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| term derived from the medical model of psychology to describe psychological or mental disorder |
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| abnormal behavior pattern that involves a disturbance of psychological functioning or behavior |
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| branch of psychology dealing with the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behavior patterns |
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| a professional who has completed advanced graduate training in psychology and obtained a license to practice psychology |
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| a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of emotional disorders |
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| a biological perspective in which abnormal behavior is viewed as symptomatic of an underlying illness |
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| a severe form of disturbed behavior characterized by impaired ability to interpret reality and difficulty meeting the demands of daily life |
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| a non-psychotic form of disturbed behavior characterized by problems involving anxiety |
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| excessively rigid behavior patterns, or ways of relating to others, that ultimately become self-defeating |
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| the theoretical model of Freud and his followers in which abnormal behavior is viewed as the product of clashing forces within the personality |
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| Learning (Behaviorist) Model |
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| model that holds that maladaptive behavior is learned and can be changed by means of different stimuli |
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| the school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior |
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| in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (salivation to the sound of bells, in this case) |
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| a stimulus that elicits an unlearned response (salivation, in this case) |
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| a previously neutral stimulus that evokes a conditioned response after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus that had previously evoked that response (the bell, in this case) |
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| a form of learning in which a response to one stimulus can be made to occur to another stimulus by pairing or associating the two stimuli |
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| a form of learning in which behavior is acquired and strengthened when it is reinforced (because they operate on the environment to produce effects or consequences) |
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| a stimulus or event that increases the frequency of the response that it follows |
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| reinforcers that, when introduced, increase the frequency of the preceding behavior |
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| a pleasant stimulus or event that increases the frequency of the response that it follows |
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| reinforcers that on removal increase the frequency of the preceding behavior |
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| application of aversive or painful stimuli that reduces the frequency of the behavior it follows |
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| a model that focuses on faulty ways of thinking and revising those in order to reach psychological betterment |
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| a model founded on the belief that human beings have an in-born inclination towards self actualization, and to this end, emphasized unconditional positive regard |
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| in humanistic psychology, the tendency to strive to become all that one is capable of being. The motive that drivers on to reach one's full potential and express one's unique capabilities |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| valuing other people as having basic worth, regardless of their behavior at a particular time |
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| conditional positive regard |
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| valuing other people on the basis of whether their behavior meets one's approval |
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| a biological tendency or predisposition |
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| diasthesis-stress (physiological) model |
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| a psychological theory that explains behavior as both a result of biological and genetic factors ("nature"), and life experiences ("nurture") |
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| significant to the psychodynamic model |
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| the libido and unconscious as a motivational force; psychoanalysis; the psychosexual stages (childhood experiences affect personality); defense mechanisms |
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| Freud's positive contributions |
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| libidinal energy stays stuck at a certain stage of development |
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| Freud's theory that small boys think that girls lost their penises for challenging the father for their mother; superego comes about as a result of its resolution |
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| female equivalent of the Oedipus complex |
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| Men are more moral than women; neuroses arise out of unresolved Oedipus complex; the clitoral orgasm is childlike; the penis is an object of power/envy; homosexuality is a less mature resolution of the Oedipus conflict |
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| Freud's negative contributions |
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| Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital |
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| Freud's psychosexual stages of development |
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| Freud worked with him as he experienced the Oedipal conflict (horse phobia that symobolizes father) |
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| termed classical conditioning with dogs |
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| termed operant conditioning |
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| behaviorist who worked with Little Albert |
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| is afraid of bunnies or rats or something to this day |
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| developed the psychosocial stages of development |
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| an Austrian physician whose works laid the foundation of psychoanalysis and who also worked with Anna O. |
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| treated by Breuer for severe cough, paralysis of the extremities on the right side of her body, and disturbances of vision, hearing, and speech, as well as hallucination and loss of consciousness; diagnosed later with a somatoform disorder |
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| associated with the Humanist model |
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| to exclude the desire from one's consciousness and hold or subdue it in the unconscious |
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| a defense mechanism leading to the temporary reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way |
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| a defense mechanism in which perceived controversial behaviors or feelings are explained in a rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation, to differentiate from the original deterministic explanation, of the behavior or feeling in question |
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| an unconscious defense mechanism whereby the mind redirects affects from an object felt to be dangerous or unacceptable to an object felt to be safe or acceptable |
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| a psychological defense mechanism where a person unconsciously denies their own attributes, thoughts, and emotions, which are then ascribed to the outside world, such as to the weather, or to other people |
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| a defensive process (defense mechanism) in which anxiety-producing or unacceptable emotions and impulses are mastered by exaggeration (hypertrophy) of the directly opposing tendency |
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| a defense mechanism postulated by Sigmund Freud, in which a person is faced with a fact that is too uncomfortable to accept and rejects it instead, insisting that it is not true despite what may be overwhelming evidence |
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| defense mechanism in which the process of transforming libido into "socially useful" achievements, mainly art |
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| Thematic Apperception Test |
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| popularly known as the picture interpretation technique because it uses a standard series of provocative yet ambiguous pictures about which the subject is asked to tell a story |
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| Rorschach (Ink Blot) Test |
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| a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex scientifically derived algorithms, or both |
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| maladaptive reaction to an identified stressor characterizes by impaired function or emotional stress that exceeds what would normally be expected |
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| 1. alarm reaction; 2. resistance (fight or flight) 3. back to normal -or- exhaustion |
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| Selge's 3 stages of stress |
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| Heart Disease; increased vulnerability to cancer; depression |
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| Chronic stress can lead to... |
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| physiological arousal, unpleasant feelings of tension, sense of apprehension or foreboding |
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| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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| anxiety is persistent, excessive, not tied to any particular object |
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| characterized by multiple panic attacks, in which the disordered individual experiences an inability to breathe |
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| fear of the outside, open spaces |
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| fear of particular subjects of situations |
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| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
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| characterized by obsessions (the recurring thoughts) and compulsions (the ritualized behaviors) |
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| experienced in the month following a traumatic event |
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| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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| prolonged maladaptive behavior following a traumatic event |
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| characterized by physical symptoms for which there are no physical causes |
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| loss of a particularly bodily function for no apparent physical reason |
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| characterized by a lack of concern and an indifference about a disability and is seen in hysteria or dissociative disorders |
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| excessive preoccupation or worry about having a serious illness, even in the absence of an actual illness |
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| a preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated flaw |
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| persistent physical pain caused by psychological factors |
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| dissociative disorder vs. somatization disorder |
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| mind split vs. separation of function |
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| detachment from self or body; dreaming or acting like a robot; watching oneself from above |
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| memory loss without an organic cause; stress causing separation of psychic function |
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| one suddenly flees from one's life situation and begins a new life elsewhere (amnesia on the run) |
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| dissociative identity disorder |
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| two or more distinct personalities; leaving a piece of the personality behind in the wake of a particularly traumatic event |
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| somatoform vs. psychosomatic |
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| perceived ailment vs. actual ailment caused by psychological issues |
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| characterized by general dissatisfaction and disinterest in previously enjoyed activities |
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| milder but more persistent depression |
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| major depression characterized by manic episodes |
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| milder episodes of mania along with depressive episodes |
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