Term
| Methods of knowing (Charles Peirce) |
|
Definition
tenacity- it's true because I know it's true
authority- it's true because the Bible tells me so
a priori- it's true because it stands to reason
scientific- it's "true" if repeated empirical observation does not refute it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
static- science is the systematic accumulation of knowledge
dynamic- science is the activity of hypothesis generation and testing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| science is about gaining an understanding of observable events and predicting (and sometimes altering) future events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. ID Problem
2. Generate Hypothesis
3. Reasoning deduction
4. Observation-experiment
5. Acceptance or rejection of hypothesis
3 loops to 2
5 loops to 1 |
|
|
Term
| methods used in behavioral and psychopathology research |
|
Definition
single subject research (often used for functional analysis)
the multiple baseline design
the baseline-reversal (A-B-A-B) design |
|
|
Term
| problems with single subject research |
|
Definition
changes in functioning cannot be attributed to treatment without a reversal
reversals are often unethical
results are of limited generalizability
data are often interpreted through visual inspection rather than statistical tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
research that assesses the strength of association between variables
extent to which one variable covaries with another is indexed by the correlation coefficient, or r. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
with no predictor variable (X), the best guess for any individual's score on Y is the grand mean (Y=7.3)
variability around that mean is prediction error, or unexplained residual variance, depicted here as arrows, or deviation scores: |
|
|
Term
| problems with correlational research |
|
Definition
correlation is necessary but not sufficient for inferring causality
even if the relation is causal, the direction of causality cannot be determined |
|
|
Term
| third variable explanations are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The is the only research design that allows causal conclusions to be drawn through the following three steps:
1. random assignment to experimental and control groups
2. manipulation of the grouping (independent) variable
3. control of extraneous, or confounding (third) variables |
|
|
Term
| The problem w/ experimental research |
|
Definition
| experimental research is impractical and unethical in some (perhaps even most) psychopathology research |
|
|
