Term
| Violence and Mental Illness (Prevalence, Caviats?) |
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Definition
| People diagnosed with mental illnesses are three times more likely than members of the general population to commit acts of violence. HOWEVER this increased liklihood is also correlated with tertiary factors (Substance Abuse, Living in Violent Environments, and Past History of Victimization of Violence). When Controlled for these factors, People diagnosed with mental illness do not commit acts of violence at rates higher than the general population. |
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Term
| Abnormality as Statistical Deviation |
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Definition
| Issue: How do we contend with "positive" abnormality, those who deviate statistically above average, or in a way that is socially desirable? |
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Term
| Abnormality as Social Norm Deviation |
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Definition
| Issues: Some social norm deviations are intentional, and praised (Avant Garde; Ex: Lady Gaga). Some aspects of Celebrity in general constitute norm deviation in a way that may be aspired to, valued, or found interesting from a commercial standpoint. |
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Term
| Abnormality as Personal Distress |
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Definition
Pros: Helps to quantify whether other definitions of deviation should be categorized as abnormality in a clinical context (ex: statistical deviatin that causes distress).
Issues: Some stress/distress is normal over the course of life. Injury, emotional stress, and sickness are not necessarily clinical abnormalities if they resolve on their own and are considered normal life cycle events.
Also psychotic people may not recognize personal distress because they do not feel anchored enough in reality for their abnormality to have personal distressing effects. |
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Term
| Abnormality as Maladaptive Behavior |
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Definition
| Generally more applicable and has fewer issues than other designations. Maladaptivity can be applied to the person or society (maladaptive behavior which causes person harm, social stress, extrapersonal harm, etc.) |
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Term
| DSM V Definition of Mental Illness |
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Definition
A syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbances in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning.
Typically associated with distress or disability in key areas of functioning, such as social, occupational, and other activities. |
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Term
| What is not a mental illness? |
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Definition
Predicatable responses to stressors within cultural context (i/e: in certain cultures religious experiences would not be considered abnormal even if they included hallucinatory, or other aspects that might be involved in DSM definitions of mental disorders)
Intentional abnormal activities/intentional social deviance--usually stemming from desire to critique/protest society. |
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Term
|
Definition
| International Statistical Classification of Disease (Similar to the DSM, but contains information about physical illnesses and injury as well, also used more internationally than the DSM) |
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Term
| Lifetime prevalence of At Least one Mental Disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent of those with active disorder who seek treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lifetime Prevalence of Anxiety Disorder (US, Adults) |
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Definition
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Term
| Lifetime prevalence of Mood Disorders (US, Adults) |
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Definition
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Term
| Lifetime Prevalence of Substance Abuse Disorders (US, Adults) |
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Definition
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Term
| Largest Global Burden of Disease (Category) |
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Definition
| Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders (13%) |
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Term
| Ranking of Mental Disorder Burden ("Developed Countries") (7 elements in list) |
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Definition
1. Unipolar Major Depression
2. Schizophrenia
3. Bipolar Mood Disorder
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
5. Panic Disorder
6. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
7. Self-Inflicted Injuries (Suicide) |
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Term
| Where do DALY figures of lost money from depression come from? |
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Definition
| Disability: Lost productivity, job functioning, etc. associated with depressive symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
(1745-1826)
Pioneered Humanitarian Treatment within asylums. Developed "Moral Treatment" approach, involving encouraging normal daily life within the asylum, purposeful but calming activity, and communication with attendants. His therapy wasn't very effective at releasing cured/rehabilitated patients though. |
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Term
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Definition
(1802-1887)
Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill people in the united states.
Worked to establish 32 new public hospitals.
Introduced the staffing of asylums with physicians. (Medicalization of mental illness). |
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Term
| Deinstitutionalization (Causes) |
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Definition
Moral concerns with what was going on inside asylums.
New medications (anti-psychotics) made treatment more accessible outside of asylums. |
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Term
| Deinstitutionalization (Effects) |
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Definition
Anticipated outpatient facilities never constructed.
Mentally ill people become homeless in large numbers, and are then funneled into the prison system. US carceral system required to adapt to act as mental illness treatment facilities (particularly for lower classes/racial minorities with less access to private treatment). |
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Term
| Traditional Paradigms for understanding Psychopathology (5 elements) |
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Definition
| Biological, Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic), Cognitive, Behavioral, Humanistic |
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Term
|
Definition
Focus: The Brain and Genes
Issues: Biological reductionism (reducing problems to their smallest parts) |
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Term
|
Definition
Grew from Freud's work with clients.
Focus: Internal mental conflict (unknown to client)
Issues: Difficult to study empirically |
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Term
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Definition
Grew out of laboratory research
Ex: treatments for anxiety disorders involving exposure and conditioning
Grows into cognitive-behavioral therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
Research/empirical findings call into question behavior as sole cause of fear arising.
Focus: Irrational thinking leads to stress/impairment; biases in information processing |
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Term
|
Definition
(1873-1943)
Discovered classical conditioning before pavlov but no one knows... |
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Term
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Definition
| Ancient paradigm of understanding mental illness involving spirits and drilling holes in skulls to cure mental illness. |
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Term
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Definition
Integrated System
Understands more complex system than one cause for a given psychopathology in a given individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Different actions lead to same outcome |
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Term
|
Definition
| Same action can lead to multiple outcomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| People have a given liability to mental illness. People with a low liability only present symptoms in extreme stress, people with high liability need very little stress (or none at all) to present systems. |
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Term
| Differential Susceptibility Model |
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Definition
(Plasticity Model)
Some people are very stable, they perform similarly in very good and very bad environments. Some people are very effected negatively by bad environments, but these people are also very positively effected by good environments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This is the gene that has the short/long combinations, for which people with more short alleles are more succeptible to mental illness under the influence of multiple stressful life events. Example of the diathesis stress model at work. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene expression can be altered by situational factors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inert Treatment still alleviates symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Keeps both researchers and participants in the dark so that expectations don't effect outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| When something works in a lab setting |
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Term
|
Definition
| When something works in the real world |
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Term
|
Definition
Examples include:
Psychopharmacology
ECT
Neurosurgery |
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Term
| Psycho-therapeutic Treatments |
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Definition
Examples Include:
Psychoanalytic therapy
Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Client Centered Therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class of drug that increases neurochemical signaling |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class of drug that decreases neurochemical signaling |
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Term
|
Definition
| Treats symptoms not necessarily cause of a disorder (Ex: SSRIs) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Treats cause of a disorder (not true for pharmacological treatments) |
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Term
|
Definition
Reduces dopamine by blocking receptors
Reduces intensity of delusions/hallucinations |
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement abnormalities associated with antipsychotic medications |
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Term
| Antidepressant medication |
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Definition
Acts on Seratonin (and sometimes Norepinephrin)
Includes SNRI, SSRI, MAOI, and TCA types |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Seratonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
(Newer than SSRIs so cheaper, but otherwise similar) |
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Term
|
Definition
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
(Dietary Restrictions and Increased side effects make it less often prescribed) |
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Term
|
Definition
Tricyclic Anti-depressant
(Older form of anti-depressant, first discovered) |
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Term
|
Definition
Potential depressive behaviors increased in adulthood. (Studies on mice, no human studies done).
Note: Depression while pregnant leads to higher likelihood of worse effects (including birth defects) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Mood Stabilizing Medication |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Issues with Psychopharmacology |
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Definition
Compliance (sometimes improved with psychotherapy)
Dosage Issues
Relapse Rates (Also improved with psychotherapy)
Also some drugs just don't work for some people |
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Term
|
Definition
Modern = quite safe
Some memory loss
effective for people with treatment resistant depression |
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Term
|
Definition
Deep Brain Stimulation (Electrodes and pace meaker inserted and activated at times to stimulate certain areas of the brain)
Effective for treatment resistant depression |
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Term
|
Definition
Associated with Reward
Stimulated in Neurosurgical procedures |
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Term
|
Definition
Carl Rogers
Three Major Components are Genuineness, Accurate Empathy, and Unconditional Positive Regard
Reflective
Issues: clients who don't have a strong grasp on reality, or don't desire to change behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
Freud
Symptoms are symbolic of underlying conflict & determined by defense mechanisms.
Insight and working through help to relieve symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Psychoanalysis) transferring images/ideas/sensations from life into therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Psychoanalysis) Defenses are lowered and forbidden thoughts, desires, fears may be revealed |
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Term
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Definition
| (Psychoanalysis) just saying whatever comes to mind--Freudian slips and symbolic transitions relevant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Psychoanalysis) reveals internal barriers |
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Term
| Behavior Therapy (Assumptions) |
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Definition
Behavior is determined by antecedents and consequences
Changes in behavior can lead to emotional changes
Insight is neither sufficient nor necessary |
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Term
| Behavior Therapy (Procedures) |
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Definition
Exposure (and response prevention)
Skills training or Behavior Rehearsal |
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Term
|
Definition
| Operant Conditioning: Rewarding desired behaviors and punishing negative behaviors. Consistency is very important. (ex: token economy within institutions) |
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Term
| Cognitive behavioral Therapy (Assumptions) |
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Definition
Emotions determined by self-statements and not the events themselves
Intensity and duration of negative emotions can be reduced by learning more rational cognitions |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Procedures) |
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Definition
Recognize maladaptive self statements (as well as their triggers and effects)
Substitute with rational cognitions
Rehearsal (Like keeping a diary) |
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Term
| Depression + CBT = what kind of changes in brain function? |
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Definition
| Increased activation of reward systems (decreased Anhedonia) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The occurrence, rate or frequency of a condition at a given time. (How many people currently have this?) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The Proportion of a population that at some point in their life (up to the time of assessment) have experienced the condition. (How many people have ever had this?) |
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Term
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Definition
| To variables with a correlation (Positive or negative) cannot necessarily be identified as linked insofar as one variable causes the incidence of the other. Often a third variable can be identified which causes, or is otherwise linked to both. (i/e: night lights correlated with near-sighted-ness) |
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Term
| Categorical Classification |
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Definition
| Based on presence or absence of aspects (yes/no distinctions). Primarily Qualitative. Either you do or don't have it. |
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Term
| Dimensional classification |
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Definition
| Puts emphasis on the amount of certain qualities, Quantitative distinctions. More midground in this system. |
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Term
| Descriptive Classification |
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Definition
Early stages of science are often descriptive.
Articulation of symptoms rather than underlying cause. |
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Term
|
Definition
Later, more advanced scientific classification.
Articulation of causes rather than (just) symptoms of a condition. |
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Term
| DSM III (Important changes) |
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Definition
More complete descriptions.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Separation of Axis I and Axis II (Personality Disorders on Axis II)
Dropped Vague terms like "neurosis" |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is the CONSISTENCY with which the same diagnosis is applied by different psychologists? (Measured in Kappa) |
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Term
|
Definition
Measure Consistency
Kappa values range between 0 and 1. (0 least consistence, 1 most consistency)
Kappa of .4 is minimal acceptable value for research. |
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Term
|
Definition
Does a system measure what it is supposed to measure?
Different types: Convergent, Descriminant, Criterion |
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Term
|
Definition
Examples: Ink Blot and other Imagery tests
Intended to allow for traversal of defenses (Get at information the patient isn't consciously aware of).
Usually time consuming, often not effective, and generally doesn't provide information that couldn't be gotten just by asking. |
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Term
|
Definition
Example: MMPI
Created through empirical criterion keying.
Can be quite accurate and have a lot of research behind them. |
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Term
|
Definition
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(Objective Test) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Result: Clinicians are required to report BOTH to the police, AND to a threatened individual if a client makes threats against another person. |
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Term
|
Definition
| MAOA gene and Violent Behavior |
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Term
| Criteria for a Major Depressive Episode |
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Definition
At least 5 of the following symptoms, must have either 1 or 2:
1. Depressed mood most of the day NED
2. Anhedonia most of the day NED
3. Weight change or persistent change in eating habits
4. Insomnia or Hypersomnia NED
5. Psychomotor agitation/retardation
6. Fatigue or loss of energy NED
7. Feelings of worthlessness/excessive Guilt NED
8. Lowered concentration/increased indecisiveness
9. Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide |
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Term
|
Definition
| Drinking At Work Suggests A Formidable Gap in Common Sense |
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Term
|
Definition
| Depression, Anhedonia, Weight Change, Sleep, Agitation, Fatigue, Guilt, Concentration, Suicide |
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Term
| Drinking At Work Suggests A Formidable Gap in Common Sense |
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Definition
| Depression, Anhedonia, Weight Change, Sleep, Agitation, Fatigue, Guilt, Concentration, Suicide |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
At least One Major Depressive Episode
No Manic or Hypomanic Episodes |
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Term
|
Definition
Depressed Mood lasting a minimum of 2 years, with no significant breaks (2 months or longer). No major Depressive episode in first two years.
Much less common. Difficult to treat. Sometimes understood as a Depressive Personality Disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| Studying Analogous Behaviors in animals to make conclusions abotu human behavior. Allowed for more invasive experiementation that would have been immoral in humans (today these experiments are considered immoral in animals as well) |
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Term
| Environmental Factors of Depression |
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Definition
Stressful Life Events
Lack of Social Support |
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Term
| Biological Factors of Depression |
|
Definition
HPA Axis
Genetic Vulnerability
Brain Function
Neurochemicals |
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Term
| Psychological Factors of Depression |
|
Definition
Information Processing Bias
Cognitive Distortions
Rumination
Personality |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
(The Central regulator of the body's response to stress: error in functioning related to depression) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
A: Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF or CRH)
B: Anterior Pituitary
C: Corticotropin
D: Adrenal Cortex
E: Cortisol
F: Hypothalamus |
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Term
| Link between HPA Axis and Depression |
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Definition
Cortisol Levels are Elevated, but HPA axis stress response is not shut off after stressor ends.
Third Variable: Weight Gain and Metabolism Issues |
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Term
| Allele correlated with Depression in the presence of stress (in terms of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left and Right Prefrontal Activity associated with Depression |
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Definition
| Activity Reduced in Left (Anhedonia), Increased in Right (Depression). |
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Term
| Amygdala Volume/Activity Associated with Depression |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Hippocampus Volume/Activity Associated with Depression |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Beck's Cognitive Theory (Progression) |
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Definition
| Early Experience --> Formation of Dysfunctional Beliefs --> Critical Incident(s) --> Beliefs Activated --> Cycle of Negative Automatic THoughts and Depressive Symptoms |
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Term
| Behavioral Activation Treatment |
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Definition
| Involves Planning Positive Activities and forcing self to go, evidence shows it is as effective as CBT. (Like Medications, higher relapse rates though) |
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Term
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulus |
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Definition
| Stimulates specific brain regions with magnetic technologies. Can be used to increase or decrease activity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Must have at least one Manic Episode |
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Term
|
Definition
Must have at least one Hypomanic Episode
AND
must have at least one major depressive episode |
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Term
|
Definition
A period of elevated, expanisve, or irritable modd, which lasts at least one week, and includes at least 3 of the following:
1. Grandiosity/Inflated Self0Esteem
2. Talkative, pressured speech
3. Flight of Ideas, Racing THoughts
4. Distractable
5. Increase in Goal directed activity, agitation
6. Excessive Risky Pleasure Seeking |
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Term
|
Definition
| Grandiosity, Speech, Racing, Distractable, Goals, Risks |
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Term
|
Definition
| Getting Super Rich Doesn't Guarantee Respect |
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Term
| Getting Super Rich Doesn't Guarantee Respect |
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Definition
| Grandiosity, Speech, Racing THoughts, Distractable, Goals, Risks |
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Term
| Prevalence of Mood Disorders Ranked (3 Elements) |
|
Definition
1. Unipolar Depression (17%)
2. Bipolar Depression (4%)
3. Dysthymia (3%) |
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Term
| Onset of Unipolar and Bipolar Depression |
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Definition
| Bipolar has earlier onset and unipolar has later onset |
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Term
| Gender prevalence of Unipolar and Bipolar Depression |
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Definition
| Unipolar is more common in women, Bipolar has a roughly equal prevalence in men and women |
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Term
| Treatment of Unipolar and Bipolar Depression |
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Definition
| Unipolar responds to psychotherapy alone, or SSRIs (and other Seratonin Based Medications). Bipolar never responds to therapy alone. Seratonin related medications can induce mania so mood stabilizers are used instead (lithium). psychotherapy can be used in conjunction (largely to help with medication compliance) |
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Term
| Bipolar Environmental Factors |
|
Definition
Stressful Life Events
Goal Attainment
Schedule Disruption
Lack of Sleep |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar Biological Factors |
|
Definition
Genetic Vulnerability
Brain Function |
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|
Term
| Bipolar Psychological Factors |
|
Definition
Cognitive Distortions
Grandiose THinking |
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|
Term
| Genome Wide Association Study |
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Definition
| Something that involves arraying genes from large samples of people kind of randomly and doing math or something. (Has lead to some discoveries concerning Bipolar Disorder Etiologies) |
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Term
| Bipolar Disorder and Reward |
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Definition
| Individuals with Bipolar disorder (both those currently experiencing mania and those not) experienced similar responses to high reward situations, but showed much lower responses to low reward situations. Interpretation: People with bipolar disorder require "higher stakes" to experience emotional reactions to rewards |
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|
Term
| Percent of Suicides which occur within the context of clinical depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Percent of depressed patients who ultimately commit suicide |
|
Definition
large estimate: 15-20%
Others say actually less than 10%
(2-9%) |
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|
Term
| Suicide and Population Density |
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Definition
| Higher suicide per capita in the United States is linked to lower population density. This might be related to feelings of isolation, less access to treatment and resources, etc. |
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