Term
| emotional symptoms of depression |
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Definition
| dysphoria (sad/bad feeling) and anhedonia (lack of enjoyment in activities) |
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Term
| motivational symptoms of depression |
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Definition
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Term
| behavioral and physical symptoms of depression |
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Definition
| change in appetite, sleep patterns, activity levels |
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Term
| cognitive symptoms of depression |
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Definition
| thoughts of worthlessness, hopelessness, guilt |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| recurrent, with melancholic features, with catatonic features, with postpartum onset, with seasonal pattern, with pscyhotic features |
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Term
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Definition
| early onset has worse prognosis; minimum episode is two weeks; half recover in 6 weeks, 90% in 1 year (this is without treatment); usually recurrent and has comorbidity with an anxiety disorder because symptoms overlap |
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Term
| psychodynamic explanations for depression |
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Definition
| results from unconscious grief due to real or imagined losses |
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Term
| behavioral explanation for depression |
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Definition
| diminished social rewards lead to reduced behavior |
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Term
| cognitive explanation for depression |
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Definition
| maladaptive attitudes and automatic thoughts, cognitive triad, errors in thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| negative views of self, negative views of experience, negative views of future |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| recalling only negative details |
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Term
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Definition
| based on single failure, a person believes they are a failure |
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Term
| magnification and minimization |
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Definition
| underestimating positive experiences and maximizing negative experiences |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all things are either good or bad |
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Term
| goal of cognitive therapy |
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Definition
| help the patient identify maladaptive thinking and replace it with more adaptive thinking (challeninging maladaptive thoughts by testing against the evidence) |
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Term
| sociocultural explanation for depression |
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Definition
| emphasizes social context and although may not be caused by interperonal events, interpersonal component may exist seeing as though people who lack social support are more susceptible to depression and depressed people sometimes have social skills deficits. |
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Term
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Definition
| addresses interpersonal issues by working through miscommunications/misunderstandings, disputes |
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Term
| four problem areas addressed by interpersonal therapy |
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Definition
| interpersonal loss, interperonal disputes, interpersonal deficits, and role transitions |
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Term
| symptoms of mania in bipolar disorder |
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Definition
| elevated mood, enhancement of senses, euphoria, irritability, inability to concentrate, increased self-esteem, high energy, no need for sleep, |
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Term
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Definition
| full manic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| hypomanic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally elevated mood state that is less severe than mania. |
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Term
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Definition
| patient experiences four or more episodes in a one year period |
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Term
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Definition
| person experiences episodes of both mania and depression both in one day at the same time |
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Term
| predictors of outcome for bipolar disorder |
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Definition
| compliance with medicine (good), presence of psychotic features (bad), schizoaffective diagnosis (bad), rapid cycling and mixed states (bad) |
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Term
| biological explanations for bipolar disorder |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter abnormalities and brain structure |
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Term
| CDC definition of suicide |
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Definition
| evidence that injury was self-inflicted and that the defendent intended to kill him/herself |
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Term
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Definition
| suicidal act with fatal outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| self-injury with varying degrees of lethal intent |
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Term
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Definition
| person clearly intends to end his life |
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Term
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Definition
| person is simply hastening process of death |
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Term
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Definition
| person does not realize finality of death |
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Term
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Definition
| person is ambivalent about dying even at moment of attempt |
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Term
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Definition
| social ties may prevent suicide if the society discourages it and supports alternatives. this also goes the other way though, social ties may encourage suicide if the society sees it as beneficial. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of social order; anomic suicide |
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Term
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Definition
| social structures are oppressive and unbearable; fatalistic suicide |
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Term
| psychological cuases in suicide |
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Definition
| psychopathology, errors in thinking, previous attempts |
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Term
| life events and the occurence of suicide |
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Definition
| research shows that there is an increased amount of life events in the lives of those who committed suicide. the way life events can lead to suicide is the way the person interprets these life events, since depressed minds are often very inflexible. |
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Term
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Definition
| a persistent, irrational fear about an object or situation, person is aware that fear is excessiveand unreasonable, person usually avoids the feared object |
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Term
| family pedigree studies in unipolar depression |
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Definition
| show higher rate of depression in close relatives of depressed people than in the population at large |
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Term
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Definition
| clinical depression symptoms can last up to a year following the birth of a child; experienced by 10-30% of new mothers |
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Term
| neurotransmitters and depression |
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Definition
a) altered levels of neuromodulator serotonin messes with levels of other neurotransmitters
b) neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all involved
c) abnormalities in endocrine system may result in over/under-secretion of hormones that could cause depression |
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Term
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Definition
| people whose parents pushed them toward excessive dependence or excessive self-reliance are more likely to become depressed when faced with the loss of a relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| infants and children who are separated from their mothers experience this |
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Term
| affectionless control style |
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Definition
| parenting style that correlates with depression in their children that is definedasa mixture of low care and high protection |
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Term
| Lewinsohn's behavioral explanation of depression |
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Definition
| some people engage in fewer positive behaviors when the rewards for their positive behaviors start to diminish, and that this isthe basis for the development of a depressed style of functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive vulnerability to depression... example is "my general worth is tied directly to every task i comeplete" or "if i fail, otherw will be repelled by me" |
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Term
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Definition
| maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, and errors in thinking all combine to cause symptoms of depression, which reinforce and confrim the cognitions that create them. |
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Term
| internal vs. external attributions |
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Definition
| is the cause of this event lovated within myself (internal) or elsewhere (external)? |
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Term
| global vs. specific attributions |
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Definition
| is the cuase of this event relevant to many situations(global) or just this one (specific)? |
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Term
| stable vs. unstable attributions |
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Definition
| is the cause of this event enduring (stable) or is it shor lived (unstable) |
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Term
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Definition
| alternating periods of hypomanic and mild depressive symptoms for a period of 2 years or more |
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Term
| brain structures linked to bipolar disorder |
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Definition
| basal ganglia, cerebellum, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, dorsal raphe nucleus, striatum |
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Term
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Definition
| seek to help clients bring underlying issues to consciousness and work them through. they encourage client to associate freely, suggest interpretations of clients associations/dreams/displays of resistance and transference, and help the person review past events and feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| therapists reintroduce clients to pleasurable events and activities, appropriately reinforce their depressive and nondepressive behaviors, and help them improve their social skills |
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Term
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Definition
leading treatment for unipolar depression, designed to help clients recognize and change negative cognitive processes and improve their mood.
1)increasing activities and elevating mood
2) challaneging automatic thoughts
3) identifying negative thinking and biases
4) changing primary attitudes |
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Term
| behavioral marital therapy |
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Definition
| help spouses change harmful marital behavior by teaching them specific communication and problem-solving skills |
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Term
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Definition
| slow the body's production of monoamine oxidase. MAO break down norepinephrine, so stopping this from happening would cause less depletion of norepinephrine, leading to less depressive symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| block reuptake process that may be too successful and reduce norepinephrine or serotonin levels |
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Term
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
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Definition
| increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting norepinephrine or other NTs |
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Term
| interpersonal loss and treatment |
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Definition
| feelings of grief and sadness after the loss of a loved one --> explore relationship with lost person, help client express feelings toward lost person, encourage development of new relationships |
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Term
| interpersonal role dispute and treatment |
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Definition
| role disputes occur when two people have different expectations of their relationship and of the role each should play --> clients examine whatever role disputes they may be involved in and then develop ways of resolution |
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Term
| interpersonal role transition and treatment |
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Definition
| brought about by major life changes --> developing social supports and skills the new roles aquire |
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Term
| interpersonal deficits and treatment |
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Definition
| social deficits that prevent people from having intimate relationships --> helping individuals recognize deficits and teaching them social skills and assertiveness in order to improve social effectiveness. |
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Term
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Definition
| past history of violence, substance abuse, medication noncompliance, paranoid symptoms or command hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| is recurrent, unexpected panic attacks; a month or more of one of the following at least one of the attacks: persistent concern about having additional attacks, worrying about the implications/consequences of the attack, and significant changes in behavior following the attack |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of being out in public faces for fear of having another panic attack |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of being shamed by one's performance in a social setting |
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Term
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Definition
| the response to real, immediate danger that organizes itself in response to the danger and subsides when danger passes |
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Term
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Definition
| out of proportion to threat, can make the situation worse (maladaptive), anxiety remains as anticipatory anxiety |
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Term
| immediate stressors that might precipitat suicide |
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Definition
| loss of a loved one, loss of job, stress from natural disaster |
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Term
| long term stressors that might precipitate suicide |
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Definition
| serious illness, occupational stress, abusive environment |
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Term
| mood changes associated with suicide |
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Definition
| increased sadness, frustration, anger, anxiety, tension, shame |
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Term
| cognitive changes in suicidal people |
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Definition
| hopelessness, dichotomous thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| society has little or no control on person's decision to commit suicide |
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Term
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Definition
| so well integrated into the social structure that the person sacrifices their life for the well-being of society |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of social order/institutions gives no purpose or meaning to life, person thus feels unfullfilled. |
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Term
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Definition
| people suffering from GAD believe worrying is a useful way of appraising and coping with threats in life, so they look for and examine all possible signs of danger, leading them to worry incessantly; they also hold negative beliefs about worrying because society teaches them that worrying is bad, and the individuals come to believe that their repeated worrying is in fact harmful and uncontrobble |
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Term
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Definition
| further worry about the fact that they worry about everything all the time |
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Term
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Definition
| people with GAD have greater bodily arousal than other people and worrying actually serves to reduce this bodily arousal, because cognitive activity temporarily reduces emotional bodily arousal. in short, individuals with GAD may turn to worrying as a quick, thoguh ultimately maladaptive, way of coping with unpleasant states of emotional arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| identifying and changing irrational assumptions held by clients, suggesting more appropriate assumptions, and assigning homework that gives the individuals practice at challenging old assumptions and applying new ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| marked and persisten fear ofa specific object or situation |
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Term
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Definition
| severe, persistent fear of a particular object, situation, or activity |
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Term
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Definition
| may be very sensitive to certain bodily sensations; when the unexpectedly experience such sensations, they misterpret them as signs of a medical catastrophe; they grow increasingly upset about losing control, fear the worst, lose all perspective, rapidely plunge into panic, all setting them up for future attacks |
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Term
| biological challenege test |
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Definition
| procedure used to produce panic in subjects or clients in the presence of a researcher or therapist. |
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Term
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Definition
| focusing on bodily sensations much of the time, unable to assess them logically and interpret them as potentially harmful |
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Term
| cognitive therapy for panic disorder |
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Definition
1) educating clients about gernearl nature of panic attacks
2) teaching clients to apply more accurate interpretations during stressful situations
3) coping better with anziety
4) interoceptive exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| biological challengeprocedures to induce panic sensationsso that clients can apply new skills under watchful supervision |
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Term
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Definition
| a legal procedure whereby certain people can be forced to undergo mental health treatment |
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