Term
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Definition
| destructive beliefs and attitudes |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of stigma |
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Definition
1) distinguishing label is applied
2) label refers to undesirable attributes
3) people w/ label are seen as different
4) people w/ label are discriminated against |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mental disturbances have natural (not supernatural causes) |
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Term
| Hippocrates' three categories |
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Definition
1) Mania
2) Melancholia
3) Phrenitis |
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Term
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Definition
1) blood
2) black bile
3) yellow bile
4) phlegm |
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Term
| Hippocrates said, if you have ____, you have a disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they were established for confinement and "care" of mentally ill. Patients were tortured and kept in small rooms where ppl paid to watch them |
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Term
| Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem (1243) |
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Definition
1) one of first mental institutions
2) the wealthy paid to gape at the insane
3) origin of the term bedlam |
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Term
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Definition
| popular name for Bethleham hospital; meaning a place or scene of wild uproar and confusion |
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Term
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Definition
| constructed in Vienna; patients confined in spaces between inner square rooms and outer walls |
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Term
| treatment at asylums was... |
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Definition
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Term
| early medical treatment was... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| recommended drawing out large amounts of blood to "bleed out" the illness |
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Term
| Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) |
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Definition
| created home where mentally ill lived. they did gardening and received medical treatment from Dorthea Dix. |
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Term
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Definition
| brought medical treatment to Philippe Pinel's home |
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Term
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Definition
| Ugo Cerletti and Lucino Bini (italian physicians). Cerletti was looking for a way to induce seizures. It was then used on schizos and ppl with severe depression. It remains an effective treatment today. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treated patients with hysteria (physical incapacities such as blindness and paralysis) using “animal magnetism”. He believed hysteria was caused by a particular distribution of a universal magnetic fluid in the body. Early practitioner of hypnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| treated patient “Anna O.” who had hysteria symptoms. Breuer hypnotized her and asked her about things she said, which led to her revealing information about her past. This method became known as cathartic method. |
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Term
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Definition
| the central assumption of Freud’s theory; human behavior determined by unconscious thoughts/feelings and psychopathology results from conflicts among these. |
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Term
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Definition
Unconscious
--Pleasure principle
--Immediate gratification
--Libido: Id’s energy |
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Term
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Definition
Primarily conscious
--Reality principle
--Attempt to satisfy ID’s demands within reality’s constraints |
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Term
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Definition
The conscience
--Develops as we mature and learn values/accepted behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| too much/too little gratification at a certain stage leads to fixation |
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Term
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Definition
| when stressed, we REGRESS to an earlier stage (acting younger than our age) |
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Term
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Definition
| developed psychoanalytic theory, Structures of the Mind (id, ego, superego), the 5 stages of psychosexual development |
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Term
| 5 stages of psychosexual development |
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Definition
Oral Stage (birth to 18 mos.)
•Primary satisfaction from sucking & chewing
Anal Stage (18 mos. to 3)
•Pleasure derived from elimination
Phallic Stage (3 to 5 or 6)
•Pleasure derived from sexual organs
Latency Period (6 to 12)
•Id impulses not a factor
Genital Stage (adulthood)
•Heterosexual interests predominate |
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Term
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Definition
| neo-Freudian, analytical psychology (incorporates Freud and humanistic psych), said we have collective unconscious (part of unconscious that consists of archetypes, or basic categories that all humans use to understand the world). Also said everyone has male and female traits and that spiritual/religious urges are as basic as Id urges. |
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Term
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Definition
| ego analyst; placed great emphasis on a person's ability to control their environment and to select the time and means for satisfying basic drives. The individual is as much ego as id. |
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Term
| Classical conditioning means... |
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Definition
| learning through association |
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Term
| classical conditioning experiments |
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Definition
oPavlov’s dogs (1849-1936)
oLittle Albert
Watson and Raynor (1920) |
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Term
| operant conditioning means... |
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Definition
| learning through consequences |
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Term
| 2 men who used operant conditioning |
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Definition
o B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) developed positive and negative reinforcement.
o E. Thorndike (1874-1949) formulated Law of Effect: behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying the individual will be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged. |
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Term
| behavior therapy aka behavior modification |
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Definition
| emerged in the 1950s; applies procedures based on classical and operant conditioning |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
developed by Joseph Wolpe (1958)
used to treat phobias
includes 2 components: deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposure to a list of phobias |
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Term
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Definition
| strengthening of a tendency by virtue of a positive thing (ex: getting a treat for doing something good) |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic material inherited by an individual; unobservable |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed genetic material; observable traits and characteristics; depends on interaction of genotype and environment (nature and nurture). |
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Term
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Definition
| different forms of the same gene |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that behavior is best understood by reducing it to basic biological composition. |
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Term
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Definition
| the cells in the nervous system, made up of four basic parts |
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Term
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Definition
• The cell body (soma)
• Several dendrites
• One or more axons (usually long and thin, extends a considerable distance from cell body)
• Terminal buttons on the end of the many end branches of the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals that allow neurons to send a signal across the synapse (gap) to another neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| the small gap between the endings of the sending axon and the cell membrane of the receiving cell |
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Term
| how do neurotransmitters go to postsynaptic and presynaptic cells? |
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Definition
Receptors are configured so only specific neurotransmitters fit into them. Once a neurotransmitter fits on a receptor, a message can be sent to the postsynaptic cell.
Once a presynaptic neuron has released its neurotransmitter, it returns to its normal state. Not all of the neurotransmitter was used so a process called reuptake- reabsorption of leftover neurotransmitter by presynaptic neuron, occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
• Major connection between the two hemispheres
• Allows the two hemispheres to communicate |
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Term
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Definition
• Location-lies in front of the central sulcus
• Functions-reasoning, problem solving, working memory, and regulation of fine voluntary motor skills |
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Term
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Definition
• Location-lies behind the parietal and temporal lobes
• Function-vision |
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Term
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Definition
• Location-behind the frontal lobe
• Function- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
• Location- located below the lateral sulcus
• Function-discrimination of sounds |
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Term
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Definition
location: below occipital and temporal lobes
Function- receives sensory information from the ear and from muscles, tendons, and joints. Takes information received and associates it with the regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance. |
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Term
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Definition
• HPA axis involved in stress
• Hypothalamus triggers release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF)
• Pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone
• Adrenal cortex triggers release of cortisol, the stress hormone |
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Term
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Definition
Innverates the endocrine glands, the heart, and the smooth muscles found in blood vessels, stomach, intestines, kidneys, and other organs.
•Sympathetic Nervous System
o Excitatory
o Heartbeat acceleration, pupil dilation, gastrointestinal inhibition, electrodermal activity increases
•Parasympathetic Nervous System
o Quiescent
o Heartbeat deceleration, pupil constriction, gastrointestinal activation
•Involved in anxiety disorders, especially Panic and PTSD |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge about the self is linked with knowledge of significant others |
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Term
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Definition
| Help patients recognize and change maladaptive thought patterns |
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Term
| psychoanalytic therapists |
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Definition
| Sets concrete goals, works on the development of coping skills, and interpretations are directed towards present life circumstances and patient behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes personal responsibility, and that focuses upon the individual's experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person's life, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of their overall situation. |
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Term
| diathesis-stress paradigm |
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Definition
| Integrative model that incorporates multiple causal factors; Psychopathology unlikely to result from one single factor |
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Term
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Definition
oUnderlying predisposition
May be biological or psychological
oIncreases one’s risk of developing disorder |
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Term
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Definition
oEnvironmental events
May occur at any point after conception
Triggering event |
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Term
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Definition
•Consistency of measurement
o Inter-rater - Observer agreement
o Test-retest- Similarity of scores across repeated test administrations or observations
o Alternate Forms- Similarity of scores on tests that are similar, but not identical
o Internal Consistency -Extent to which test items are related to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| How well does a test measures what it is supposed to measure? |
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Term
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Definition
| Extent to which a measure adequately samples the domain of interest e.g., all of the symptoms of a disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Extent to which a measure is associated with another measure (the criterion)
–Concurrent
Two measures administered at the same point in time (ex:Hopelessness scale and diagnosis of depression)
–Predictive
Ability of the measure to predict another variable measured at some future point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| A construct is an abstract concept or inferred attribute; Involves correlating multiple indirect measures of the attribute (ex: self-report of anxiety correlated with increased HR, shallow breathing, racing thoughts.); Important method for evaluating diagnostic categories |
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Term
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Definition
I. All diagnostic categories except personality disorders and mental retardation
II. Personality disorders and mental retardation
III. General medical conditions
IV. Psychosocial and environmental problems
V. Global assessment of functioning scale (GAF) |
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Term
| categorical classifications |
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Definition
Presence/absence of a disorder
– Either you are anxious or you are not anxious.
Categorical approach has advantages for research and understanding |
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Term
| dimensional classification |
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Definition
Rank on a continuous quantitative dimension
-Degree to which a symptom is present
–How anxious are you on a scale of 1 to 10?
Dimensional systems may better capture an individual’s functioning |
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Term
| limitations of clinical interview |
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Definition
| all interviewers ask the same questions in a predetermined order; also, CBT interviewer focuses on current, rather than early childhood, events. the problem could exist in patient’s past, or the questions might not encompass the problem-- limitations can arise from these two issues |
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Term
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Definition
>social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)- relies on retrospective ratings; stressfulness ratings fixed
>assessment of daily experiences (ADE)- monitor and record thoughts on a daily basis
>bedford college life events and difficulties schedule (LEDS)- semi-structured interview; evaluates stressors within the context of each individual’s circumstances |
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Term
| thematic apperception test (TAT) and rorschach inkblot test |
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Definition
| these are projective tests; projective hypothesis- responses to ambiguous stimuli reflect unconscious processes |
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Term
| how does the PET (position emission tomography) work? |
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Definition
| brain function; more expensive and invasive; a substance used in the brain is labeled with a short lived radioactive isotope and injected into the bloodstream; the emit a positron, which collides with an electron. a pair of high energy light particles shoot out from the skull and are detected by the scanner |
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Term
| how does the MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) work? |
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Definition
| similar to CT but higher quality and does not use radiation; a person is placed inside a large circular magnet which causes the hydrogen atoms in the body to move. when the magnetic force is turned off, atoms return to original position and produce an electromagnetic signal; fMRI (functional)- images reveal functions along with brain structure and measures blood flow to the brain; BOLD- blood oxygenated level dependent. as neurons fire, blood flow in a particular region of the brain is a reasonable proxy for neural activity in that brain region; it takes MRI pictures so quickly that metabolic changes can be measured, providing a picture of the brain at work |
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Term
| how does the CT/CAT (computerized axial tomography) work? |
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Definition
| reveals structural abnormalities by detecting differences in tissue density (ex: enlarged ventricles); a moving beam of x-rays passes into a horizontal cross section of the person’s brain, scanning it through 360 degrees. the moving x ray detector on the other side measures the amount of radioactivity that penetrates, detecting subtle differences in tissue density |
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Term
| what do neuropsychological tests do? |
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Definition
| reveal performance deficits that can indicate areas of brain malfunction |
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Term
| Halstead-Reitan battery tactile performance test- time |
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Definition
| while blindfolded, the patient tries to fit variously shaped blocks into spaces of a form board, first using the preferred hand, then the other, and finally both |
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Term
| Halstead-Reitan battery tactile performance test- memory |
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Definition
| after completing the timed test, the participant is asked to draw the form board from memory, showing the blocks in their proper location. both this and the timed test are sensitive to damage in the right parietal lobe |
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Term
| Halstead-Reitan battery speech sounds perception test |
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Definition
| participants listen to a series of nonsense words, each comprising two consonants with a lone e sound in the middle. they then select the “word” they heard form a set of alternatives. this test measures the left hemisphere function, especially temporal and parietal areas |
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Term
| Luria-Nebraska battery test |
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Definition
| assesses motor skills, tactile and kinesthetic skills, verbal and spatial skills, expressive and repetitive speech, etc. there are 269 items divided into 11 sections designed to determine these things; the pattern of scores on these sections, helps reveal potential damage to the frontal, temporal sensorimotor, or parietal-occipital area |
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Term
| limitations of case study approach |
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Definition
| they lack the control and objectivity of other research methods; that is, the validity of the information gathered in a case study is sometimes questionable; the objectivity of them is limited because the clinician’s paradigm will shape the kinds of information reported in a case study |
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Term
| limitation of correlation research |
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Definition
| it does not allow determination of cause-effect relationships: correlation does not equal causation! |
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Term
| prevalence vs. incidence rates |
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Definition
prevalence- the proportion of people with the disorder either currently or during their lifetime
incidence- the proportion of people who develop new cases of the disorder in some period, usually a year |
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Term
| be able to label independent/dependent variables in an experiment |
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Definition
>the independent variable the part in the experiment you are controlling
>the dependent variable is the results you get from the independent variable |
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