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| The study of the nature, development, and treatment of mental disorders. |
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| Destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to "the other," i.e. the mentally ill. |
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| A behavioral/psychological disorded associated with distress, disability, and increased risk of suffering/death. |
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| Occurs when an internal mechanism is unable to performs its natural function, and this inability is judged harmful. |
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| Belief that mental illness was caused by evil spirits possessing the afflicted. |
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| The casting out of evil spirits through prayer and other rituals. |
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| Institution for the confinement and care of people with mental illnesses. |
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| Treatment of mental illness which emphasized personal contact and humane treatment. |
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| Syndrome characterized by deterioration of mental and physical abilities as well as progressive paralysis. Later revealed to be syphilis |
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| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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| Treatment of severe depression by means of powerful electric shocks. Originally used for schizophrenia. |
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| British scientist who perform twin studies in lat 19th century. Developed genetic paradigm, may have contributed to eugenics |
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| Severing of the connections between the prefrontal lobe and the rest of the brain. Used mainly on violent or hyperactive patients. |
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| Method developed by Josef Breuer, in which emotional tension was released by expressing previously forgotten thoughts. |
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| Freud's theory that psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in the individual. |
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| A portion of the psyche: present at birth, contains basic urges for food, water, elimination, warmth, affection, and sex. Tension arises when these needs are not satisfied. |
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| According to Freud, the biological energy underlying the id. |
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| Existing below the level of awareness. |
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| Principle upon which the id operates; immediate gratification of urges. |
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| A portion of the psyche: develops from the id during the second six months of life. Operates on a conscious level. |
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| Principle on which the ego operates: mediates between reality and the id's demands for gratification. |
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| A portion of the psyche: develops throughout childhood, functions as a conscience. Represents integration of parental/societal norms. |
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| A strategy used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety. |
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| According to Freud, a defense mechanism in which impulses and thoughts unacceptable to the ego are pushed into the unconscious. |
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| Psychotherapy based on Freud's theory |
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| method of psychoanalysis in which the patient reclines on a couch facing away from the analyst and gives free rein to his or her thoughts. |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, occurs when a patient's responses to the analyst seem to relfect attitudes and ways of behaving towards important people in the patient's past, rather than reflecting actual aspects of the analyst-patient relationship. |
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| Psychoanalytic method in which the therapist points out to the patient the meanings of certain behaviors on the patient's part. Focuses primarily on circumventing defense mechanisms. |
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| School of psychology developed by Carl Jung. |
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| According to Jung, a part of the unconscious that is shared by all humans; consists primarily of archetypes. |
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| Basic categories used in conceptualizing the world. |
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| Theory developed by Alfred Adler; regarded people as inextricable tied to their society because fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good. A forerunner of cognitive psychology. |
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| School of psychology pioneered by B.F. Skinner. Focused of observable behavior, as opposed to consciousness or mental functioning. |
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| Conditioning in which a connection is established between a specific stimulus and a specific response. |
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| The gradual disappearance of the conditioned response; occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditional stimulus. |
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| Law which states that behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying for the organism will be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged. Important to operant conditioning. |
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| Conditioning in which specific behavior is met with either positive or negative reinforcement. |
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| Strengthening of a tendency via consistent rewards. |
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| Strengthens a tendency by punishing its absence |
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| Rewarding a series of responses that more and more closely resemble the desired response. |
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| Learning through imitating others |
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| Therapy which attempts to change behavior, thoughts, and feelings via aversive conditioning and systematic desensitization. |
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| Form of behavior therapy in which an attractive stimulus is paired with an aversive event. Ex. alcohol is paired with a substance causing nausea. |
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| Systematic desensitization |
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| Form of behavior therapy involving deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposure to a list of feared situations. |
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| Psychologists possessing a Ph.D, 4-8 of graduate study, and a emphasis on research. |
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| A primarily verbal means of helping people change their thoughts, feelings, and behavior to reduce distress and to achieve greater life satisfaction. |
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| An individual holding an M.D. degree and possessing postgraduate training (a residency). |
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