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Abnormal Psych Kring
Sex d/o, late in life d/o, childhood d/o
171
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
11/29/2010

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Term
*Sexual Dysfunctions
*Gender Identity D/O
*Paraphilias
Definition
Disruptions in sexual functioning
Strong and persistent id w/the opposite sex
*Causes sig. distress
Attraction to unusual sexual activities or objects
Term
Four Categories of sexual dysfunction
Definition
1. Sexual desire d/o
2. Sexual arousal d/o
3. Orgasmic d/o
4. Sex pain d/o
Term
Hypoactive sexual desire d/o
Definition
Deficient or absent sexual fantasies and urges
*AKA low sex drive
*Culturally based
Term
Sexual aversion d/o
Definition
Person actively avoids nearly all genital contact w/another person
Term
Sexual arousal d/o
*Females
*Males
Definition
*Consistently inadequate vaginal lubrication for comfortable completion of sex
*Persistent failure to get/maintain an erection

***Make sure it is not a physio prob.
Term
Orgasmic d/o
*Females
*Males
Definition
*Absence of orgasm after sexual fun
*Persistent difficulty ejaculating
or
*Premature ejaculation
Term
Dyspareunia

Vaginismus
Definition
*Pain during intercourse (males or females)
*Invol. spasms of the outer third of the vagina
(Prevents penetration)
Term
Etiology of Sexual dysfunction
*Psychoanalytic
Definition
Underlying repressed conflicts
Term
Etiology of sex dysfunction
Masters & Johnson's two tier model
Definition
1. Historical causes
2. Current causes
Performance fears
Adoption of a spectator role
Term
Psych factors that can lead to poor sexual functioning (7)
Definition
1. MDD or anxiety d/o
2. Focus on performance
3. Routine
4. Low self-esteem
5. Uncomfortable environ. for sex
6. Rigid attitudes about sex
7. Neg. thoughts of sex
Term
Physical factors leading to poor sex. functioning (9)
Definition
1. Smoking
2. Alcohol
3. CVD
4. DM
5. Neuro. d/o
6. Low arousal
7. SSRIs
8. Anti-HTN
9. Other drugs
Term
Social and sex. hx factors leading to poor sex. functioning (4)
Definition
1. Rape/sex abuse
2. Relationship probs
3. Long periods of no sex
4. Hx of hurried sex
Term
Gender Id. d/o
*Formerly called
*Define
*May lead to
Definition
*Transsexualism
*People feel that they're of the opp. sex
-Despite normal genitalia
-Persistent since childhood
*May wish to alter body
*Causes LOTS of distress
*Can be sexually attracted to males or females
Term
Controversy surrounding Gender Id. D/O
Definition
May pathologize normals
Carries a stigma
Term
Etiology of Gender D/O
*Genetic factors
*Neurobio factors
*Social/Psych factors
Definition
*Some sxs might be heritable
*High levels of sex hormones in utero
*Reinforcement of cross gender behaviors
Term
2 Possible Tx of Gender Id. d/o
Definition
1. Sex reassignment surgery: Make them the
gender they feel they are.
Encouraged to live as the opp. gender for
at least 1 yr
2. Behavioral TX to alter gender id.
Shape more masculine behaviors
May be the only "treatment" option
Term
Fetishism
Definition
Reliance on an inanimate obj. for sex. arousal
*Usually in males
Attraction is irresistible and invol.
Co-morbid w/other paraphilias
Term
Transvestic Fetishism
Definition
Recurrent and intense sex. arousal from cross-
dressing
NO desire to be the opp. sex
Co-morbid w/other paraphilias
Esp. Masochism
Term
Pedophilia
Definition
Sex. arousing urges, fantasies, or behaviors
involving prepubescent children
Offender must be at least 16 w/a 5+ yr. age
gap w/ victim
Victims usually known to pedophile
Usually does not include violence
Term
Incest
Definition
Subtype of pedophilia
Most common:
Brother-Sister
Less common, more troubling
Father-Daughter
Genetically adaptive
More likely to inherit recessive genes
This could be bad
Term
Voyeurism
Definition
Sex. arousing fantasies/urges/behaviors involving
watching others who are naked or having sex
Almost always male
Usually no physical contact
Voyeuristic fantasies common: Not distressing=No dx
Term
Exhibitionsim
Definition
Intense desire to obtain sex. gratification by
exposing one's genitals to unwilling strangers
Victims can be kids
Usually no physical contact
Desire to shock/alarm victim
Co-morbid w/
Voyeurism and Frotteurism
Term
Frotteurism
Definition
Sex. oriented touching of a nonconsenting person
Eg. Rubbing genitals on someone, fondling boobs
Usually in crowded, public places
Term
Sexual Sadism
Definition
Intense and recurrent desire to obtain or increase
sexual gratification by causes pain or psych.
suffering
Term
Sexual Masochism
Definition
Intense/recurrent desire to obtain or increase
sex. gratification through receiving pain/
humiliation
Term
Hypoxyphilia
Definition
Sex. arousal by oxygen deprivation
Term
Small % or sadists do what to their partner?
You only get the dx if...
Definition
Mutilate or murder
It causes sig. distress or impairment, or if the
partner was not willing
Term
What age is one considered old?
Definition
65
Term
Aging and cognitive decline
Aging and depression
Definition
It is a problem, but doesn't affect all
Most older ppl have less neg. emotion than younger
ppl
Older ppl do better at modulating their emotions
Term
Social Selectivity and Aging
Aging and sex
Definition
When we get older we focus our most important
relationship, not seeking out new friends
Sex. activity doesn't decrease from mid age to
late life for most
Term
Ageism
Life circumstance changes
Definition
Discrimination based on age
Even changes you know are going to happen req.
adjustment
Term
What sleep problems are most common amongst an aging pop.?

How do medical probs change as we age?
Definition
Insomnia +/- sleep apnea
More chronic less curable
Term
Polypharmacy
Definition
Prescribing mult. drugs to one pt.
-Can be dangerous due to interactions/side effects
Term
Things to keep in mind when doing research with an aging pop. (5)
Definition
1. Diff. due purely to age
2. Similar to prob. in child research
3. Age effects
4. Cohort effects
5. Time-of-measurement effects
Term
Cross-sectional studies
Definition
Test diff't age groups at one pt. in time
Quick and cheaper
Doesn't tell us about change over time; relies on inference about the differences observed b/n the groups
Term
Longitudinal Studies
Definition
Measures the same group at one time and again in the future
Long time and $$$$
Vulnerable to history effects
Attrition can be a problem (selective mortality)
Term
Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Decline in executive function
(***all in aging pop.)
Definition
*Impairment of language use
*Impairment in complex coordinated movements
*Impaired recog. of familiar obj.
*Decreases in planning, strategizing, and monitoring
Term
Most common mental health problems late in life and define.
Definition
1. Dementia: Deterioration of cog. function
2. Delirium: Mental confusion
Term
Dementia
Definition
Deterioration of cog. functioning tot he extent that it
interferes with social and job functioning.
Can be progressive, static, or remitting
Deficits may be detected before obvious
impairment
Prev. increases w/age
Term
Alzheimer's Dementia DSM criteria
Definition
1. Cog. deficits: Memory +1 of the following
a. Aphasia
b. Apraxia
c. Agnosia
d. Exec. functioning
2. Impairment w/social/occupational functioning
3. Gradual onset w/progressive decline
Term
Alzheimer's Disease: Neuro
Definition
Brain tissue irreversibly deteriorates
death w/in 12 yrs.
Term
AD usually begins w/ (3 Sxs)...w/progression Sxs become (4)
Definition
Beginning:
1. Difficulty remembering recent events
2. Learning new material
3. Irritability
Progression
1. Language probs. worsen esp. word finding
2. Disoriented: eg. date, time, place, identity
3. Agitation
4. Depression
Term
AD and Genetic Factors
Definition
1. Early onset/Later onset seem to have diff't
genes involved.
Term
Environmental factors for AD (2)
Definition
1. Head trauma
2. Depression
Term
Two protecting factors against AD
Definition
1. Strong baseline linguistic ability
2. Continued cognitive activities
Term
Frontal-Temporal Dementia:
*Impairs what exec. functions
*Also impairs
*Spares
*Possible etiology
Definition
*Planning, prob. solving, goal directed behavior
*Recognizing emotion
*Memory
*Neuronal degeneration of serotonergic areas
Term
Vascular dementia
*Neurological impairment
*Etiology
*Risk Factors
*Most affected ethnicity
Definition
*Weakness in limbs, abnormal reflexes
*Stroke: Clot impairs blood flow=cell death
*Smoking, high LDL, hi. cholesterol, high BP
*Blacks>Whites
Term
What drugs can reverse AD?
What do drugs do for AD and examples of each.
Definition
*None
*Some might protect against decline
*Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:
-Aricept, Reminyl
*Usually treat Sxs:
-eg. Antidepressants for MDD
-eg. Antipsychotics for Agitation
Term
Psych tx for Dementia (3)
Definition
1. Support pt and family
2. Education
3. Early in AD help w/labeling, notes, calendars
Term
Delirium:
*Define+6 Sxs
Definition
*Clouded state of consciousness
1. Wandering attn.
2. Fragmented thinking
3. Rambling/incoherent speech
4. Agitation at night/daytime drowsiness
5. Disorientation
6. Memory probs
Term
Delirium:
*Onset
*Related to
*Why is detection important?
Definition
*Rapid
*Underlying med. condition
*Untreated-->Further decline+death
Term
5 Possible causes of delirium:
Most cases are caused by:
Definition
1. Drug rxn
2. Metabolic/Nutritional imbalances
3. Infections/fevers
4. Neuro d/o
5. Stress esp. surgery
*Multiple issues
Term
When a psych d/o happens later in life it can usually be correlated w/
*Examples
Definition
The d/o earlier in life
*MDD and Anxiety d/o are usually recurrences
*Schizophrenia rarely appears first in late life
Term
What psych d/o is common as a late onset psych d/o (besides dementia)
Definition
Late onset alcoholism
Term
Medical issues in dx psych d/o in an aging pop.
*eg.
Definition
No dx if sxs can be explained by med. d/o or med.
side effect:
*eg.
1. Thyroid d/o
2. Addison's disease
3. Cushing's
4. Parkinson's
5. AD
6. Hypoglycemia
7. Anemia/nutritional issues
Term
MDD in an aging pop.
*Often misdx as:
*Co-morbid w/
*What deficits seen in late life more often than early life?
*Important note about these Sxs
Definition
*Dementia
*Alcohol abuse
*Cog. deficits
*May be both a cause and sx of MDD
Term
Etiology of MDD in late life
Definition
1. Strokes/VD
2. Poor health
3. Death of spouse (most recover)
4. Social isolation
5. Retirement
Term
Depression in late life is: (prev.)
3 successful treatments for MDD in late life:
Probs w/ these
Definition
*Underdiagnosed
*SSRIs, CBT, IPT, ECT, therapy at home
-More sens. to Rx side effects
-Increase risk for MI and toxic rxns
Term
Older adults are ___ more likely to commit suicide.
Men and suicide:
Women and suicide:
Major risk factor for suicide:
Definition
*3x
*Rates increase w/age (80-84), esp. for whites
*Peaks at 50s, then declines
*MDD
Term
Most common anxiety d/o for older adults:
Another anxiety d/o sometimes seen:
3 Possible causes
Treatment
Definition
*GAD
*PTSD
*1. Poverty, 2. Medical issues, 3. Social isolation
*CBT, Benzodiazepines
Term
Paranoid D/O
*Most common cause
*Also linked to
*Treatment
Definition
*Brain disease (eg. Delirium, dementia)
*Hearing loss and isolation
*Support+CT, and antipsychotics
Term
Substance abuse d/o and late life:
*Why should we worry? (3)
Definition
1. Tolerance decreases w/age
2. Metabolize alcohol more slowly
3. Cog. deficits become more pronounced
Term
Adjusting treatment for the elderly:
*Barriers (3)
*Innovative treatment
Definition
1. Less likely to seek treatment
2. Less likely to be assessed and referred
3. $$$

*Behavioral gerontology
*Computer usage
Term
What childhood d/o are coded on Axis II?
Definition
1. Pervasive developmental d/o
2. MR
Term
Learning disabilities:
*Define:
*Rule out:
Definition
*Inadequate dev. in a specific area of academic,
language, speech, or motor skills
*MR, ASD, physical d/o, education opportunity
Term
Dyslexia
Definition
Reading d/o
Probs w/word recognition and reading comprehension
Term
D/o of written expression
Definition
Probs. writing including spelling, grammar, and
punctuation
Term
Math d/o
Definition
Probs. counting, remember arithmetic facts, and
aligning numbers in columns
Term
Expressive language d/o
Definition
*Difficulty expressing self in verbal speech
*Speaks in short phrases
*Forgets word meanings
Term
Phonological d/o
Definition
*Vocab is okay, but probs. articulating speech sounds
*Complete recovery w/speech tx
Term
Stuttering
Definition
*Frequent repetitions or prolongation of sounds
*Long pauses b/n words
*Repeating words
*Twitching/blinking
*80% recover by 16 y.o.
Term
Developmental Coordination D/o
Definition
Impairment in motor coordination
eg. tying shoes, writing, catching
Term
MR
Definition
IQ<70
Deficits in adaptive functioning
*eg. self-care, communication, home living,
decision making, etc.
*Before age 18
*Focus on strengths in order to assess ability to
function
Term
Mild MR: range+prevalence
Moderate MR: range+prev.
Severe MR: range+prev.
Profound MR: range+prev.
Definition
*50-70, 85%
*35-50, 10%
*20-40, 3-4%
*Below 20, 1-2%
Term
Neurological factors linked to MR (8)
Definition
1. Down's Syndrome: Trisomy of chromosome 21
2. Fragile X syndrome
3. Recessive-gene disease (PKU)
4. Maternal infections (1st trimester)
-HIV, rubella, syphilis
5. Encephalitis
6. Malnutrition
7. TBI
8. Pb or Hg poisoning
Term
3 Treatments for MR
Definition
1. Residential care
2. Behavioral treatments
*Language, social, motor skills training
*Steps teaching basic self-care
*Cog. treatments (Prob. solving)
Term
Pervasive Dev. D/o (4 eg.)
Definition
1. ASD
2. Rett's d/o
3. Childhood disintegrative d/o
4. Asperger's d/o
Term
ASD is marked by impairments in what 2 areas?
Examples of each:
Definition
1. Social interactions
*Deficient nonverbal behaviors
*Poor peer relations
*Lack of social/emotional reciprocity
Communication
*Lack of spoken language
*Probs. initiating or sustaining convos
*Repetitious/idiosyncratic language
*Echolalia
Term
Ex. of repetitious or stereotyped behaviors in ASD
Definition
1. Ab. preoccupation w/objects
2. Ritualized behaviors (rocking, hand flapping)
3. Stereotyped mannerisms
Term
Prognosis w/ASD
Definition
Higher IQs +language before age 6= :)
Many can function fairly independently
Term
Bettleheim's psychoanalytic theory of ASD
Definition
Rejecting unresponsive parents
Child then withdraws into their own world
NOT supported by data
Term
Neurobio factors of ASD
Definition
Brain size
*Normal at birth-->Larger
*Pruning may not be occuring
Term
ADHD:
Marked by:
Definition
1. Excessive levels of activity
2. Distractability and probs. concentrating
3. Severe and persistent (6 mo)
Term
3 ADHD subytpes
Definition
1. Hyperactive
2. Inattentive
3. both
Term
ADHD is often comorbid w/(not counting ODD, CD)
How long do sxs last?
Definition
Anxiety and depression
Beyond childhood
Term
Etiology of ADHD
*Genetic
*Neurobiological
Definition
*High heritability
*Underactive frontal lobes
*Dec. cerebral blood flow
*Smaller frontal lobes, caudate nucleus, globulus
pallidus
Term
Etiology of ADHD:
Peri/Pre-natal:
Environ.
Definition
*Low Birth Wt.
*Mom uses tobacco/alcohol

*NOT sugar or food additives
*Nicotine
-Damage dopaminergic sys.
Term
Etiology of ADHD
*Psych factors (3)
Definition
1. Ineffective parenting+Neg. interactions
2. Psych+Genetics+Neurobio
3. Probably increases or maintains, but doesn't
CAUSE ADHD
Term
Treatment of ADHD
*Goal
*How
*Side effects
Definition
*Reduce disruptive behavior, improve attn. and conc.
*Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta, Strattera
*Wt. loss, loss of appetite, sleep issues
Term
Psych treatment for ADHD
Definition
1. Operant conditioning
*Parent training
*Classroom mgmt
*Classroom structure
-Short assignments
-Immediate feedback
-Task-focused
-Exercise breaks
Term
2 ex. of Disruptive Behavior d/o
Definition
1. CD
2. ODD
Term
Sxs of CD
Definition
Pattern of behaviors that violate social norms and
rights of others
Aggression, cruelty towards ppl/animals, lying,
stealing, vandalism
All w/lack of remorse
Term
Sxs of ODD
Definition
Don't meet full criteria for CD
Argumentative, loses temper, lack of compliance,
deliberately aggravates others, hostile, spiteful,
vindictive, touchy, blames others
Most common in boys, but may be prev. in girls
Term
Legal term for CD
Co-morbid w/(by gender)
Most common in:
Definition
Juvenile delinquents
Substance abuse
Anxiety/Depression (esp. girls)
Boys
Term
2 Paths for CD
Definition
1. Life course persistent
2. Adolescence-limited
Term
6 Predictive factors for life course persistent CD
Definition
1. Low verbal IQ
2. Parent w/ASPD
3. Temperament
4. Dysfunctional parent-child interactions
5. Poverty
6. Low social support
Term
CD neurobio factors (3)
Definition
1. Poor verbal skills
2. Difficulty w/exec. functioning
3. Low IQ
Term
CD and psych factors (5)
Definition
1. Deficient moral dev., esp. remorse
2. Modeling/reinforcement of aggressive beh.
3. Harsh and inconsistent parenting
4. Lack of parental monitoring
5. Cog. bias (Hostile attribution bias)
Term
CD:
*Peer influence
*Sociocultural factors
Definition
*Acceptance or rejection by peers
*Affiliate w/deviant peers

*Poverty
*Urban
Term
MDD in Children/Adolescents
Sxs common no matter the age (5)
Definition
1. Depressed mood
2. Anhedonia
3. Fatigue
4. Probs. concen.
5. Suicide
Term
MDD sxs specific to children (5)
Definition
1. Higher rates of suicide attempts and guilt
2. Lower rates of
*Early morning waking
*Early morning depression
*Loss of appetite
*Wt. loss
Term
MDD is more common in:
Rates of childhood depression seem to be:
Definition
Girls
Increasing
Term
Etiology of MDD in kids:
Family/Relationship factors (4)
Definition
1. Parent who is depressed
2. Cold/hostile fam.
3. Parental criticism
4. Poor social skills

*These may be cause +/- effect
Term
Anxiety and children:
Adults w/anxiety d/o report:
4 most common
Definition
Feeling anxious as children
1. Specific phobias
2. GAD
3. Social phobia
4. OCD
Term
Anxiety d/o specific to childhood:
+Special version
Definition
1. Separation anxiety d/o
School phobia
Term
3 Sxs of separation anxiety
Definition
Extreme anxiety when separated from a parent
1. Throws tantrums/pleads to avoid separation
2. Trouble staying 1 room away from parent
3. Sxs last at least 4 weeks
Term
School phobia has two major foci of fears +elaborate
Definition
1. Separation anxiety: Worry about parent safety
2. Fear of school: Begins later, more severe avoidance
Term
Social phobia:
2 sxs +explain
Etiology (3)
Definition
1. Extreme shyness/withdrawal
2. Maybe selective mutism
*Refusal to speak in unfamiliar situations
*Can be its own diagnosis
1. Overestimation of threat
2. Underestimation of coping ability
3. Poor social skills
Term
PTSD
*3 common triggers
*3 Sx categories
*3 etiologies
Definition
*1. physical/sexual abuse, 2. community violence,
3. natural disasters
*1. Flashbacks/nightmares/intrusive thoughts,
2. Avoidance, 3. Hyperarousal/vigilance
*1. Preexisting anxiety, 2. family stress/coping
styles, 3. Parental response to trauma
Term
2 other d/o of childhood+examples
Definition
1. Tic d/o
*Tourette's
*Chronic vocal/motor tics
2. Elimination d/o
*Encopresis
*Enuresis
Term
Tourette's D/O
Definition
1. Motor+Verbal tics
2. More common in males
3. Usually lifelong
4. Maybe related to OCD and ADHD
Term
Democratic Ideal
Definition
Part of humanistic therapies
3 Components:
1. Everyone has worth & dignity
2. Has rights and responsibilities
3. Is independent and self-directing
Term
Predominance of the subjective
Definition
Part of humanistic therapies
*The individ. experience of awareness, purpose,
and choice is important
*Suspicious of objectivity
*Subjectivity=Authentic
Term
Emphasis on growth and humanistic
Definition
*Humans are active organisms
*Humans have an inherent capacity for growth
*Capacity can be suppressed
*Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Definition
1. Basic Needs (survival)
2. Safety Needs (comfort)
3. Psych Needs
4. Self-Actualization
5. Peak Experiences
Term
Humanistic view of human nature
Definition
Basic human nature is good
Distortions are possible
Term
Humanistic view of authentic human encounters
Definition
Positive view
Full participation possible and healthy
Focus on here and now
Necessary for therapeutic change
Term
Humanistic and scientific method
Definition
Fails to accurately capture complexity of human nature
Studies the parts not the whole
Excessive focus on overt behavior
Term
Big name in humanistic therapy
Definition
Carl Rogers
Term
Phenomenological view of therapy
Definition
Subjective views of the self and the world are most important
Term
6 Parts of the Phenomenological view of devt. and
functioning
Definition
1. Individ. is at the center of a changing world of
exp.
2.Perception=Reality
3. Behavior is an attempt to satisfy needs
4. Organisms react as org. wholes
5. Devt of the self is REALLY important
6. Actualizing tendency-->Fully Functioning
Person
Term
Maladjustment according to humanists can result from
(2)
Definition
1. Conditions of worth: Ppl provide pos. regard
conditionally
2. Incongruence
Term
Incongruence
Definition
Arises from:
*Person enacting a false self to get conditional
pos. regard
*Ppl not living authentically (not realizing their
behavior+consequences)
*Behavior doesn't =goals, beliefs
*Change beh. or self-image
Term
Congruence
Definition
*Person accurately views own exp. w/o this being
a threat to self-concept
*Real self=Ideal self
*See self accurately and living consistently
Term
According to Rogers:
*Who is responsible for improvement:
*Goal:
*Therapists job
*Overall theme:
Definition
*Only the client can improve
*Removes distractions so self-actualization can
progress
*Unconditional Pos. Regard and empathy
*Nonevaluative; therapist reflects w/
-Clarification of feelings
-Paraphrase
Term
Humanistic therapy:
Necessary and sufficient conditions for change
Definition
1. 2 persons in psych. contact
2. Client=Incongruent, Therapist=Congruent
3. Therapist gives UCPR
4. Therapist is empathetic
Term
3 Probs w/Roger's therapy
Definition
1. Helpful, but not sufficient
2. Not everyone was as good
3. Is there really an innate tendency for healthy
growth
Term
Gestalt therapy:
*Basic premises:
*Leader
Definition
*Sense of a unified whole
*Fritz Perls
Term
3 Central themes in Gestalt therapy
Definition
1. Humans are unified
2. Indiv. continually seeks to complete the gestalt
3.Personality is composed of polarities
Denying one of these polarities=unhealthy
This is called dichotomies
Term
Ecological interdependence:
Accurate awareness
Responsibilities
Definition
Gestalt Therapy:
*Ind. must define themselves as sep. from others
but still connect to them
*Key to healthy dev.: Honest assess. of self+others
*Accurate awareness+Willingness to live by it
Term
Neuroses:
In Adults:
Causes
Definition
*Growth d/o usually beginning in childhood
*Ppl dev. a tendency to act out phony roles
Term
3 Causes of phony acts
Definition
Parents cause it by:
1. Under support: Pulled support b4 child was
ready
2. Critical dictation: Support contingent on
proper beh.
3. Spoiling: Child never frustrated
Term
6 Rules of Gestalt Therapy
Definition
1. Comm. is in the present
2. Comm. is b/n equals
3. Use "I" language (accept responsibility)
4. Client is mindful
5. No gossip
6. Questions are discouraged (sneaking ways
of stating an opinion)
Term
Confrontation
Self-involving disclosures
Directed activities
Definition
*Therapist actively pts. out apparent conflicts
that pt. to lack of awareness
*The therapist states own feelings and thoughts
(present)
*Therapist suggests beh. designed to incr. client
awareness
Term
Client role in Gestalt therapy (2)
Definition
1. Must actively change phony ways
2. Has power to change
Term
Gestalt treatment:
*Goal
*Therapist's job
*Ex. of directed activities
Definition
*Use the self that attends therapy to red. phony self
*Active facilitator
*Two-chair, empty chair, "I take responsibility,"
Playing the projection, Exaggeration
Term
Existential Psych:
*Emphasis on:
*Key issue:
*Results in:
Definition
*Individ's personal exp. in life w/a focus on
existential dilemma
*Inevitability of death
*Angst
Term
Meaning and the choice to be in existential psych
Definition
*Life has no meaning=you create it
*You assign your own meaning
*Do this by living authentically
*Meaningless can be powerful and neg. if you let it
Term
Cause of psychopathology according to existential psych.
Definition
Death and meaningless-->
*Despair: giving in to them
*Desperate avoidance: Distract yourself from
them
Term
Treatment and existential psych (3)
Definition
1. Meaning
2. Goals
3. Authentic existence
Term
Existential psych and the choice of nothingness (2 extremes)
Definition
1. Suicide
2. Inauthentic acts
*Lack of commitment to goals
*Lack of commitment to self-determined respon.
Term
Existential guilt
Definition
*Awareness of failure to fulfill your possibilities
*Inevitable for any self-aware person (unavoidable)
Term
Dasein and Existential psych
Definition
1. Conveys a sense of exp. as an autonomous,
separate, evolving entity
2. Central task of life is to exp. dasein fully and
honestly
Term
Behavior Tx focuses on:
Relies on the idea that:
Definition
*Overt beh. and conscious mental processes
*Beh. can be learned and unlearned
-Operant conditioning
Term
Temporal emphasis w/Beh. Tx
Definition
*Present Time
-Past is important for shaping cognitions and
beh.
-Insight does NOT= cure
Term
Beh. Tx and the treatment relationship
Definition
Important but not sufficient
Term
Beh. Tx places emphasis on:
*Why?
Definition
The scientific method
*Focus on outcomes
*Want clients to do this too
*Attempt to incorporate feedback from research
into practice
Term
Beh Tx:
*Techniques
*Cure comes from:
*How should the therapist behave?
Definition
*Wide variety
*Defined goals
*Active and directive
Term
The most common type of behavioral therapy:
What plays a very important role in treatment?
Definition
CBT
Exposure: Face anxiety-provoking situation= :)
Term
Assessment for CTx, BTx:
Definition
Emphasis on description, not why
How, when, where, what
Occurs throughout treatment
Open discussion of therapist's theories
Freq. use of questionnaires and direct obs.
Term
Exposure therapies:
*Often used to treat:
*Why?
*How does it progress?
*3 Ex.
Definition
Anxiety d/o
Being repeatedly exposed w/o the aversive
outcome-->No more fear response
Typically gradual, following a hierarchy. Can be
imagined or in vivo
1. ERP
2. Flooding
3. Systematic desensitization
Term
ERP:
*Often used to treat
*How does it progress
*Client's role
*What is not allowed
Definition
*OCD
*Graduated, situations must provoke anxiety and
must be repeated until anxiety is gone
*Directly engage w/feared aspect
*Distraction or avoidance/accommodation beh.
Term
Flooding:
*AKA
*Define:
*Caveat
*Potential problem
Definition
*Implosion TX
*Exposure to anxiety-provoking sit. until anxiety
is gone
*Works, but clients don't want to do it
*Premature escape=Increased anxiety
Term
Systematic desensitization:
*Often used to treat:
*Progression
Definition
*Phobias and anxiety d/o
*Exposure therapy+relaxation training
-Can't relax and be anxious
-Counterconditioning
Term
Operant conditioning techniques
*How does it work
Definition
Modify beh. by manipulating consequences
-eg. attn from others
Term
BTx outcomes
Definition
Empirical support
Really good for MDD, Anxiety, Children's beh. d/o
Term
Therapeutic relationship and CTx
Definition
Learning tool:
*Education
*Handouts, mini-lectures, readings
*Assignments
Term
HW and CTx
Definition
Written: Record of events, interpretations, and feelings
Behavioral: Perform certain beh. to examine validity
of a cognition
Term
CTx:
*How long does it last
*How does it progress
Definition
*Brief <15 sessions
*Planned, focused on goals
Term
Cog. Processes:
Definition
Meaning sys. of each indiv. is idiosyncratic
Term
What did Ellis concen. on?
What did Beck concen. on?
Both believed...
Definition
*Specific, but broad irrational thoughts
*Categories of cog. distortions
*Ppl have bad habits that they can learn to recog.
and correct
Term
ABCs or REBT
Definition
A: Activating Event
B: Belief
C: Consequence/Emotion
Term
Basis of REBT
Rational according to REBT
REBT and hedonism
Definition
Emotions caused by beliefs about events, not the
events
That which aids ppl in achieving their basic goals
and purposes
In the long run, more ST goals are accomplished
if you focus on the LT goal
Term
3 of Ellis's 12 Basic Irrational Ideas
Definition
1. Everyone wants to be loved or approved of by
everyone else
2. You should be completely competent, adequate,
and achieving in everything to be worthy
3. Certain ppl are bad and they should be punished
or blamed
Term
ABCDE or REBTx
Definition
1. A: Activating Event
2. B: Belief
3. C: Consequence
4. D: Dispute
5. E: Effective new belief
Term
Beck's Cog. Triad
How can we id distortions?
Definition
Neg. views of the self, world, and future
Looking at readily accessible thoughts
Term
Beck's 3 specific kinds of beliefs:
Definition
1. Expectations (future)
2. Evaluations (self and others)
3. Attributions (Causality and resp.)
Term
8 Common thought distortions
Definition
1. Black and White
2. Catastrophizing
3. Magnify/Minimize
4. Personalization
5. Generalization
6. Filtering: Focus only on the bad
7. Mind reading
8. Selective abstraction: Only focus on one thing
Term
Beck's 3 Cog. factors contributing to mood d/o
Definition
1. Generalization: Sweeping gen. based on 1 event
2. Arbitrary inference: Draw a conc. w/o sufficient
info
3. Selective abstraction: Focus on one element, and
ignore the rest
Term
How does CTx typically work?
Definition
Our beliefs are hypotheses that need to be tested
Term
Cog. restructuring:
Why?
3 Steps.
Definition
*Cog.-->feelings, so changing illogical cog. can
-->more approp. emotional rxns
1. Id illogical thoughts
2. Challenge the thought
3. Replace the thought
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