Term
|
Definition
| refers to each of the unique personalities in an individual who has DID |
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Term
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Definition
| a [somatic symptom and related disorder] characterized by motor symptoms or disturbances in sensory functioning that appear to be a result of a neurological problem, but for which no physical cause can be found |
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Term
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Definition
| a disruption or breakdown in the integration of thoughts, feelings, experiences, behaviour, and/or identity in conscious awareness and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a [dissociative disorder] characterized by sudden loss of memory for important autobiographical or personal information, which is not due to a neurological or other medical condition. Characterized by a sudden onset, typically in response to a traumatic event or extremely stressful experience, and by an equally sudden return of memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of [dissociative amnesia] in which an individual suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home and may take up a new identity, accompanied by a loss of memory for his or her own identity or other important biographical information |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| the most severe and chronic of the dissociative disorders, characterized by the existence of two or more unique personalities in a single individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a dissociative symptom in which one experiences a sense of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer of one's own thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, or actions |
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Term
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Definition
| a dissociative symptom in which one has a sense of unreality or detachment with respect to objects or other people in the environment, experiencing them as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, or distorted |
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Term
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Definition
| said to be exhibited by persons who claim to remember events that did not really take place, due to the influence of therapists who use leading questions, repeated suggestion, visualization, and hypnosis with the aim of recovering repressed memories |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by faking or producing symptoms of illness or injury (e.g. by putting blood in a urine sample or swallowing a noxious substance) to gain a doctor's attention and thus satisfy a need to play the role of patient. Classified in DSM-5 under [somatic symptom and related disorders] |
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Term
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Definition
| an outdated psychiatric term once used to describe a symptom pattern characterized by emotional excitability and physical symptoms (e.g; convulsions, paralyses, numbness, loss of vision) without any organic cause |
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Term
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Definition
| a sensory symptom of [conversion disorder] involving a loss of feeling in the whole hand and wrist. Since this pattern is incompatible with the way nerves extend from the arm into the hand, it is clearly psychogenic in origin |
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Term
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Definition
| "produced by treatment" -- refers to a symptom or disorder that is induced in a patient as the result of therapeutic treatment such as medication or psychotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness, even though the individual does not have any serious bodily symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a surprising nonchalance or lack of concern about the severity of one's symptoms, which was previously thought to be evidence of a conversion disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to memories that a person cannot call into awareness, but which remain in the person's subconscious and can be retrieved under certain conditions or with the help of a psychotherapist |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that DID is a form of role-playing in which individuals come to construe themselves as possessing multiple selves and then begin to act in ways consistent with their or their therapist's conception of the disorder |
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Term
| somatic symptom and related disorders |
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Definition
| a set of disorders in the DSM-5 that are characterized by bodily symptoms that may or may not have an identifiable medical explanation and are accompanied by significant distress and/or disability. Individuals with these disorders typically seek help in medical, rather than mental health, settings |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by one or more bodily symptoms that are distressing to the individual, result in significant disruption of daily life, and are accompanied by excessive worry and preoccupation, extreme anxiety, or disproportionate time and energy |
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Term
| somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain |
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Definition
| a subtype of [somatic symptom disorder] in which the presenting bodily symptom involve pain (once called pain disorder) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the theory that DID is caused by severe childhood trauma, including sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, accompanied by personality traits that predispose the individual to employ dissociation as a defence mechanism or coping strategy |
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Term
| depersonalization/derealization disorder |
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Definition
| a dissociative disorder in which the individual has persistent or recurrent experiences of unreality or detachment from his or her own thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and/or surroundings. One's own sense of self and/or perceptions of other individuals or objects may be experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, or distorted |
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Term
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Definition
| the first phase of the [general adaptation syndrome] (GAS), a concept that was the first formal description and definition of stress as a consequence of adaptation to demand placed on the body. In the alarm phase, the body, faced with an adaptive challenge, mobilizes its defences |
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Term
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Definition
| in the [transactional model of stress], evaluations that people constantly make about what is happening to them and its implications for themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| disturbances in the normal pumping rhythm of the heart. Can result in a [myocardial infarction] |
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Term
|
Definition
| the development of [atherosclerosis]. Can occur as early as two years of age |
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Term
|
Definition
| a build-up of deposits, known as plaques, on the walls of the blood vessels. Atherosclerosis can narrow the openings of arteries enough to compromise the blood supply to the heart or the brain, leading to [myocardial infarction] or [stroke] |
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Term
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Definition
| application of the methods of behaviour modification to the treatment or prevention of disease--for example, the use of psychological techniques to control pain in patients undergoing medical procedures, or interventions to improve the diabetics' ability to control their blood glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the three general categories of immune response, based on the action of a class of blood cells called T-lymphocytes. The "T" designation refers to the locus of their production, the [thymus gland]. Ceullular immunity results from a cascade of actions of various types of T-lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of blood pumped by the heart. One of the two major variables that determine blood pressure. Cardiac output is itself determined by two other variables: the rate at which the heart beats (commonly measured in BPM) and the amount of blood ejected from the heart (strokes volume) |
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Term
| cardiovascular reactivity |
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Definition
| the degree of change in a cardiovascular function that occurs in response to psychologically significant events |
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Term
| constitutional vulnerability |
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Definition
| one model of how hostility might lead to health risk, which suggests that the link between hostility and poor health outcomes is the result of a third variable, constitutional vulnerability, with which they are both associated |
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Term
|
Definition
| the third phase of the [general adaptation syndrome] (GAS), a concept that was the first formal description and definition of stress as a consequence of adaptation to demands on the body. If the challenge persists beyond the resistance phase, the body can no longer maintain resistance, and characteristic tissue changes occur. At this point, the organism may succumb to a disease of adaptation, such as an ulcer |
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Term
| external locus of control |
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Definition
| a belief that the determinants of one's life reside outside oneself. People who have an external locus of control see themselves as being buffeted by the random events of the world |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the three general categories of immune response, in which invading antigens are presented by macrophages to B-lymphocytes. ("B" stands for bursa, an organ in which such cells are produced in birds. B-lymphocytes derive from the liver and bone marrow in humans.) This causes the B-cells to reproduce--a process reinforced by the lymphokine secretion from the helper T-cells. Some of the activated B-cells remain as memory B-cells. Others go on to be plasma cells, secreting antibodies called immunoglobulins that neutralize antigens in a number of different ways, such as clumping, presenting the antigen to phagocytic cells, or rupture the antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| any application of psychological methods and theories to understand the origins of disease, individual responses to disease, and the dimensions and determinants of good health |
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Term
| general adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| a stereotyped pattern of bodily changes that occur in response to diverse challenges to the organism, first described by Hans Selye. The syndrome comprises three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. The GAS was the first formal description and definition of stress |
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Term
|
Definition
| a characteristically high level of resting blood pressure (defined as a [systolic blood pressure/ diastolic blood pressure] reading more than 140/80 under precisely defined conditions). Can result from any of variety of causes, but in about 90 percent of cases it is "essential," meaning a simple cause cannot be identified. Hypertension is a risk factor for death due to cardiovascular disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| one model of how hostility might lead to health risk, which suggests that hostile people may be more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviours (for example, smoking, drug use, high-fat diets) and less likely to have healthy practices like exercise |
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Term
| internal locus of control |
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Definition
| a belief that the determinants of one's life reside inside oneself. People who have an internal locus of control can see themselves as the masters of their own destiny and seem to be protected against the harmful effects of stress on their health |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which blood supply to the heart becomes compromised, leading to a [myocardial infarction]. One of the leading causes of death from diseases of the cardiovascular system in Western societies |
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Term
|
Definition
| disruptions of bodily tissue or of the normal function of a bodily system |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychophysiological medicine, a process--an activity of a living system--that mediates the influence of an antecedent factor on disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a view of mind and body as separate entities, subject to different laws. Nowadays avoided in DSM terminology, hence the substitution of the term psychophysiological for psychosomatic |
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Term
| nonspecific immune responses |
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Definition
| one of the three general categories of immune response, in which circulating white cells called granulocytes and monocytes identify invading antigens and destroy them by phagocytosis: engulfing and digesting them |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a new field that studies the responsiveness of the immune system to psychosocial influences, and that has shown that the immune system can be affected by learning experience, emotional states, and personal characteristics |
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Term
|
Definition
| in the transactional model of stress, and [appraisal], which may occur quite unconsciously, that takes place when a person is faced with an event that may have adaptational significance. It is as if the individual asks: "Is this a threat to me?" The primary appraisal sets the stage for further events that may or may not lead to stres |
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Term
| potential years of life lost (PYLL) |
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Definition
| a measure of the impact of death on someone's lifespan calculated by subtracting age of death from his or her life expectancy |
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Term
|
Definition
| events or circumstances that help to offset, or buffer, [risk factors]. Anything that lessens the likelihood of disease. For example, exercise is considered to be a protective factor for cardiovascular disease |
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Term
| psychophysiological reactivity model |
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Definition
| one model of how hostility might lead to health risk, which suggests that hostile people are at a higher risk for various diseases because they experience exaggerated autonomic and neuroendocrine responses during stress |
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Term
| psychosocial vulnerability model |
|
Definition
| one model of how hostility might lead to health risk, which suggests that hostile people experience a more demanding interpersonal life than others |
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Term
|
Definition
| the second phase of the [general adaptation syndrome] (GAS), a concept that was the first formal description and definition of stress as a consequence of adaptation to demands placed on the body. I the resistance phase, if the challenge of the alarm phase persists, the body actively fights or copes with the challenge through immune and neuroendocrine changes. These adaptive responses enhance the body's ability to ward off threats in the short term |
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Term
|
Definition
| in the [transactional model] of stress, a set of [appraisals] that occur after a [primary appraisal] if the individual concludes there is an element of threat, equIvalent to the question: "Is there anything I can do about this?" |
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Term
|
Definition
| a loss of brain functions that results from interruption of blood supply to the brain or hemorrhage of blood vessels in the brain and consequent death of the neural tissue on which the brain functions depend |
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Term
| systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure |
|
Definition
| a measure of the pressure of the blood flowing through the vasculature. It is obtained by finding the number of millimetres of mercury displaced by a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a model of stress that conceives of stress as a property neighter of stimulus nor of response, but rather as an ongoing series of transactions between an individual and his or her environment. Central to this formulation is the idea that people constantly evaluate what is happening to them and its implications for themselves |
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Term
| total peripheral resistance |
|
Definition
| the diameter of the blood vessels; one of the variables affecting blood pressure |
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Term
| stress reactivity paradigm |
|
Definition
| a viewpoint that sees the reaction to stress as important to an understanding of cardiovascular disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| one model of how hostility might lead to health risk, which suggests that the behaviour of hostile individuals constructs, by its natural consequences, a social world that is antagonistic and unsupportive, so that both interpersonal stressors and the lack of social support increase vulnerability. A hybrid of the [psychophysiological reactivity model] and the [psychosocial vulnerability model] |
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Term
|
Definition
| the system of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins responsible for circulation of the blood to all parts of the body and its return to the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| a syndrome of behaviours that includes hyperalterness and arousability, a chronic sense of time-urgency, competitiveness, hostility, and job-involvement |
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Term
| controllable risk factors |
|
Definition
| factors increasing the likelihood of a disease, such as poor diet or smoking, that are under control of the individual |
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Term
| bipolar and related disorders |
|
Definition
| mood disorders in which the change in mood occurs in both directions; that is, the patient at one time or another experiences both depression and mania |
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Term
|
Definition
| a subtype of bipolar disorder in which there are one or more manic episodes and usually one or more depressive episodes |
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Term
|
Definition
| a subtype of bipolar disorder in which there is at least one hypomanic episode and one or more episodes of major depression |
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Term
|
Definition
| mood disorder characterized by long term (i.e. at least two years) repeated fluctuations in mood, varying from hypomanic symptoms to depressive symptoms that to not meet diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| thoughts about the self, world, or future that are distortions of the true state of affairs |
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Term
|
Definition
| negative views of the self, world, and future, as part of Beck's cognitive model of depression |
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Term
| cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) |
|
Definition
| a psychological theory that reflects the view that both thinking and behaviour are learned and can, therefore, be changed. It assumes that the way people view the world, including their beliefs and attitudes toward the world, themselves, and others, arises out of their experience and that these patterns of thinking and perceiving are maintained by consequences in the same way overt behaviour is maintained. While this treatment approach incorporates some procedures derived from strictly cognitive therapy, it essentially follows the views expressed by Bandura's social learning theory |
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Term
|
Definition
| mood disorders in which the change in mood is only in the direction of depression or lowered mood, followed by a return to normal mood with recovery |
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Term
| excessive reassurance seeking |
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Definition
| part of Coyne's model of depression where a depressed person seeks reassurance about him- or herself from non-depressed people |
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Term
| family-focused therapy (FFT) |
|
Definition
| adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar and related disorders that focuses on educating the patient's family about the disorder and improving family communication |
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Term
|
Definition
| Freudian theory that the individual unconsciously interprets all types of loss events (e.g. job loss) in terms of grief, thereby raising the risk for depression |
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Term
|
Definition
| a less severe, less disruptive, and often shorter version of a manic episode |
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|
Term
| hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis |
|
Definition
| the biological stress response system responsible for the fight-or-flight response. It is overactive in major depression |
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Term
| interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) |
|
Definition
| a therapy that uses a medical model to understand interpersonal conflicts and transitions as they relate to depression |
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Term
| interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) |
|
Definition
| adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder that focuses on regularizing patients' daily rhythms and routines |
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Term
| major depressive disorder (MDD) |
|
Definition
| a depressive disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest or ability to feel pleasure, unexplained weight loss, difficulty sleeping, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness or guilty, suicidal thoughts, and either agitation or slowing down. The person must not be suffering from other disorders that may present as depression, such as schizoaffective disorder or a delusional disorder |
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Term
| persistent depressive disorder |
|
Definition
| a [unipolar mood disorder] that manifests many of the same symptoms as major depression, except that they are less severe. It persists for at least two years, with only brief interludes of normal mood. Also known as [dysthymia] |
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Term
|
Definition
| a bipolar mood disorder characterized by flamboyance and expansiveness. A person experiencing a manic episode may go on shopping sprees, engage in sexually promiscuous behaviour, take on numerous, unrealistic work commitments, brag, and dominate others socially. In general, the person shows intolerance when the world does not cooperate with his or her momentary needs. Extreme or prolonged cases of mania are considered bona fide psychotic states, implying that the person is experiencing a break with reality |
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Term
| negative feedback seeking |
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Definition
| the tendency to actively seek out criticism and other negative interpersonal feedback from others |
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Term
| monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) |
|
Definition
| a class of mediations used to treat major depression by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down monoamines such as dopamine and norepinephrine, thus allowing more of these neurotransmitters to accumulate in the presynaptic cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| lithium salt, used to treat mania and depression. Has the effect of flattening out the peaks and valleys of the illness, allowing sufferers to achieve some stability in their lives with less disruption for family members. Apparently lithium has preventive effects for both [unipolar mood disorders] and [bipolar mood disorders], and lithium is considered the treatment of choice for bipolar disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment for seasonal affective disorder that involves exposure to high-intensity full spectrum lighting |
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Term
|
Definition
| unbearable psychological and emotional pain that strongly predicts suicide |
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Term
|
Definition
| further descriptors of a patient's condition that capture the natural variation in the expression of affective disturbances, and therefore increase the specificity of the diagnoses by conveying important information about salient features that might be otherwise overlooked. For example, one specifier used in conjunction with a diagnosis of [major depressive disorder] is "with melancholic features" |
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|
Term
| seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| a [unipolar mood disorder] characterized by a vulnerability to environmental sunlight changes and a pattern of cyclic and time-limited mood problems |
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Term
| stress generation hypothesis |
|
Definition
| a theory of depression reoccurrence, which states that individuals with a history of depression have higher rates of stressful life events that are at least in part dependent on their own behaviour or chaacteristics than non-depressed individuals |
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|
Term
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) |
|
Definition
| one of the three known major classes of antidepressants. SSRIs, as the name suggests, delay the process of reuptake of neurotransmitters so that they remain available longer to maintain optimal neuronal firing rates |
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|
Term
| tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) |
|
Definition
| one of the three known major classes of antidepressants. Tricyclics enable more neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft |
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Term
| vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) |
|
Definition
| treatment for severe depression that electrically stimulates the vagus nerve by way of an implanted stimulator |
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Term
|
Definition
| a loss of energy, motivation, or interest in activities, including grooming, education, or physical exertion |
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Term
|
Definition
| a loss of pleasure or interest in almost all activities or a lack of reactivity to usually pleasurable events |
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Term
|
Definition
| lack of emotional expression and response |
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Term
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Definition
| in Meehl's theory, the tendency for people with a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia to be perceived negatively and subjected to personal rejection, leading progressively to social withdrawal and alienation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a small almond-shaped structure in the tip of the temporal lobe that plays a role in emotional behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease marker that is cognitive in nature, typically involving a test of attention, memory, or reasoning |
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Term
|
Definition
| a disease marker that is cognitive in nature, typically involving a test of attention, memory, or reasoning |
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Term
|
Definition
| the mental consequence of [hypokrisia], namely loss of integrated thinking and coherent mental life |
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Term
|
Definition
| the mental consequence of [hypokrisia], namely loss of integrated thinking and coherent mental life |
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Term
|
Definition
| the combined risk for developing an illness that accumulates over multiple factors and over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| false beliefs that are strongly held, even in the face of solid contradictory evidence. Such beliefs usually involve a misinterpretation of one's experiences |
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Term
|
Definition
| implausible and unfounded beliefs and convictions not based in reality, as often experienced by people with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| false and implausible beliefs that focus on the possession of special powers, divinity, or fame |
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Term
|
Definition
| objective biological or behavioural traits or features of an individual that reliably reflect the presence of a medical or psychiatric disease or a predisposition to develop such a disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| a predisposition or vulnerability for the development of an illness or disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| a neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention, learning, and the brain's pleasure/reward system |
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Term
|
Definition
| a hereditary characteristic that is normally associated with some condition but is not a direct symptom of that condition |
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Term
|
Definition
| the measurement of movements of the eyes as they follow a point of light or waveform. Patients with schizophrenia often show jerky or irregular eye-tracking |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of modifications of gene expressions that are caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence |
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Term
|
Definition
| a common metric used to summarize the meaning of diverse studies in a [meta-analysis]. It is calculated as the difference between the means of the experimental (that is, the treatment) group and the control group, divided by the standard deviation of either the control group or the pooled sample of both groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| the influence of genes on the development of a mental illness or disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which a disorder occurs in members of the same family, including previous generations |
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Term
|
Definition
| the idea that the frontal brain region is damaged or dysfunctional in schizophrenia |
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|
Term
| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| a technique that allows observation of neurophysiological activity accompanying specific cognitive tasks |
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Term
|
Definition
| the variability and diversity of clinical and biological features seen in schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
| in Meehl's theory, the reduced selectivity with which nerve cells respond to stimuli, especially as seen in schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
| a region of the middle part of the temporal lobe involved with memory formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a seizure and loss of consciousness induced by administration of insulin |
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Term
|
Definition
| a form of psychotherapy that focuses on work with families and couples in intimate relationships |
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Term
|
Definition
| a historical term for madness rooted in folk beliefs that the moon influenced mental states |
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Term
|
Definition
| the brain region immediately beneath the left side of the skull and just above the ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical labels that identify the presence of specific types of receptors in brain tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| a common term for irrational or uncontrolled behaviour as well as conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| features of schizophrenia that comprise behavioural deficits including loss of motivation, lack of emotional expression, and lack of interest in the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| a method of quantitatively summing up previous research studies that have used different patient populations and outcome measures. The research results are combined by developing a common metric called an [effect size] |
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Term
|
Definition
| tests of cognitive and motor ability that are sensitive to damage or dysfunction in different brain regions |
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Term
|
Definition
| an "atypical" antipsychotic medication introduced in the late 1990s |
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Term
|
Definition
| the frequency of a disorder in a population at a given point or period of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal additions to mental life, including the hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thought frequently experienced by schizophrenia patients |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mental state characterized by severe impairment or distortion in the experience of reality as seen in disorders like schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
| false and implausible beliefs that focus on being followed, chased, harassed, or threatened by other people or unseen forced |
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Term
|
Definition
| the belief that common, meaningless occurrences have significant and personal maning |
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Term
|
Definition
| in genetics, the proportion of people with a given genetic endowment that actually express the effects of this endowment |
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|
Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| a combination of [computerized axial tomography] and [radioisotope imaging]. Radiation is generated by injected or inhaled radioisotopes. As the substance is used in brain activity, radiation is given off and detected, allowing measurement of a variety of biological activities as the processes occur in the living brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| the accuracy or ability of a test to detect that it was designed to detect |
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Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which a trait or feature occurs selectively in the target group under study as opposed to its occurrence in other groups or in the general population |
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Term
|
Definition
| the unsupported theory that cold and rejecting behaviour causes schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for people vulnerable to schizophrenia to "drift" down to lower social and economic levels |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| in Meehl's theory, a person with the genetic liability for [schizophrenia], but who may or may not progress to the full-blown psychotic illness |
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|
Term
| thought and speech disorder |
|
Definition
| a psychotic symptom, often reported in schizophrenia, that involves disorganized and incoherent ideas and language, a kind of nonsensical "crazy talk" |
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Term
|
Definition
| to repeat mistakes or incorrect responses |
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|
Term
| structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
| a brain scanning technique that provides detailed pictures and information on neuroanatomical structures |
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|
Term
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Test |
|
Definition
| a neuropsychological test that requires sorting cards into categories based on colour, shape, or quantity depending on corrective feedback from the examiner. One of the most frequently used tests in schizophrenia research |
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Term
|
Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by the pursuit of thinness to dangerously low weight levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| failure to menstruate, a medical effect of [anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa] |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by a binge-purge syndrome in people who are generally in the normal weight range |
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|
Term
| binge-eating disorder (BED) |
|
Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by the inability to stop eating |
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|
Term
| binge eating/purging type |
|
Definition
| a subtype of [anorexia nervosa] in which the afflicted person's dietary restraint breaks down fairly regularly and she/he binges and/or purges. About half of anorexia nervosa patients are of the binge eating/purging type |
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|
Term
| eating disorder examination (EDE) |
|
Definition
| a structured clinical interview for diagnosing eating disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| a large amount of food (larger than most individuals would eat) is consumed in a specific time period (e.g., less than two hours) |
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Term
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Definition
| a subtype of [anorexia nervosa] in which the afflicted person relies on a rigidly controlled, very low intake of food to maintain her low weight. About half of anorexia nervosa patients are of the restricting type |
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Term
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Definition
| an indication of bulimia in which scrapes or calluses occur on the back of the hands as a result of manually induced vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
| events or situations that trigger or cause a given disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| factors that serve to maintain a particular disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| the engagement of compensatory behaviour intended to under calories that have been consumed (e.g. vomiting, misuse of laxatives) |
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Term
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Definition
| a development of the psychoanalytic approach by John Bowlby. According to this view, children form attachments with their parents that become the child's internalized model for all subsequent relationships. Difficulties in such attachments form the basis for later problems |
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Term
| anxious ambivalent attachment |
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Definition
| the interpersonal style of persons who strongly desire intimacy with others and persistently seek our romantic partners, but who, once they begin to get close to their partner, become anxious and back away; while they desire closeness, they appear to be afraid of it. People are considered to have developed these difficulties as a result of poor parent-child attachments that fail to instill the self-confidence and skills necessary for intimacy. Because this relationship style characterizes [borderline personality disorder (BPD)] patients, the features of borderline disorder may be seen as attempts to adjust to a desire for but distrust of intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of personality disorders. DSM-4-TR lists 10 personality disorders in three clusters: (A) odd and eccentric disorders; (B) dramatic, emotional, or erratic disorders; and (C) anxious and fearful disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique used by cognitive-behavioural therapists to encourage clients to become aware of, and to question, their assumptions, expectations, attributions, and automatic thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of emotional responsiveness to events or situations that would normally elicit a strong negative emotional response such as heightened anxiety or depression |
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Term
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Definition
| thoughts and behaviours that do not coincide with one's self-image (ego) |
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Term
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Definition
| generally describes behaviour that deviates from the norm and would be considered odd or whimsical |
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Term
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Definition
| reflecting a range of appropriate and contextual emotions to different situations and individuals |
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Term
| dialectical behaviour therapy |
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Definition
| one of the cognitive-behavioural approaches to treatment of [borderline personality disorder (BPD)], one of whose main features is the acceptance by the therapist of the patient's demanding and manipulative behaviours. In addition, several standard behavioural procedures are used, such as exposure treatment for the external and internal cues that evoke distress, skills training, contingency management, and cognitive restructuring |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that suggests that [psychopaths] have a higher threshold for feeling fear than other people. Events that make most people anxious (such as the expectation of being punished) seem to have little or no effect on psychopaths. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the context of personality disorders, describes an individual who has maladaptive interpersonal relationships and decisions and is generally unable to effectively regulate emotions or behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| deliberate disregarding the expectations of others, even when it means certain punishment, and even because of it |
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Term
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Definition
| personality styles that are characterized by inflexible and pervasive behavioural patterns, often cause serious personal and social difficulties, and impair general functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| the frequency of a disorder in a population at a given point or period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| people who are considered to be predisposed via temperament to antisocial behaviour and whose primary characteristics include callousness and grandiosity combined with a history of poor self-regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual may be diagnosed with only a certain subset of symptoms without having to meet all criteria |
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Term
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Definition
| a generalized distrustful view of others and their motivations, but not sufficiently pathological to warrant a clinical diagnosis of paranoia |
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Term
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Definition
| people who are considered to have normal temperament but who are weakly socialized because of environmental failures, including poor parenting, antisocial peers, and disorganized home and school experiences |
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Term
| odd and eccentric disorders |
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Definition
| a group of personality disorders including paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal |
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Term
| dramatic, emotional, or erratic disorders |
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Definition
| a group of personality disorders including antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic |
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Term
| anxious and fearful disorders |
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Definition
| a group of personality disorders including avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that helps break down alcohol in the stomach. Women have significantly less of this enzyme than men |
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Term
| alcohol expectancy theory |
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Definition
| a theory that proposes drinking behaviour is largely determined by the reinforcement that an individual expects to receive from it. Most of the subjective experiences actually felt are a function of expectation and attitude and not an effect of the alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that facilitates the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter GABA at its receptors. Used as a pharmacological agent for the treatment of alcohol dependence |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that inhibits the production of acetylcholine, a bodily substance that mediates the transmission of nerve impulses within the brain. Used as a pharmacological agent |
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Term
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Definition
| Disulfiram, a drug that is used to make the experience of drinking extremely aversive. It blocks the action of the metabolizing enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, resulting in a build-up of acetaldehyde in the body. Like people who naturally lack this enzyme, people who drink alcohol after taking Antabuse experience increased heart rate, nausea, vomiting, and other unpleasant effects |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction that many individuals experience during treatment for barbiturate (sedative) abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| a continuing pattern of apathy, profound self-absorption, detachment from friends and family, and abandonment of career and educational goals evident in some long-term users of [cannabis] |
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Term
| behavioural disinhibition |
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Definition
| a personality trait describing an inability to inhibit behavioural impulses, rebelliousness, aggressiveness, and risk-taking that are associated with the development of alcohol problems |
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Term
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Definition
| through the principles of classical conditioning, cues in the environment can become conditioned stimuli to the effects of drug use. The cues cause the individual to anticipate the drug effects so that when the drug is actually administered the effects are diminished. Tolerance is greatest when the conditioned environmental cues are present |
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Term
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Definition
| one- to three-session treatments, offering time-limited and specific advice regarding the need to reduce or eliminate alcohol and other drug consumption or gambling behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that inhibit neurotransmitter activity in the central nervous system. Examples are alcohol, barbiturates ("downers"), and benzodiazepines |
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Term
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Definition
| the effective chemical compound in alcoholic beverages, which reduces anxiety and inhibitions, produces euphoria, and creates a sense of well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's natural painkillers. [Opioids] mimic their effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Narcotics, which bind to receptor sites throughout the body, including the brain, spinal cord, and bloodstream, and reduce the body's production of [endogenous opiates] |
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Term
| low-risk drinking guidelines |
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Definition
| a research-based definition of the upper limits on drinking that is not likely to lead to physical impairment in people in general |
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Term
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Definition
| the indicators are tolerance and withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic disease related to alcohol dependence characterized by impaired memory and a loss of contact with reality |
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Term
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Definition
| a personality trait describing the tendency to experience psychological distress, anxiety, and depression that is associated with the development of alcohol problems |
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Term
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Definition
| a residential treatment for alcohol dependence advocating a 12-step Alcoholics Anonymous philosophy and viewing alcoholism as a disease |
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Term
| motivational interviewing |
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Definition
| a therapeutic approach that is client-centered and helps to engage intrinsic motivation for changing behaviour by creating discrepancy and exploring and resolving ambivalence within the client |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as [narcotics]. A class of central nervous system [depressants] whose main effects are the reduction of pain and sleep inducement. Opium, the alkaloid from which opioids are derived, comes from the seeds of the opium poppy, which is indigenous to Asia and the Middle East |
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Term
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Definition
| a heroin replacement used to treat heroin addicts, often to reduce the craving after initial withdrawal symptoms have abated. Methadone therapy appears to work best in conjunction with good individual and group psychological intervention programs, as well as ongoing peer support |
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Term
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Definition
| a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, home, or school |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that have effects on the body similar to those of the naturally occurring hormone adrenaline. Originally developed as a nasal decongestant and asthma treatment in the 1930s. In addition to shrinking mucous membranes and constricting blood vessels, they increase alertness and concentration. Chronic amphetamine use is associated with feelings of fatigue and sadness, as well as periods of social withdrawal and intense anger |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothesis which suggests that drinking is reinforced by its ability to reduce tension, anxiety, anger, depression, and other unpleasant emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| hallucinations, delirium, and paranoia caused by repeated high doses of [amphetamines] |
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Term
| acquired sexual dysfunction |
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Definition
| any sexual dysfunction that the sufferer has not always experienced |
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Term
| courtship disorder theory |
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Definition
| a theory of sexual offending advanced by Kurt Freund that holds it is produced when a person's sexual behaviour becomes fixated at one of the four phases of human sexual interactions: (1) looking for and appraising a potential partner; (2) posturing and displaying oneself to the partner; (3) tactile interaction with the partner; and (4) sexual intercourse. Fixation at stage 1 results in [voyeurism]; at stage 2 [exhibitionism]; at stage 3 [frotteurism]; and at stage 4 [biastophilia] |
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Term
| egodystonic homosexuality |
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Definition
| a type of [gender identity disorder (GID)] in which the afflicted person is attracted to people of the same sex, but experiences conflict with his or her sexual orientation or wishes to change it |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by not being able to ejaculate after extended amounts of effort, or also requiring an extended amount of time to finally ejaculate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| generalized sexual dysfunctions |
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Definition
| any sexual dysfunction that is apparent with all the sufferer's sexual partners and even during solitary sexual activity |
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Term
| female sexual interest/ arousal disorder |
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Definition
| a sexual dysfunction characterized by a woman's persistent or recurrent inability to attain or maintain arousal until completion of her sexual activity, and the presence of marked distress or difficulty |
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Term
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Definition
| a sexual dysfunction characterized by a woman's persistent or recurrent inability to attain or maintain arousal until completion of her sexual activity, and the presence of marked distress or difficulty |
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Term
| genito-pelvic pain/ penetration disorder |
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Definition
| persistent or recurrent difficulties with one or more of the following: vaginal penetration during intercourse; marked vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during vaginal intercourse or penetration attempts; marked fear or anxiety about vulvovaginal or pelvic pain in anticipation of, during, or as a result of vaginal penetration; and marked tensing or tightening of the pelvic floor muscles during attempted vaginal penetration |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive interest or involvement in sexual activity at levels high enough to become clinically significant |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which a person's reproductive structures are partly female and partly male |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of heightening the sexual experience by deliberately inducing unconsciousness in oneself by oxygen deprivation, produced by chest compression, strangulation, enclosing the head in a plastic bag, or various other techniques. Also known as autoerotic asphyxia and asphyxiophilia |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of [paraphilic disorder] that is also a criminal offense, in which a person touches or rubs against a nonconsenting person for the purpose of sexual pleasure |
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Term
| lifelong sexual dysfunction |
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Definition
| any sexual dysfunction that the sufferer has always experienced |
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Term
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Definition
| medication injected directly into tissue or taken as a suppository |
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Term
| male hypoactive sexual desire disorder |
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Definition
| a sexual dysfunction characterized by persistent or recurrent deficiency of sexual fantasies and desire for sex, causing marked distress or interpersonal difficulty |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone involved in sexual activity and desire, variations in the level of which can lower or increase sex drive |
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Term
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Definition
| a redirection of sexual desires toward what is generally considered to be an inappropriate object, or person, or behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of [paraphilic disorder] that is illegal--pre-pubescent children attraction |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of changes that occur in the body with increased sexual arousal, orgasm, and the return to the unaroused state, noted by William Masters and Virginia Johnson |
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Term
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Definition
| the final component in sex therapy programs, essentially a form of desensitization applied to sexual fears |
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Term
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Definition
| discomfort with one's biologically endowed sex |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the three aspects of the development of gender, referring to a person's basic sense of self as male or female, the first signs of which appear between 18 and 36 months of age |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the three aspects of the development of gender, referring to the collection of those characteristics that a society defines as masculine or feminine. Because roles related to social standards, ideas about gender role changes over time and from culture to culture |
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Term
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Definition
| getting turned on to the idea of raping someone |
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Term
| situational sexual dysfunctions |
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Definition
| any sexual dysfunction that is apparent only with a certain sexual partner of the sufferer |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who wears the clothing associated with the opposite sex--in order to produce or enhance sexual excitement |
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Term
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Definition
| a sexual dysfunction characterized by persistent involuntary contraction of the muscles in the outer third of the vagina upon attempts at penetration by the penis, preventing it from entering |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of [paraphilic disorder] that is also a criminal offense, in which a person secretly looks at naked people |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure for prenatal screening or chromosomal abnormalities conducted between the eleventh and eighteenth weeks of pregnancy. With the assistance of an ultrasound, a needle is inserted into the amniotic sac via the abdomen and a small amount of amniotic fluid withdrawn. Cells contained in the fluid are then cultured in the lab |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental disorder similar to autism but associated with fewer symptoms, higher functioning, and higher IQ. It is not known whether "core autism" (the full range and severity of symptoms) and Asperger disorder represent points on a continuum of severity, or whether they are related but different disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| the best known of the [pervasive developmental disorders]. Autistic children exhibit a lack of social responsiveness or extreme autistic aloneness; very limited or unusual communication patterns; unusual patterns of behaviour such as a lack of eye contact; self-stimulation including rocking, spinning, or flapping; self-injury including head-banging or hand-biting; an obsessive interest in particular objects; and an obsessive need for sameness |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic patterns of motor, cognitive, linguistic, and social abnormalities commonly displayed by individuals with certain genetic disorders |
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Term
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) |
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Definition
| a procedure for prenatal screening for chromosomal abnormalities that involves obtaining cells from the vagina and cervix. This test can be carried out earlier than amniocentesis--between the eight and twelfth weeks of pregnancy--but may be less accurate |
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Term
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Definition
| the best-known chromosomal abnormality associated with intellectual disability |
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Term
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Definition
| the problem of attributing emotional and behavioural difficulties of people with intellectual disability to the developmental disorder, causing real psychiatric disorders to be missed. The fact is that such people can develop all types of psychiatric disorders, including less common ones |
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Term
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Definition
| the co-occurrence of serious behavioural or psychiatric disorders in people with developmental disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| a learning disorder that involves problems with recognizing and understanding numerical symbols, sequencing problems, and attention deficits. Also known as mathematical disorder |
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Term
| fetal alcohol effects (FAE) |
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Definition
| defects shown by children who display some of the symptoms of [FAS] but fail to meet full diagnostic criteria |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the common characteristics of speech in autistic children, in which the child repeats another person's words or phrases, using the same or similar intonation |
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Term
| facilitated communication (FC) |
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Definition
| an alternative approach to teaching people with severe communication impairment, such as low-functioning children with autism. In FC, subjects pointed to pictures, letters, or objects while on a facilitator provided various types of support to the hand or forearm, on the theory that physical support could overcome neuromotor problems. However, concerns were soon raised about the "Ouija board effect" |
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Term
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Definition
| significant limitations in intellectual functioning (i.e. IQ < 70; below the 2nd percentile) and adaptive behaviour, including communication, social, and community skills (i.e., below the 2nd percentile). The disability occurs before the age of 18 |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of developmental disorders that include reading disorders, mathematics disorders, and disorders of written expression. Communication disorders and problems related to poor motor skills may also be included. Frequently referred to as learning disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| a cause of [Down syndrome] in which cell division occurs unevenly, so that some cells have 45 chromosomes and some have 47. People with mosaic Down syndrome may have fewer physical characteristics, better speech, and higher intellectual functioning, depending upon the numbers of cells affected |
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Term
| nonverbal learning disability (NLD) |
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Definition
| a term used to reflect a cognitive and behavioural profile characterized by impairments in visual-spatial skills, motor skills, and social skills, with strengths in language abilities and reading |
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Term
| pervasive developmental disorders |
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Definition
| developmental disorders whose manifestations are more profound than either intellectual disability or learning disorders. [Autism] is the best-known pervasive developmental disorder; others are Asperger disorder, Rett syndrome, and child disintegrative disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| a recognized desirable goal in the field of developmental disabilities, about which there is a great deal of disagreement. What constitutes quality of life and how can it be measured? A number of different approaches have been taken. For example, the Quality of Life Interview Schedule (QUOLIS), designed specifically to address the needs of adults with severe and profound disabilities, involves interviews with two informants who know an individual well in different contexts, and quality of life is measured under 12 domains, such as health services and housing and safety. A second approach is reflected in the Quality of Life Project, a conceptual framework that includes three major components of quality of life, each divided into subcomponents |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the common characteristics of speech in autistic children, in which the child often refers to him- or herself in the third person, perhaps because of trouble shifting reference between speaker and listener or a third party |
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Term
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Definition
| an auditory processing skill that involves detecting and discriminating differences in speech sounds under conditions of little or no distraction or distortion |
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Term
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Definition
| the repetition of meaningless gestures or movements. One of the manifestations of a developmental disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common type of [Down syndrome], in which there is an extra chromosome on pair 21 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a cause of [Down syndrome] in which part of the 21st chromosome of the human cell breaks off and attaches to another. Individuals with Down syndrome due to translocation have all of the features found in trisomy 21 |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug prescribed for nausea in the 1950s and 1960s by European ph |
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Term
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Definition
| mentally deficient persons who nevertheless display islets of exceptional ability in areas such as mathematics, music, or art, or unusual feats of memory. A small proportion of those persons with [autism] who do not fall within the normal range of intelligence are savants |
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Term
| attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| a childhood disorder characterized by disruptive behaviour, an inability to control activity levels or impulses, or difficulty concentrating |
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Term
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Definition
| when individuals tend to mate who people who are like themselves in some respect |
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Term
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Definition
| a temperament in early childhood that may be related to anxiety disorders later in life, characterized by profound avoidance of others in preschool, and atypical autonomic nervous system responses to novelty |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder of children who show a pattern of violating the rights of others and major age-appropriate societal norms or rules in a variety of settings |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of disruptive behaviour disorder under the DSM-4 classification exhibited by children who behave disruptively, cannot control their activity levels or impulses, or have difficulty concentrating. These behaviours are usually more disturbing to others than to the children themselves |
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Term
| gene-environment interactions |
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Definition
| a term used to describe the phenotypic effects (i.e. observable characteristics) that are due to interactions between the environment and genes |
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Term
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Definition
| an underlying (developmental) process or impairment may change, but the way it is manifested stays the same (e.g. the prediction of a disorder by the same disorder) |
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Term
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Definition
| an underlying (developmental) process or impairment that stays the same, but how it is manifested may be different (e.g. prediction of a disorder by another disorder); in [homotypic continuity], by contrast, the manifestations stay the same, but the underlying process changes |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder that is comorbid with another disorder in the same class of disorders (e.g. ODD and CD) |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder that is comorbid with another disorder in a different class of disorders (e.g. ODD and GAD) |
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Term
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Definition
| problems such as anxiety, depression, shyness, social withdrawal, and somatic complaints that are problematic for the individual who experience them but pose few problems for the social partners surrounding that person |
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Term
| methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
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Definition
| the most frequently prescribed stimulant medication for children with ADHD |
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Term
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Definition
| psychotropic medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by extreme and sustained mood shifts. These medications tend to stabilize one's mood state |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a process in relationships in which aversive reactions are used to control the behaviour of another individual |
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Term
| oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) |
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Definition
| a disorder of children who, more frequently than usual, refuse to follow instructions, argue apparently just for the sake of arguing, and show hostility toward parents and teachers |
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Term
| separation anxiety disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| a children's disorder characterized by severe and excessive anxiety, even panic, at the prospect of separation from parents or others to whom the child is emotionally attached |
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Term
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Definition
| a social anxiety disorder in which a person normally capable of speech is unable to speak in given situations, or to specific individuals |
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