diagnostic criteria for specific phobia.
Term
What were the DSM IV TR subtypes for specific phobias (Not in the DSM V)
Definition
Animal, Natural Environment, Blood-injection-injury, Situational, Other
Term
What is the prevalence of Specific Phobias between gender categories?
Definition
3x more common in women than in men
Term
Explain the evolutionary etiologies of Specific Phobias.
Definition
Phobias of specific threatening elements in environment (Dangerous animals, heights, etc.) discourage risky behavior and preserve life to pass on traits to offspring. Evidence shows slithering and crawling motions reduced down (without other clear animal imagery) induces fear response. Fear of spiders more common that fear of guns suggest evolutionary etiologies rather than social threat in present circumstance.
Term
Explain the relationship between classical conditioning and Phobias
Definition
negative stimuli associated with non-specific stimuli lead to fear responses associated with the non-specific stimuli. Ex: Little Albert, the Kool-Aid chemo experiment.
Term
Explain the activity of the amygdala in response to stimuli in phobic individuals and control groups.
Definition
responses to both generally negative and neutral stimuli were comparable between phobic and control groups, but response to phobic stimuli was MUCH higher in phobic individuals than controls. (i/e- increased amygdala response, but only for specific stimuli, not generally)
Term
What is observational conditioning?
Definition
fear responses that are associated with observing others reacting fearfully to stimuli. This has implications in the content and effects of mass media.
Term
What is the Preparedness Theory of Phobias?
Definition
Despite the fact that fear responses can be learned through conditioning, there are certain biological processes which render humans more prepared for certain phobic reactions and create constraints for what phobic reactions can be learned. Prepared associations can be learned more quickly and are more difficult to extinguish than other associations.
Term
What kind of treatment is most effective for Specific Phobias?
Definition
Exposure Therapy
Term
What is a Fear-Avoidance Hierarchy?
Definition
A tool for implementing Exposure therapy. Patients rank interactions with stimulus according to level of fear and avoidance associated. Therapists will begin exposure close to middle/beginning and work upwards.
Term
What is the difference between social anxiety disorder and shyness?
Definition
Shyness is a related construct, but not a disorder. SAD involves a level of fear in social situations that leads to impairment.
Term
What is the DSM V Definition of Social Anxiety Disorder
Definition
A marked and persistent fear of one or more social situations where the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny or might humiliate themselves.
Term
Explain the Mnemonic, "Fork Robberies Aren't Extremely Intense"
Definition
FRAEI: Fear, Response, Avoidance, Excessive, Interference - DSM diagnostic requirements for Social Anxiety Disorder
Term
Describe the specific subtype of Social Anxiety Disorders
Definition
Only one to three feared situations cause anxiety response. This form is less intense and more common. The most common form of SAD is in this subtype: fear of public speaking
Term
Describe the Generalized subtype of Social Anxiety Disorder
Definition
Involves a large number of feared situations. Generally more severe and less common than specific social anxiety disorder.
Term
Which personality traits account for the genetic risk for Social Anxiety Disorder?
Definition
Introversion and Neuroticism
Term
What kind of brain reactions to faces occur in individuals with social anxiety compared to control groups?
Definition
Higher Amygdala and Insula responses.
Term
What are the environmental risk factors for developing Social anxiety disorder?
Definition
Bullying in childhood, childhood neglect/abuse, overprotective parenting styles.
Term
What is the Evolutionary Theory of Social anxiety Disorder?
Definition
Behaviors of SAD can be understood as responses to competitive social environment by one with low social status (ex: gaze aversion)
Term
What is the Cognitive Behavioral Theory of Social Anxiety Disorder?
Definition
The beliefs that negative evaluation is likely and that being liked is fundamentally important lead to distress, especially due to hyper vigilance to signs of social threat. Often hyper-vigilance actually impairs social functioning, causing negative evaluations by peers and producing a cycle.
Term
Explain the Orphanage Study
Definition
Children reared in a specific orphanage (low caring environment) showed increased amygdala responses and made reduced eye contact as a result.
Term
How do thoughts, feelings, and behaviors interact according to the cognitive behavioral model of Social Anxiety Disorder?
Definition
Negative Cognitions, emotions, and behaviors are all interrelated and produce each other. Reciprocal causation: Negative cognitions produce negative emotions and vice versa, etc.
Term
What kind of Psychiatric treatments are used for Social Anxiety Disorder?
Definition
SSRIs are often prescribed. Benzodiazepines are sometimes used.
Term
What kinds of Psycho-therapeutic treatments are used for Social Anxiety disorder?
Definition
CBT is used, both individually and in groups. Attention Bias Retraining is also an experimental therapy.
Term
What is Attention Bias Retraining?
Definition
An experimental therapeutic technique that involves retraining the brain not to bias the negative over the positive.
Term
What are elements of CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder?
Definition
Social exposures using the fear hierarchy model. Sometimes with pre-exposure planning. Cognitive restructuring: promoting rational thought about one's negative cognitions.
Term
List some of the symptoms of a Panic Attack (Don't need to know all, but should recognize them and know some)
Definition
Palpitations, Sweating, Trembling or shaking, sensations of shortness of breath, feeling of choking, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, derealization, fear of losing control, numbness, fear of dying, chills, flushes.
Term
What is the time limit in order to define symptoms as a panic attack?
Definition
The symptoms must peak within 10 minutes.
Term
What is the difference between a panic attack and panic disorder?
Definition
Panic attacks are incidents, which may or may not be symptomatic of a disorder. Often, initial panic attack follows a highly stressful life circumstance. MANY people experience panic attacks. Panic disorder, however, involves continued fear of panic attacks, and often later attacks are precipitated by this fear, rather than external distressing events.
Term
What is the DSM V Criteria for Panic Disorder?
Definition
At least one attack followed by 1 month (or more) of 1 (or more) of the following:
Persistenst concern about having additional panic attacks.
Worry about implications of attack.
Significant changes in behavior related to the attacks.
Term
Why aren't recurrent unexpected panic attacks necessarily panic disorder?
Definition
Panic disorder must include some kind of response to the experience of panic attacks (fear of them, changes in behavior as a result of them, etc.) Frequent panic attacks may be a symptom of other anxiety disorders (ex: panic attacks associated with phobia exposure)
Term
What is the DSM V Criteria for Agoraphobia?
Definition
Anxiety about being in situations from which escape might be difficult, or in which help may not be available if panic-like symptoms develop.
Term
What is the prevalence of Agoraphobia among genders?
Definition
80-90% of people with agoraphobia are women.
Term
What are the theories surrounding the high prevalence of Agoraphobia among women as opposed to men?
Definition
Gender roles often force men to confront fears, and exposure outside of clinical therapy may occur because of social pressures.
Term
What is the average age of onset for Panic Disorder?
Definition
23-34 years old
Term
What is Catastrophic Misinterpretation?
Definition
When external stimuli or internal processes cause a physiological stress reaction, a person with Panic Disorder may misinterpret bodily sensations as a catastrophic event, thus increasing physiological stress symptoms and precipitating a panic attack.
Term
What is the basic timeline of Amygdala and Insula activity during a panic attack?
Definition
Increased activity in the Insula (recognition of physiological symptoms) is following by increased activity in the amygdala (recognition of symptoms precipitates fear response)
Term
What psycho-therapeutic treatments are used for Panic Disorder?
Definition
Interoceptive Exposure, Cognitive Therapy, and Psychoeducation.
Term
What kind of pharmaceutical treatments are used for panic disorder?
Definition
Benzodiazepines are sometimes prescribed, but they actually make relapse more frequent.
Term
What is Interoceptive exposure?
Definition
deliberate exposure to feared internal stimuli. Treatment for panic disorder.
Term
What is the main target of cognitive therapy for panic disorder?
Definition
Catastrophic automatic thoughts ("I am going to die")
Term
What are the DSM V Diagnostic Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
Definition
Excessive Anxiety and Worry, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities.
Term
What are the six symptoms associated with GAD?
Definition
Keyed up, Fatigued, Concentration impairment, Irritability, Muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
Term
How can GAD be differentiated from MDD when symptoms of both are disorders are present?
Definition
To diagnose GAD, the relevant symptoms MUST be present outside of depressive episodes. If they are only present within the depressive episodes it is just MDD, but if outside, both diagnoses can be applied. (GAD can also be diagnosed without MDD)
Term
What is worry?
Definition
Negative emotional thoughts, specifically concerning possible future threats or dangers, that are difficult to control. Usually worry is verbal rather than visual.
Term
When does worry become pathological?
Definition
a) very frequent
b) uncontrollable
c) permeates range of life areas
d) when an emotional valence is attached to it
Term
What is the age of onset of GAD?
Definition
31-33 (Median Age)
Term
Why is there so much controversy over the diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
Definition
a) High overlap between depression and other anxiety disorders
b) indistinguishable genotypes
c) low diagnostic reliability (low kappa values)
Term
Why is the categorization of GAD in the DSM controversial?
Definition
The organizing structure of the DSM is supposed to be such that disorders within a category are more related than those from different categories. However, GAD has more in common with MDD than some other Anxiety disorders, which disrupts this.
Term
What is the Tri-Partite model of mood and anxiety disorders?
Definition
Symptoms of disorders can be split into three categories, those shared by both mood and anxiety disorders (negative affect), those specific to mood disorders (anhedonia), and those specific to anxiety disorders (Hyper arousal)
Term
What symptoms are specific to GAD (as opposed to MDD)?
Definition
Worry, intolerance of uncertainty, and GABA/Benzodiazepine receptor dysfunction.
Term
What medications are used to treat GAD?
Definition
SSRI's, again, benzos are used but not the best.
Term
What is the most common traditional Psychtherapeutic treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
Definition
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Term
What are some new psychotherapy options to treat GAD?
Definition
Interpersonal and emotional processing therapy, mindfulness based CBT, emotion regulation therapy
Term
How is CBT applied to the treatment of GAD?
Definition
Self Monitering is important, especially in terms of preventing avoidant behaviors. Cognitive Biases must be approached and dealt with (Antecedent Cognitive Reappraisal).
Term
What are the DSM V Diagnostic Criteria for Obsessions?
Definition
Recurrent and persisten thoughts, impulses, or images
a) experienced as intrusive and inappropriate
b) cause marked anxiety or distress
The thoughts are not simply excessive worries about real-life problems
The person attempts to ignore or suppress the thoughts
The person recognizes that the thoughts are a product of their own mind (not imposed from outside)
Term
What are the DSM V Diagnostic Criteria for Compulsions?
Definition
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly.
Term
What are some examples of Obsessions?
Definition
Contamination fears, fears of harming oneself or others, concerns about lack of symmetry, pathological doubt, etc.
Term
What are some examples of compulsions?
Definition
Cleaning, checking, repeating, ordering/arranging, counting, etc.
Term
What is the DSM V Definition of OCD?
Definition
a) presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both.
b) these cause merked distress, are time consuming (1 hour + per day), or interfere with the person's functioning.
c) specify degree of insight
Term
What is the gender prevalence of OCD?
Definition
Affects men and women equally.
Term
What is the Age of onset of OCD?
Definition
typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood.
Term
What other disorders are commonly comorbid with OCD?
Definition
Other mood and anxiety disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, hair pulling and skin picking disorders.
Term
What are the psychological causes of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?
Definition
Neutral stimuli become associated with frightening thoughts or experiences through classical conditioning, and once an association is made, compulsive behaviors reduce anxiety and are used as coping mechanisms.
Term
What are potential evolutionary etiologies of OCD?
Definition
Fears of contamination and compulsion to wash may come from these behaviors improving life and reproductive expectancy because of reduced death and disease.
Term
What is the effect of thought suppression in individuals with OCD?
Definition
Trying to suppress intrusive thoughts intensifies them.
Term
What are some cognitive causal factors of OCD?
Definition
Cognitive biases include an inflated sense of responsibility ("I have to apologize or you will die"), difficulty blocking out negative information, low self-confidence in memory, and deficits in ability to inhibit motor responses.
Term
What are some genetic causal factors for OCD?
Definition
OCD is moderately heritable. Neuroticism predisposes individuals to multiple types of anxiety disorder. Some forms of OCD are also associated with chronic motor tics
Term
What have brain scan experiments shown about the neurological processes of people with OCD?
Definition
OCD patients have increased activity in the amygdala (among other areas of the brain) in response to specific obsession-related stimuli, but not to generally negative stimuli, compared to healthy controls.
Term
What kinds of psycho-pharmaceutical treatments are used for OCD?
Definition
SSRIs are used. There is some degree of symptom reduction while using SSRIs but they also have high relapse rates.
Term
What kinds of pyscho-therapeutic treatments are used for OCD?
Definition
Exposure Therapy, WITH RESPONSE PREVENTION. encourage habituation of anxiety without using compulsions to reduce anxiety. The cognitive component is not very important with OCD.
Term
Define Stress:
Definition
a) External demands placed on an organism
b) organism's internal biological and psychological responses to such demands
Term
What are the six key characteristics of stress?
Definition
Severity, Chronicity, Timing, Degree of Impact, Level of expectation, and Controllability
Term
What is Allostasis?
Definition
The adaptation of the body in order to achieve stability. This results in wear and tear on the body.
Term
What are the diagnostic criteria for PTSD?
Definition
a) exposure to a traumatic event
b) re-experiencing cluster symptoms
c)Avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma
d) increased arousal
e) duration of greater than 1 month
f) significant distress or impairment in functioning
Term
What is acute stress disorder?
Definition
A reaction to trauma which is less intense than PTSD. ASD symptoms are the same as PTSD symptoms, but last between 2 days and 4 weeks
Term
What are the four types of exposure to a traumatic event (in order to diagnose PTSD)?
Definition
1) direct exposure
2) witnessing in person
3) indirectly learning a loved one was exposed to severe/unexpected trauma.
4) repeated indirect exposure to aversive details of trauma (e.g., medical personnel)
Term
What kinds of traumatic events produce the highest levels of PTSD diagnoses?
Definition
1) Rape
2) Violent physical assault
3) Other sexual assault

personal physical and sexual violence have the highest rates, unexpected or sudden traumas also have high rates.
Term
What are the four PTSD symptom clusters?
Definition
Re-experiencing, Avoidance, Increased Arousal, Negative Alterations in Mood or Cognition
Term
List the symptoms in the Re-experiencing cluster for PTSD (6 elements)
Definition
a) recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories
b) traumatic nightmares
c) acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (e.g., hallucinations, flashbacks)
d) Dissociative reactions (e.g., flashbacks)
e) Intense distress at exposure to cues that resemble some aspect of the traumatic event
f) physiological reactivity on exposure to cues that resemble some aspect of the traumatic event
Term
List the symptoms in the avoidance cluster for PTSD (2 elements)
Definition
Avoidance of or efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings associated with traumatic event
Term
List the symptoms in the increased arousal cluster for PTSD
Definition
a) difficulty falling or staying asleep
b) irritability or outbursts of anger
c) difficulty concentrating
d) hyper-vigilance
e) exaggerated startle response
f) reckless behavior
Term
List the symptoms in the Negative Alterations in Mood and Cognition Cluster for PTSD
Definition
a) inability to recall important aspects of the trauma
b) persistent negative beliefs/expectations about oneself, others, and the world.
c) persistent distorted cognitions about the cause or consequence of the events that leads to blame of self or others
d) long lasting negative emotional state
e) markedly diminished interest in activities
f) feeling detached or begin estranged from others
g) persistent inability to experience positive emotions
Term
What is the gender prevalence for PTSD diagnosis?
Definition
There are higher rates of PTSD in women despite men being more likely to be exposed to traumatic events. Potentially related to the high risk for PTSD associated with rape which women are more likely to experience than men.
Term
Why might PTSD rates be higher for soldiers coming home from Iraq and Afghanistan than for soldiers in previous wars?
Definition
a) lower public approval for war effort increases risk
b) people surviving traumatic injury they would have died from in previous wars.
c) higher civilian casualties than previous wars.
d) medical personnel treating both sides of the war causes trauma
Term
What is distinct about PTSD among all other DSM diagnoses?
Definition
PTSD is the only disorder in the DSM that is etiologically based, or has a concrete known etiology (traumatic event)
Term
What personality traits are associated with increased risk for a traumatic experience?
Definition
a risk taking predisposition and Extroversion
Term
How is classical conditioning related to the development of PTSD?
Definition
Terror becomes associated with cues present during the traumatic event. Trauma is re-experienced when those cues are revisited.
Term
How is operant conditioning related to PTSD?
Definition
Avoidance behaviors alleviate anxiety. Negative reinforcement continues avoidance behavior.
Term
What are some cognitive factors associated with the development of PTSD?
Definition
Expectations of trauma, sense of fairness (as opposed to guilt), and dedication to a cause all reduce development of PTSD for those who experience trauma.
Term
How is the HPA Axis involved with PTSD?
Definition
The HPA Axis gets fucked up in a similar but also different way than it does for depression.
Term
Explain the damage (changes made) to the brain as a result of stress.
Definition
Neurons (volume, reactivity, something?) are decreased in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, but increased in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Thus: the structures of the brain that manage stress reduction and reasoning are decreased, while those that produce fear responses are increased. (This is an adaptive feature of the brain to different levels of stress in the environment)
Term
What is the relationship between hippocampal volume and PTSD?
Definition
People with PTSD on average have smaller hippocampi. While initially theorized as an effect of PTSD, twin studies suggested instead that a small hippocampus is a predisposition that increases the likelihood of developing PTSD.
Term
What is "Debriefing" Treatment? Does it work?
Definition
Based on the idea that PTSD represents a failure to process a traumatic event, those who have experienced trauma are encouraged to debrief to prevent PTSD. This only worked in very specific situations involving continual repetitive debriefing. It really doesn't work.
Term
How is CBT applied to PTSD?
Definition
a) establishing a trusting therapeutic relationship
b) psycho-education
c) stress-management training
d) exposure
e) integration of traumatic event
Term
What is prolonged exposure?
Definition
It is a treatment for PTSD. It involves imagery rehearsal and exposure to feared stimuli. Prolonged exposure can be very difficult, especially considering the nature of many kinds of trauma.
Term
What are NMDA Receptor Agonists?
Definition
Antibiotics that can be used to promote habituation during PTSD (and OCD and social Phobia) treatment so that it progresses more quickly.
Term
What is D-Cycloserine?
Definition
An NMDA receptor agonist
Term
Are NMDA Receptor Agonists a standard treatment for PTSD?
Definition
No, they are an experimental therapy at the moment (and they are used only in conjunction with psychotherapy)
Term
What are Beta Blockers?
Definition
Drugs that block norepinephrine. A study showed that when given in ER following a car accident, they reduced PTSD development later. Promising study.
Term
Violence and Mental Illness (Prevalence, Caviats?)
Definition
People diagnosed with mental illnesses are three times more likely than members of the general population to commit acts of violence. HOWEVER this increased liklihood is also correlated with tertiary factors (Substance Abuse, Living in Violent Environments, and Past History of Victimization of Violence). When Controlled for these factors, People diagnosed with mental illness do not commit acts of violence at rates higher than the general population.
Term
Abnormality as Statistical Deviation
Definition
Issue: How do we contend with "positive" abnormality, those who deviate statistically above average, or in a way that is socially desirable?
Term
Abnormality as Social Norm Deviation
Definition
Issues: Some social norm deviations are intentional, and praised (Avant Garde; Ex: Lady Gaga). Some aspects of Celebrity in general constitute norm deviation in a way that may be aspired to, valued, or found interesting from a commercial standpoint.
Term
Abnormality as Personal Distress
Definition
Pros: Helps to quantify whether other definitions of deviation should be categorized as abnormality in a clinical context (ex: statistical deviatin that causes distress).
Issues: Some stress/distress is normal over the course of life. Injury, emotional stress, and sickness are not necessarily clinical abnormalities if they resolve on their own and are considered normal life cycle events.
Term
Abnormality as Maladaptive Behavior
Definition
Generally more applicable and has fewer issues than other designations. Maladaptivity can be applied to the person or society (maladaptive behavior which causes person harm, social stress, extrapersonal harm, etc.)
Term
DSM V Definition of Mental Illness
Definition
A syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbances in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning.

Typically associated with distress or disability in key areas of functioning, such as social, occupational, and other activities.
Term
What is not a mental illness?
Definition
Predicatable responses to stressors within cultural context (i/e: in certain cultures religious experiences would not be considered abnormal even if they included hallucinatory, or other aspects that might be involved in DSM definitions of mental disorders)

Intentional abnormal activities/intentional social deviance--usually stemming from desire to critique/protest society.
Term
ICD-10
Definition
International Statistical Classification of Disease (Similar to the DSM, but contains information about physical illnesses and injury as well, also used more internationally than the DSM)
Term
Largest Global Burden of Disease (Category)
Definition
Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders (13%)
Term
Ranking of Mental Disorder Burden ("Developed Countries") (7 elements in list)
Definition
1. Unipolar Major Depression
2. Schizophrenia
3. Bipolar Mood Disorder
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
5. Panic Disorder
6. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
7. Self-Inflicted Injuries (Suicide)
Term
Where do DALY figures of lost money from depression come from?
Definition
Disability: Lost productivity, job functioning, etc. associated with depressive symptoms.
Term
Phillippe Pinel
Definition
(1745-1826)
Pioneered Humanitarian Treatment within asylums. Developed "Moral Treatment" approach, involving encouraging normal daily life within the asylum, purposeful but calming activity, and communication with attendants. His therapy wasn't very effective at releasing cured/rehabilitated patients though.
Term
Dorthea Dix
Definition
(1802-1887)
Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill people in the united states.
Worked to establish 32 new public hospitals.
Introduced the staffing of asylums with physicians. (Medicalization of mental illness).
Term
Deinstitutionalization (Causes)
Definition
Moral concerns with what was going on inside asylums.
New medications (anti-psychotics) made treatment more accessible outside of asylums.
Term
Deinstitutionalization (Effects)
Definition
Anticipated outpatient facilities never constructed.
Mentally ill people become homeless in large numbers, and are then funneled into the prison system. US carceral system required to adapt to act as mental illness treatment facilities (particularly for lower classes/racial minorities with less access to private treatment).
Term
Traditional Paradigms for understanding Psychopathology (5 elements)
Definition
Biological, Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic), Cognitive, Behavioral, Humanistic
Term
Biological Paradigm
Definition
Focus: The Brain and Genes
Issues: Biological reductionism (reducing problems to their smallest parts)
Term
Psychoanalytic Paradigm
Definition
Grew from Freud's work with clients.
Focus: Internal mental conflict (unknown to client)
Term
Behavioral Paradigm
Definition
Grew out of laboratory research
Ex: treatments for anxiety disorders involving exposure and conditioning
Grows into cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Term
Cognitive Paradigm
Definition
Research/empirical findings call into question behavior as sole cause of fear arising.
Focus: Irrational thinking leads to stress/impairment; biases in information processing
Term
Edwin Twitmeyer
Definition
(1873-1943)
Discovered classical conditioning before pavlov but no one knows...
Term
Animism
Definition
Ancient paradigm of understanding mental illness involving spirits and drilling holes in skulls to cure mental illness.
Term
Biopsychosocial Model
Definition
Integrated System
Understands more complex system than one cause for a given psychopathology in a given individual.
Term
Diathesis Stress Model
Definition
People have a given liability to mental illness. People with a low liability only present symptoms in extreme stress, people with high liability need very little stress (or none at all) to present systems.
Term
Differential Susceptibility Model
Definition
(Plasticity Model)
Some people are very stable, they perform similarly in very good and very bad environments. Some people are very effected negatively by bad environments, but these people are also very positively effected by good environments.
Term
5-HTTLPR
Definition
This is the gene that has the short/long combinations, for which people with more short alleles are more succeptible to mental illness under the influence of multiple stressful life events. Example of the diathesis stress model at work.
Term
Epigenetics
Definition
Gene expression can be altered by situational factors.
Term
Placebo Effect
Definition
Inert Treatment still alleviates symptoms
Term
Double Blind Study
Definition
Keeps both researchers and participants in the dark so that expectations don't effect outcome
Term
Efficacy
Definition
When something works in a lab setting
Term
Effectiveness
Definition
When something works in the real world
Term
Biological Treatments
Definition
Examples include:
Psychopharmacology
ECT
Neurosurgery
Term
Psycho-therapeutic Treatments
Definition
Examples Include:
Psychoanalytic therapy
Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Client Centered Therapy
Term
Agonists
Definition
Class of drug that increases neurochemical signaling
Term
Antagonists
Definition
Class of drug that decreases neurochemical signaling
Term
Palliative
Definition
Treats symptoms not necessarily cause of a disorder (Ex: SSRIs)
Term
Curative
Definition
Treats cause of a disorder (not true for pharmacological treatments)
Term
Antipsychotic Medication
Definition
Reduces dopamine by blocking receptors
Reduces intensity of delusions/hallucinations
Term
Tardive Dyskinesia
Definition
Movement abnormalities associated with antipsychotic medications
Term
Antidepressant medication
Definition
Acts on Seratonin (and sometimes Norepinephrin)
Includes SNRI, SSRI, MAOI, and TCA types
Term
SNRI
Definition
Seratonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
(Newer than SSRIs so cheaper, but otherwise similar)
Term
MAOI
Definition
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
(Dietary Restrictions and Increased side effects make it less often prescribed)
Term
TCA
Definition
Tricyclic Anti-depressant
(Older form of anti-depressant, first discovered)
Term
Prenatal SSRI use
Definition
Potential depressive behaviors increased in adulthood. (Studies on mice, no human studies done).
Note: Depression while pregnant leads to higher likelihood of worse effects (including birth defects)
Term
Anxiolytic Medication
Definition
Antianxiety Medication
Term
Antianxiety Medication
Definition
Benzodiazepines
Term
Mood Stabilizing Medication
Definition
Lithium
Term
Issues with Psychopharmacology
Definition
Compliance (sometimes improved with psychotherapy)
Dosage Issues
Relapse Rates (Also improved with psychotherapy)
Also some drugs just don't work for some people
Term
ECT
Definition
Modern = quite safe
Some memory loss
effective for people with treatment resistant depression
Term
Psychosurgery
Definition
Deep Brain Stimulation (Electrodes and pace meaker inserted and activated at times to stimulate certain areas of the brain)
Effective for treatment resistant depression
Term
Ventral Striatum
Definition
Associated with Reward
Stimulated in Neurosurgical procedures
Term
Client Centered Therapy
Definition
Carl Rogers
Three Major Components are Genuineness, Accurate Empathy, and Unconditional Positive Regard
Reflective
Issues: clients who don't have a strong grasp on reality, or don't desire to change behaviors
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
Freud
Symptoms are symbolic of underlying conflict & determined by defense mechanisms.
Insight and working through help to relieve symptoms
Term
Transference
Definition
(Psychoanalysis) transferring images/ideas/sensations from life into therapy
Term
Dream Interpretation
Definition
(Psychoanalysis) Defenses are lowered and forbidden thoughts, desires, fears may be revealed
Term
Free association
Definition
(Psychoanalysis) just saying whatever comes to mind--Freudian slips and symbolic transitions relevant.
Term
Analyzing resistance
Definition
(Psychoanalysis) reveals internal barriers
Term
Behavior Therapy (Assumptions)
Definition
Behavior is determined by antecedents and consequences
Changes in behavior can lead to emotional changes
Insight is neither sufficient nor necessary
Term
Behavior Therapy (Procedures)
Definition
Exposure (and response prevention)
Skills training or Behavior Rehearsal
Term
Contingency Management
Definition
Operant Conditioning: Rewarding desired behaviors and punishing negative behaviors. Consistency is very important. (ex: token economy within institutions)
Term
Cognitive behavioral Therapy (Assumptions)
Definition
Emotions determined by self-statements and not the events themselves
Intensity and duration of negative emotions can be reduced by learning more rational cognitions
Term
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Procedures)
Definition
Recognize maladaptive self statements (as well as their triggers and effects)
Substitute with rational cognitions
Rehearsal (Like keeping a diary)
Term
Depression + CBT = what kind of changes in brain function?
Definition
Increased activation of reward systems (decreased Anhedonia)
Term
Incidence
Definition
The occurrence, rate or frequency of a condition at a given time. (How many people currently have this?)
Term
Lifetime Prevalence
Definition
The Proportion of a population that at some point in their life (up to the time of assessment) have experienced the condition. (How many people have ever had this?)
Term
Third Variable Problem
Definition
To variables with a correlation (Positive or negative) cannot necessarily be identified as linked insofar as one variable causes the incidence of the other. Often a third variable can be identified which causes, or is otherwise linked to both. (i/e: night lights correlated with near-sighted-ness)
Term
Categorical Classification
Definition
Based on presence or absence of aspects (yes/no distinctions). Primarily Qualitative. Either you do or don't have it.
Term
Dimensional classification
Definition
Puts emphasis on the amount of certain qualities, Quantitative distinctions. More midground in this system.
Term
Descriptive Classification
Definition
Early stages of science are often descriptive.
Articulation of symptoms rather than underlying cause.
Term
Etiologic classification
Definition
Later, more advanced scientific classification.
Articulation of causes rather than (just) symptoms of a condition.
Term
DSM III (Important changes)
Definition
More complete descriptions.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Separation of Axis I and Axis II (Personality Disorders on Axis II)
Dropped Vague terms like "neurosis"
Term
Reliability
Definition
What is the CONSISTENCY with which the same diagnosis is applied by different psychologists? (Measured in Kappa)
Term
Kappa
Definition
Measure Consistency
Kappa values range between 0 and 1. (0 least consistence, 1 most consistency)
Kappa of .4 is minimal acceptable value for research.
Term
Validity
Definition
Does a system measure what it is supposed to measure?
Different types: Convergent, Descriminant, Criterion
Term
Projective Assessment
Definition
Examples: Ink Blot and other Imagery tests
Intended to allow for traversal of defenses (Get at information the patient isn't consciously aware of).
Usually time consuming, often not effective, and generally doesn't provide information that couldn't be gotten just by asking.
Term
Objective Tests
Definition
Example: MMPI
Created through empirical criterion keying.
Can be quite accurate and have a lot of research behind them.
Term
MMPI
Definition
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(Objective Test)
Term
Tarasoff Case
Definition
Result: Clinicians are required to report BOTH to the police, AND to a threatened individual if a client makes threats against another person.
Term
Criteria for a Major Depressive Episode
Definition
At least 5 of the following symptoms, must have either 1 or 2:

1. Depressed mood most of the day NED
2. Anhedonia most of the day NED
3. Weight change or persistent change in eating habits
4. Insomnia or Hypersomnia NED
5. Psychomotor agitation/retardation
6. Fatigue or loss of energy NED
7. Feelings of worthlessness/excessive Guilt NED
8. Lowered concentration/increased indecisiveness
9. Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Term
DAWSAFGCS
Definition
Drinking At Work Suggests A Formidable Gap in Common Sense
Depression, Anhedonia, Weight Change, Sleep, Agitation, Fatigue, Guilt, Concentration, Suicide
Term
Drinking At Work Suggests A Formidable Gap in Common Sense
Definition
Depression, Anhedonia, Weight Change, Sleep, Agitation, Fatigue, Guilt, Concentration, Suicide
Term
Major Depressive Disorder
Definition
At least One Major Depressive Episode
No Manic or Hypomanic Episodes
Term
Dysthymic Disorder
Definition
Depressed Mood lasting a minimum of 2 years, with no significant breaks (2 months or longer). No major Depressive episode in first two years.
Much less common. Difficult to treat. Sometimes understood as a Depressive Personality Disorder
Term
Analogue Studies
Definition
Studying Analogous Behaviors in animals to make conclusions abotu human behavior. Allowed for more invasive experiementation that would have been immoral in humans (today these experiments are considered immoral in animals as well)
Term
Environmental Factors of Depression
Definition
Stressful Life Events
Lack of Social Support
Term
Biological Factors of Depression
Definition
HPA Axis
Genetic Vulnerability
Brain Function
Neurochemicals
Term
Psychological Factors of Depression
Definition
Information Processing Bias
Cognitive Distortions
Rumination
Personality
Term
HPA Axis
Definition
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
(The Central regulator of the body's response to stress: error in functioning related to depression)
Term
Link between HPA Axis and Depression
Definition
Cortisol Levels are Elevated, but HPA axis stress response is not shut off after stressor ends.
Third Variable: Weight Gain and Metabolism Issues
Term
Allele correlated with Depression in the presence of stress (in terms of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism)
Definition
Short Allele
Term
Left and Right Prefrontal Activity associated with Depression
Definition
Activity Reduced in Left (Anhedonia), Increased in Right (Depression)
Term
Amygdala Volume/Activity Associated with Depression
Definition
Increased
Term
Hippocampus Volume/Activity Associated with Depression
Definition
Decreased
Term
Beck's Cognitive Theory (Progression)
Definition
Early Experience --> Formation of Dysfunctional Beliefs --> Critical Incident(s) --> Beliefs Activated --> Cycle of Negative Automatic THoughts and Depressive Symptoms
Term
Behavioral Activation Treatment
Definition
Involves Planning Positive Activities and forcing self to go, evidence shows it is as effective as CBT. (Like Medications, higher relapse rates though)
Term
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulus
Definition
Stimulates specific brain regions with magnetic technologies. Can be used to increase or decrease activity.
Term
Bipolar I
Definition
Must have at least one Manic Episode
Term
Bipolar II
Definition
Must have at least one Hypomanic Episode
AND
must have at least one major depressive episode
Term
Manic Episode
Definition
A period of elevated, expanisve, or irritable modd, which lasts at least one week, and includes at least 3 of the following:
1. Grandiosity/Inflated Self0Esteem
2. Talkative, pressured speech
3. Flight of Ideas, Racing THoughts
4. Distractable
5. Increase in Goal directed activity, agitation
6. Excessive Risky Pleasure Seeking
Term
GSRGDR
Definition
Getting Super Rich Doesn't Guarantee Respect
Grandiosity, Speech, Racing, Distractable, Goals, Risks
Term
Getting Super Rich Doesn't Guarantee Respect
Definition
Grandiosity, Speech, Racing THoughts, Distractable, Goals, Risks
Term
Prevalence of Mood Disorders Ranked (3 Elements)
Definition
1. Unipolar Depression (17%)
2. Bipolar Depression (4%)
3. Dysthymia (3%)
Term
Onset of Unipolar and Bipolar Depression
Definition
Bipolar has earlier onset and unipolar has later onset
Term
Gender prevalence of Unipolar and Bipolar Depression
Definition
Unipolar is more common in women, Bipolar has a roughly equal prevalence in men and women
Term
Treatment of Unipolar and Bipolar Depression
Definition
Unipolar responds to psychotherapy alone, or SSRIs (and other Seratonin Based Medications). Bipolar never responds to therapy alone. Seratonin related medications can induce mania so mood stabilizers are used instead (lithium). psychotherapy can be used in conjunction (largely to help with medication compliance)
Term
Bipolar Environmental Factors
Definition
Stressful Life Events
Goal Attainment
Schedule Disruption
Lack of Sleep
Term
Bipolar Biological Factors
Definition
Genetic Vulnerability
Brain Function
Term
Bipolar Psychological Factors
Definition
Cognitive Distortions
Grandiose THinking
Term
Genome Wide Association Study
Definition
Something that involves arraying genes from large samples of people kind of randomly and doing math or something. (Has lead to some discoveries concerning Bipolar Disorder Etiologies)
Term
Bipolar Disorder and Reward
Definition
Individuals with Bipolar disorder (both those currently experiencing mania and those not) experienced similar responses to high reward situations, but showed much lower responses to low reward situations. Interpretation: People with bipolar disorder require "higher stakes" to experience emotional reactions to rewards
Term
Percent of Suicides which occur within the context of clinical depression
Definition
%50
Term
Percent of depressed patients who ultimately commit suicide
Definition
large estimate: 15-20%
Others say actually less than 10%
(2-9%)
Term
Suicide and Population Density
Definition
Higher suicide per capita in the United States is linked to lower population density. This might be related to feelings of isolation, less access to treatment and resources, etc.
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