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Abnormal Psych Ch. 1
Intro and Historical Overview
46
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/22/2009

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Term
Psychopathology
Definition
The study of the nature, development, and treatment of mental disorders.
Term
Stigma
Definition
Destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to "the other," i.e. the mentally ill.
Term
Mental disorder
Definition
A behavioral/psychological disorded associated with distress, disability, and increased risk of suffering/death.
Term
Harmful dysfunction
Definition
Occurs when an internal mechanism is unable to performs its natural function, and this inability is judged harmful.
Term
Demonology
Definition
Belief that mental illness was caused by evil spirits possessing the afflicted.
Term
Exorcism
Definition
The casting out of evil spirits through prayer and other rituals.
Term
Asylum
Definition
Institution for the confinement and care of people with mental illnesses.
Term
Moral treatment
Definition
Treatment of mental illness which emphasized personal contact and humane treatment.
Term
General paresis
Definition
Syndrome characterized by deterioration of mental and physical abilities as well as progressive paralysis. Later revealed to be syphilis
Term
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
Treatment of severe depression by means of powerful electric shocks. Originally used for schizophrenia.
Term
Francis Galton
Definition
British scientist who perform twin studies in lat 19th century. Developed genetic paradigm, may have contributed to eugenics
Term
Prefrontal lobotomy
Definition
Severing of the connections between the prefrontal lobe and the rest of the brain. Used mainly on violent or hyperactive patients.
Term
Cathartic method
Definition
Method developed by Josef Breuer, in which emotional tension was released by expressing previously forgotten thoughts.
Term
Psychoanalytic theory
Definition
Freud's theory that psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in the individual.
Term
Id
Definition
A portion of the psyche: present at birth, contains basic urges for food, water, elimination, warmth, affection, and sex. Tension arises when these needs are not satisfied.
Term
Libido
Definition
According to Freud, the biological energy underlying the id.
Term
Unconscious
Definition
Existing below the level of awareness.
Term
Pleasure principle
Definition
Principle upon which the id operates; immediate gratification of urges.
Term
Ego
Definition
A portion of the psyche: develops from the id during the second six months of life. Operates on a conscious level.
Term
Reality principle
Definition
Principle on which the ego operates: mediates between reality and the id's demands for gratification.
Term
Superego
Definition
A portion of the psyche: develops throughout childhood, functions as a conscience. Represents integration of parental/societal norms.
Term
Defense mechanism
Definition
A strategy used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety.
Term
Repression
Definition
According to Freud, a defense mechanism in which impulses and thoughts unacceptable to the ego are pushed into the unconscious.
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
Psychotherapy based on Freud's theory
Term
Free association
Definition
method of psychoanalysis in which the patient reclines on a couch facing away from the analyst and gives free rein to his or her thoughts.
Term
Transference
Definition
In psychoanalytic theory, occurs when a patient's responses to the analyst seem to relfect attitudes and ways of behaving towards important people in the patient's past, rather than reflecting actual aspects of the analyst-patient relationship.
Term
Interpretation
Definition
Psychoanalytic method in which the therapist points out to the patient the meanings of certain behaviors on the patient's part. Focuses primarily on circumventing defense mechanisms.
Term
Analytical psychology
Definition
School of psychology developed by Carl Jung.
Term
Collective unconscious
Definition
According to Jung, a part of the unconscious that is shared by all humans; consists primarily of archetypes.
Term
Archetypes
Definition
Basic categories used in conceptualizing the world.
Term
Individual psychology
Definition
Theory developed by Alfred Adler; regarded people as inextricable tied to their society because fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good. A forerunner of cognitive psychology.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
School of psychology pioneered by B.F. Skinner. Focused of observable behavior, as opposed to consciousness or mental functioning.
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
Conditioning in which a connection is established between a specific stimulus and a specific response.
Term
Extinction
Definition
The gradual disappearance of the conditioned response; occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditional stimulus.
Term
Law of effect
Definition
Law which states that behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying for the organism will be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged. Important to operant conditioning.
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
Conditioning in which specific behavior is met with either positive or negative reinforcement.
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
Strengthening of a tendency via consistent rewards.
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
Strengthens a tendency by punishing its absence
Term
Shaping
Definition
Rewarding a series of responses that more and more closely resemble the desired response.
Term
Modeling
Definition
Learning through imitating others
Term
Behavior therapy
Definition
Therapy which attempts to change behavior, thoughts, and feelings via aversive conditioning and systematic desensitization.
Term
Aversive conditioning
Definition
Form of behavior therapy in which an attractive stimulus is paired with an aversive event. Ex. alcohol is paired with a substance causing nausea.
Term
Systematic desensitization
Definition
Form of behavior therapy involving deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposure to a list of feared situations.
Term
Clinical psychologist
Definition
Psychologists possessing a Ph.D, 4-8 of graduate study, and a emphasis on research.
Term
Psychotherapy
Definition
A primarily verbal means of helping people change their thoughts, feelings, and behavior to reduce distress and to achieve greater life satisfaction.
Term
Psychiatrist
Definition
An individual holding an M.D. degree and possessing postgraduate training (a residency).
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