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Abnormal Introduction Ch. 1
Intro
471
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/06/2012

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Term
1950's
Definition
First effective antipsychotic drugs
Term
2 factors of Epidemiology
Definition
Prevalence
Incidence
Term
2 types of Etiology
Definition
Risk Factors
Protective Factors
Term
2 types of Onset
Definition
Acute
Insidious
Term
3 approaches to Classifacation
Definition
Categorical
Dimensional
Prototypical
Term
4 types of humors
Definition
Blood-Cheerfulness
(Melancholer)Black Bile- depression
(Choler) Yellow Bile- Anger
Phlegm- Calmness
Term
Abnormal Psychology
Definition
Not of definition
Whatever society deems abnormal
Term
Acute Onset
Definition
Sudden
Term
Aristotle
Definition
Precursor to psychosocial approaches
-Psychological disorders were influenced by early learning history and current social environment
Term
Axis I
Definition
Clinical Disorders
(ie., axiety, depression
Term
Axis II
Definition
Personality and Mental Retardation
(i.e., Borderline Personality Disorder)
Term
Axis III
Definition
Medical Problems
(i.e., hypertension, obesity)
Term
Axis IV
Definition
Social Problems
(i.e., unemployed, divorced)
Term
Axis V
Definition
Global Assesment of Functioning (GAF)
overall subjective scale of functioning (0-100) the lower the number, the worse the illness is.
Term
Behavior Therapy
Definition
Therapeutic methods based on priniples of behavior and learning as applied to clinical problems

Specific Behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change
Term
Biological Tradition
Definition
(Medical Model)
Psychological disorders are caused by biological imbalances
Term
Carl Rogers Therapy
Definition
Person-Centered Therapy
Unconditional positive regard
Term
Categorical Approach
Definition
Follows a rigid, either-or definition of what each disorder is and what it is caused by
Term
Chronic Course
Definition
Lifetime
Term
Clinical Assesment
Definition
The systematic evaluation and measurement of the FACTORS which may be contributing to an individual's problem
Term
Clinical Psychologists
Definition
(PhD, PsyD)
Treats psychopathology
Term
Course
Definition
The pattern of development and change of an individual's problem over time
Term
Defense Mechanisms
Definition
Common patern of behavior, often an adaptive coping style when in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation
Term
Denial
Definition
Refuses to acknowledge some aspect of reality
Term
Diagnosis
Definition
The process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific psychological disorder
Term
Dimensional Approach
Definition
Categorizing disorders on a wide range rather than binary, either-or basis
Term
Disease
Definition
Collection of signs and symptoms with a known cause
Ex> Huntington's Disease
Term
Displacement
Definition
Transfers a feeling to less threatening object or person
Term
Distress
Definition
When a problem causes an individual pain or suffering
Term
Dorthea Dix (19th Century)
Definition
Mental Hygine Movement
Effort to improve care of mentally disordered by informing public of their mistreatment
Term
Dream Analysis
Definition
Dream content symbolic of Id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts
Term
Dysfunction
Definition
inablitity to function properly
Term
ECT
Definition
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Used to treat schizophrenia in the 30's
Term
Ego (Iceburg Metaphor)
Definition
The Mediator
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
The study of factors effecting health and illness of a population
Term
Episodic Course
Definition
Come and go over and over
Term
Etiology
Definition
The cause of a disorder
Term
Free Association
Definition
Say whatever comes to mind without censoring
Term
How many Axes of DSM-IV are there
Definition
5
Term
How to make a diagnosis
Definition
a person meets criteria for a disorder
(not a person has a disorder)
Term
Humanism
Definition
People are good by nature and are motivated by positive, prosocial tendencies
Term
Humors
Definition
four balanced substances that the normal brain was dependent on. Imbalance=disorder
Term
Id (Iceburg Metaphor)
Definition
Illogical, emotional, irrational
Unconscious
Term
Impairment
Definition
Problem prevents an individual from doing what they want
Term
Incidence
Definition
The frenquency with which something occurs
Term
Insidious Onset
Definition
Gradual
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
Russian Scientist who discovered classical conditioning
(Respondent Conditioning)
Term
Moral Therapy
Definition
Unshackling patients and treating them humanely in normal environments
Term
Onset
Definition
the beginning of a disorder
Term
Philippe Pinel
Definition
French psychiatrist
Moral Therapy
Term
Physical Dysfunction
Definition
Unable to function properly because of a physical condition
(Back Pain)
Term
Presenting Problem
Definition
Original complaint reported by the client
Term
Prevalence
Definition
Number of people with the disorder at a given time
Term
Prognosis
Definition
Anticipated course
Term
Projection
Definition
Falsely attributes own feelings to another person
Term
Prototypical Approach
Definition
Requiring certain criteria to obtain a diagnosis but allowing for some variation
Term
Pschological Dysfuntion
Definition
Unable to function properly mentally
(Unable to leave house because of panic disorder)
Term
Psychiatrists
Definition
(MD)
Can medicate patients
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
Iceberg Metaphor (Freud)
Id
Ego
Superego
Term
Psychoanalysis Techniques
Definition
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Transference
Term
Psychological Disorder
Definition
Psychological dysfunction that is associated with distress or impairment and is not typical or culturally expected.
Term
Psychological Influences
Definition
Cognitive, Behavioral, and Interpersonal
Term
Psychological Tradition
Definition
Psychological disorders are caused by psychological or social influences
Term
Psychological disorders in the 14th century
Definition
Individuals who exhibited abnormal behavior were believed to be possessed by evil spirits
Term
Psychological disorders in the 16th Century
Definition
Psychological problems not caused by demonic possession but rather were caused by the movement of the moon and stars (LUNA-tic)
Caused by infection, head trauma, heredity, HUMORAL IMBALANCE
Term
Psychopathology
Definition
The scientific study of psychological disorders.
Describe, Determine Cause, Treat
Term
Psychosocial Approach
Definition
Modern treatment practice that focuses on social, cultural, and psychological influences
Term
Rationalization
Definition
Conceals true motives for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations
Term
Reaction Formation
Definition
Substitutes that are direct opposite of unacceptable ones
Term
Reification
Definition
Treating something as concrete when it isn't
Term
Repression
Definition
Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, etc from conscious awareness
Term
Scientist Practioners
Definition
a mental heath professional who is expected to apply scientific methods to their clinical work
Term
Self-Actualizing
Definition
People strive to acheive their highest potential against difficult life experiences
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Austrian Physician
Psychoanalytic Theory
First major pyschological approach in 20th century
Term
Signs
Definition
Problems observed by the therapist or diagnostician
Ex> Crying; White blood cell count
Term
Statistical Infrequency
Definition
a characteristic not statistically normal or par of the average
(schizophrenia, Alzheier's)
Term
Study of abnormal behavior or psychopathology is concerened about
Definition
Behaviors, Thoughts, Emotions
Term
Sublimation
Definition
Directs maladaptive feelings into socially acceptable behavior
Term
Superego (Iceburg Metaphor)
Definition
Conscience
Moral Principle
Term
Supernatural Tradition
Definition
Psychological disorder are caused by supernatural forces
Term
Symptoms
Definition
Problems reported by client
Ex> Difficulty sleeping
Term
Syndrome
Definition
Collection or signs and symptoms with no agreed upon cause
Ex>Asperger's Syndrome
Term
Time-Limited Course
Definition
Short period
Term
Transference
Definition
Patients relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures
(countertransference)
Term
Uncoditional Positive Regard
Definition
Accepting a clients feelings or actions without condeming them or judging them
Term
What are the two types of disorders?
Definition
Syndrome
Disease
Term
What influences our definition of abnormality
Definition
Society
Term
What is abnormal behavior?
Definition
Atypical or not culturally expected behavior
Term
Why are symptoms a difficulty in mental health?
Definition
No measures for signs, all based on self report
Term
Physiology
Definition
The study of biological function
Term
4 Basic types of tissue
Definition
Nervous
Muscle
Epithelial
Connective
Term
Intracellular Fluid
Definition
All body fluid inside of cells
Term
Extracellular Fluid
Definition
All fluid outside of cells
Term
Plasma
Definition
Fluid portion of blood, mostly water (93% by volume)
contains dissolved proteins
Term
Interstitial Fluid
Definition
"Tissue-Filled"
Bathes the cells within the organs
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Consistency of the internal environment in the body
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
Rate of the process decreases as the concentration of the product increase
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
Rate of the process increases as the concentration of the product increases
Term
Intrinsic Control Systems
Definition
"Built In" to the organs being regulated

Ex.) Heart and Kidney
Term
Extrinsic Control Systems
Definition
Regulation of an organ by the nervous and endocrine systems

Must overule the intrinsic system
Term
Protons
Definition
Positive charge of an atom

Found in Nucleus
Term
Neutrons
Definition
Neutral charge of an atom

Found in nucleus
Term
Electrons
Definition
Negative charge of an atom
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
Number of protons
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
Protons + Neutrons
Term
Isotope
Definition
2 structures with identical molecular formula, but different structures/characteristics
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
Atoms of a molecule share electrons
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
Cations (+) bond with Anions (-)

Ex) Na+ --> Cl- = NaCl
Term
Polar Bond
Definition
Bond that has an atom the hogs more of the charges, creating a polarity within the molecule
Term
Non-polar Bond
Definition
Bond the has equal charges to each molecule
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
Non-polar molecules that are insoluble in water
Term
Hydrophillic
Definition
Polar molecules that are soluble in water
Term
Amphipathic
Definition
Compound that is both Hydrophillic and Lipophilic
Term
Water
Definition
Polar Bond
-Oxygen shares the electrons with Hydrogen

Hydrogen Bonds
-Weak H-bonds between water molecules
Term
Primary Protein Structure
Definition
Peptide Bonds
Term
Secondary Protein Structure
Definition
H-Bonds and Peptide bonds
Term
Tertiary Protein Structure
Definition
Disulfide Bonds
Term
Quaternary Protein Structure
Definition
Non-covalent, hydrogen, peptide, and Disulfid bonds
Term
Nucleotide subunits
Definition
Nitrogenous bases
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate
Term
3 types of RNA
Definition
Messenger (mRNA)
Ribosomal (rRNA)
Transfer (tRNA)
Term
Dehydration Synthesis
Definition
Formation of large molecules by the removal of water
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
Breakdown of molecules using water
Term
Cell membrane
Definition
"Edge of Life"
Semi-permeable
Gives cell shape and controls what leaves/enters cell
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Control center of cell

Made of nucleolus and Nuclear envelope
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
Nonmembraneous mass of protein and RNA molecules

Produce rRNA for ribosomes
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
Double membrane organelle

Supports nucleus and controls passage of materials
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
Juice content inside cell but outside nucleus
Term
Cytosol
Definition
Liquid portion of the cytoplasm

Cannot be removed by centrifugation
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Lattice of microfilaments and microtubules

Provides structural organization for cell shape and organelles
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Assists in protein synthesis

Manufacture of phospholipids used in produced cell membrane

Manufacture secreted proteins
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Produces packages to Golgi complex

Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids used to produce cell membrane

Drug Detox
Term
Golgi Complex (Apparatus)
Definition
"Post office"
Recieves, identifies, sorts, ships vessicles
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Membrane enclosed bag of hydrolitic enzymes

Intracellular digestive system (Hydrolysis)
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Small membraneous sacs

Contains oxidative enzymes for detoxifacation
Term
Vaults
Definition
Barrel-Shapped octagons
Fits into nuclear pores
Controls transport of materials in/out of nucleus
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Double-membrane organelle

Powerhouse of cell- Makes ATP
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Produced by nucleus

Synthesizes Proteins
Term
Helicases
Definition
Molecules/enzyme breaks the helix (H-bonds)

Separates DNA strands
Term
DNA Polymerase
Definition
Enzyme that ties nucleotides together

Semi-Conservative Duplication
Term
Semi-Conservative Duplication
Definition
Produce two copies that ech contained one of the original strands and one new strand
Term
Cyclins
Definition
Chemicals that control different cell phases
Term
P53 Genes
Definition
Tumor suppressant genes
Turns off cyclins
Term
Pathological Cell Death
Definition
Natural Reasons
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
Programmed cell death
Term
Interphase
Definition
Cell is undergoing normal functions
Term
Gap 1 (Cell Cycle)
Definition
Cell increases in size
Term
Restriction Point (Cell Cycle)
Definition
Makes sure cell is ready for DNA synthesis
Term
Synthesis Phase (Cell Cycle)
Definition
DNA replication occurs
Term
Gap 2 (Cell Cyle)
Definition
Cell continues to grow

Makes sure cell is ready to enter mitosis
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Cell growth stops and cellular energy focused on dividing
Term
Prophase (Cell Cyle)
Definition
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Nucleolus disappears
Term
Metaphase (Cell Cyle)
Definition
Chromosomes line up
Term
Anaphase (Cell Cyle)
Definition
Chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
Term
Telophase (Cell Cyle)
Definition
Nuclear membrane reforms

Nucleoli appear

Chromosomes unwind into chromatin
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
Cleavage Furrow

Cell spilts into two
Term
Transciption
Definition
Rewrite the DNA template in mRNA form

In nucleus
Term
Translation
Definition
Ribosome creates new amino acid chain from transcription

In cytosol
Term
Catalyst
Definition
Speeds up the rate of chemical reactions
Term
Endergonic reactions
Definition
Chemical reactions that require input of energy
Term
Exergonic reactions
Definition
Reactions that convert molecules with more free energy to molecules with less free energy, releasing energy as the reaction proceeds
Term
Examples of energy carriers
Definition
NADH, FADH, ATP
Term
Anaerobic respiration
Definition
Cellular respiration without oxygen
Term
Aerobic respiration
Definition
Cellular respiration with oxygen
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pryuvate
Term
Cell membrane
Definition
Double lipid bilayer

Has phospholipid heads and fatty acid tails
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
"Spot Welds"

Filaments extending between cell membranes
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition
Impermeable junctions
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
Communication Junctions

Ion movement through channels

Small ions
Term
Simple Diffusion
Definition
Passive movement down a concentration gradient

Ex.) Electrical gradient
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Needs a carrier

Pasive and Active
Term
Passive Diffusion
Definition
High to low concentration movement
No energy required
Term
Active Diffusion
Definition
Requires energy (ATP)

Low to High cocentration movement
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
Movement out of the cell
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
Movent into the cell
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Net diffusion of water down its concentration gradient

Water moving to area of high solute concentration
Term
All or None Law
Definition
Neuron either generates an AP or it does not
Term
Myelinization
Definition
Insulates the current so it stays directed in the neuron

Makes conduction 50x faster

Thicker fiber--> Faster conduction
Term
Electrical Signals
Definition
Rapid, transient changes in membrane potential
Term
RMP
Definition
Resting Membrane Potential
Term
Polarization
Definition
A separation of opposite charges
Term
Depolarizaton
Definition
Membrane potential is reduced-moving more + inside

Excitatory
Term
Repolarization
Definition
Membrane returns to RMP after depolarization
Term
Hyperpolarization
Definition
Potential is greater than RMP

More negative than -70mVo
Term
Graded potentials
Definition
Short-lived

Decrease strength further that they have to travel

decremental (short distance communication)
Term
localized changes in membrane potential
Definition
varying grades or degrees of magnitude

multiple sizes
Term
Action potentials
Definition
only cells with "excitable membranes"
(Neurons; Muscle cells)

Brief, rapid reversals of membrane potential

Spread by local current flow

nondecrimental (long distance communication; does not lose power as it travels)
Term
Nondecrimental
Definition
(long distance communication; does not lose power as it travels)

Action Potential
Term
Decrimental
Definition
Short distance communication

Decreases in strength the further it moves from the initial active site
Term
How fast do changes occur in membrane potential during an action potential
Definition
.003 seconds- 3milliseconds
Term
What happens in the membrane potential during an action potential
Definition
Change in membrane permeability

Concentration ions on inside & Outside change
Term
Membrane potential at rest
Definition
1 Na in--> Na channels are closed

-70 K out--> K channels are open
Term
Membrane potential during an action potential
Definition
Na ions enter into the cell

Threshold- -50 to ~-55 mVs

Na channels open--> +30 mVs

When Na channels close, K channels open, and K moves out of cell (efflux)

cell has -70 mVs charge once again
Term
Influx
Definition
Na ions enter the cell
Term
Efflux
Definition
K ions move out of cell
Term
3 states of Na channels
Definition
Closed, but able to open with stimulation from a stimulus

Open- "activated" -working

Closed, and unable to open -"inactivated"- stimulus cannot open
Term
Refractory period
Definition
Closed sodium channels that cannot open even if a stimulus is applied
Term
Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP at rest
Definition
Polarization

membrane potential: -70 mVs (inside more negative than outside)

State of Na channels: Closed but can open if stimulus comes

Ion permeability: K channels open (1 set)
Term
Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP
Definition
Depolarization

Membrane potential- Moving from -70 to more positive reading when a stimulated by a stimulated

State of Na channels:
opened a few channels
-50 to -55 threshold is reached
Trigger Na channels to open
Na ion levels 600x > than K ion levels
Term
Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP at peak
Definition
Membrane potential: +30mVs

State of Na+ Channels: Closed and unable to open with a stimulus

Ion permeability- K+ channels open
Term
Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP during the falling phase
Definition
Repolarization

membrane potential: from +30mVs down to -70 mVs

State of Na channels- closed an unable to open

Voltage gated K channels: Open, K moves out (efflux)

Ion permeability- K moves out, no Na move
Term
Role of the Na/K-ATPase pump
Definition
Move Na+ back out of cell
Move K+ back into cell
Term
Pathway of neuron conduction
Definition
Gather info from dendrites
Soma
Axon hillock
Threshhold
ATP
Term
Refractory Period
Definition
Ion channels close and lock
Repolarize until RMP is to -70mVs then are able to open again
Term
Signal changes at a neural synapse
Definition
Electrical-->Chemical--> Electrical
Term
Excitatory synapse
Definition
Depolarization

Na channels open
More Na in--> more positive
Term
Inhibitory Synapse
Definition
Hyperpolarization

Increase in permeability to K+ or Cl-

K+ moves out of cell

Cell becomes more negative
Term
EPSP's
Definition
Excitatory post-synaptic potentials

Na+ influx
Term
IPSP's
Definition
Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials

Cl- influx
Term
GPSP
Definition
Grand post-synaptic potential

EPSP+IPSP
Term
Summation
Definition
characteristic of skeletal muscle is its ability to contract to varying degrees

More than a twitch
Term
Teporal summation
Definition
Summation over time
(frequency)
Term
Spatial summation
Definition
Summation over space
(multiple neurons fired)
Converging into many cells
Term
Convergence
Definition
Single cell is influenced by thousands of other cells
Term
Divergence
Definition
Branching at axon terminals into telodendria of other cells to cause one message to go to other cells
Term
ACh
Definition
Acetylcholine

Somatic motor neurons (excitatory)
Term
Muscarinic Receptors
Definition
Cardiac, smooth muscle, glands receptors
Term
Nicotinic Receptors
Definition
Receptors for

Brain

Autonomic Ganglia

Skeletal Muscle
Term
Ligand-Operated channel
Definition
Only ions

Nicotinic receptors

5 polypeptide subunits

Form channel that is chemically gated
Term
G-protein operated channel
Definition
Muscarinic Receptors

Only ions pass through

Alpha-beta-gamma complex -one of them activates channel to open
Term
AChE
Definition
acetylcholinesterase

Protein on postsynaptic membrane that works as an enzyme- reacts to breakdown neurontransmitter
Term
Monoamines
Definition
Neurotransmitters

Ex.) Serotonin & Dopamine
Term
Serotonin
Definition
Neurotransmitters

In Medulla & Pons

Regulates mood and behavior

Drugs: Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil- antidepressants (keep serotonin in synaptic cleft longer)
Term
Dopamine, Epinephrine, norepinephrine
Definition
In midbrain and basal nuclei

Limbic system

Motor control

Emotion/reward system

"Parkinson's"
Term
How are monoamines inactivated?
Definition
Inactivated by breaking down and re-uptake
Term
Neuroglial Cells
Definition
80% of neural tissue
Term
PNS
Definition
Everything but brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System
Term
CNS
Definition
Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord
Term
Schwann Cells
Definition
Form myelin sheath in PNS (Grey matter)

Increase rate of conduction by 50x
Term
Satellite Cells
Definition
Supports cells for Unipolar
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Myelin sheath in CNS (White Matter)

Increase conduction
Term
Microglia
Definition
Phagocytosis- "Pac Man" digest bad/degenerating cells
Term
Ependymal
Definition
Choroid Process--> Choroid Plexus

epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord

Involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Produce Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

Most abundant neuroglial cells

Circulate CSF with cilia
Term
BBB
Definition
Blood Brain Barrier

Prevents brain from getting bad things from blood Ex.)Viruses
Term
Nas/o
Definition
Nose
Term
rhin/o
Definition
Nose
Term
sept/o
Definition
nasal septum
Term
sinus/o
Definition
paranasal sinuses
Term
pharyng/o
Definition
pharynx
Term
laryng/o
Definition
larynx (voicebox)

warms, humifdifies and filters air
Term
phon/o
Definition
voice
Term
epiglottis
Definition
covers entrance to larynx

prevents food from passing into it
Term
phren/o
Definition
diaphragm
Term
phrenospasm
Definition
hiccups
Term
mediastinum
Definition
central portion of chest cavity, space between lungs
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
space separating the layers of the pleura
Term
pansinusitis
Definition
generalized inflamation of all the sinuses
Term
-pnea
Definition
breathing
Term
a-
Definition
without
Term
-stenosis
Definition
narrowing or constricting
Term
Epistaxis
Definition
Nosebleed
Term
Pertussis
Definition
Whooping cough
Term
paroxysms
Definition
sudden periodic attacks
Term
Croup
Definition
acute obstruction of larynx
Term
stridor
Definition
high-pitched sound that accompanies inspiration produced by blocked airways
Term
eu-
Definition
normal
Term
orthopnea
Definition
ability to breathe only when in an upright position
Term
atel/o
Definition
imperfect or incomplete
Term
-ectasis
Definition
stretching or expansion
Term
coni/o
Definition
dust
Term
purul/o
Definition
pus
Term
lobar pneumonia
Definition
fluid, blood cells, and other debris consolidate and solidify within the alveoli of one or more lobes
Term
bronchopneumonia
Definition
caused by either infection or by impaired ventilation from such disorders as cancer or mucous plug.
Term
nosocomial infection
Definition
an infection acquired during hospitalization
Term
laryngoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the larynx
Term
What device helps sleep apnea?
Definition
CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)
Term
Nebulizer
Definition
a device that delivers medication via a mist
Term
auscultation
Definition
when listening through a stethoscope
Term
percussion
Definition
tapping of the body with the fingertips to determine the size, borders, and density of an internal organ by the sound obtained
Term
ventilation/perfusion scanning
Definition
radiographic filming of the blood vessels in the lung following injection or inhalation of a contrast medium;
Term
Mantoux skin test
Definition
can indicate exposure to tuberculosis
Term
atelectasis
Definition
incomplete expansion or collapse of the alveoli.
Term
ren/o
Definition
kidney
Term
nephr/o
Definition
kidney
Term
vesic/o
Definition
bladder
Term
azot/o
Definition
urea
Term
-uria
Definition
condition of urine
Term
pyel/o
Definition
renal pelvis
Term
incontinence
Definition
the inability to control bladder and/or bowels
Term
urinary retention
Definition
abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder due to an inability to urinate
Term
urinary suppression
Definition
a sudden stoppage of the formation of urine altogether.
Term
diuresis
Definition
increased urination
Term
anuria
Definition
absence of urine
Term
dysuria
Definition
difficult or painful urination
Term
noct/i
Definition
night
Term
nocturia
Definition
night urination
Term
oliguria
Definition
scanty urination
Term
enuresis
Definition
involuntary urination (bed-wetting)
Term
polyuria
Definition
excessive urination
Term
symptom of diabetes mellitus
Definition
Glycosuria
Term
cystitis
Definition
bladder is inflamed
Term
pyelitis
Definition
Inflammation of the renal pelvis
Term
sepsis
Definition
microorganisms can enter the bloodstream
Term
-emia
Definition
blood condition
Term
renal calculus
Definition
kidney stones
Term
hydronephrosis
Definition
condition where ureter is blocked
Term
-megaly
Definition
means enlargement
Term
cystocele
Definition
a protrusion or herniation of the urinary bladder
Term
ureterocele
Definition
a protrusion or herniation of the ureter distally into the bladder
Term
ureterostenosis
Definition
a narrowing of the ureter
Term
urethral stenosis
Definition
a narrowing of the urethra.
Term
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Definition
therapy for kidney stones
Term
-rrhaph
Definition
to suture
Term
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Definition
kidneys can no longer function to remove waste materials from the bloodstream.
Term
Hemodialysis (HD)
Definition
the use of an artificial kidney machine to remove impurities from the blood
Term
Peritoneal dialysis (PD)
Definition
involves the introduction of a peritoneal catheter and a special solution into the abdomen.
Term
orchid/o
Definition
testicle
Term
seminiferous tubules
Definition
200 or more cone-shaped lobules that contain tiny coiled tubes
Term
Interstitial cells of Leydig
Definition
the connective and supportive (stromal) tissue of the testes
Term
vas/o
Definition
vessel or duct
Term
Prostate gland
Definition
secretes an alkaline substance that both protects sperm from urethral and vaginal acidity and enhances sperm motility
Term
balan/o
Definition
glans penis
Term
andr/o
Definition
male
Term
cryptorchidism
Definition
when a testicle does not drop
Term
azoospermia
Definition
lack of live sperm
Term
oligospermia
Definition
sperm present in the semen
Term
spermatolysis
Definition
Dissolution or destruction of sperm
Term
-cele
Definition
hernia
Term
benign prostatic hyperplasia
Definition
Causes an elevated level of prostate protein
Term
mucopurulent
Definition
pus filled ureathral discharge
Term
orchiopexy
Definition
surgery that corrects cryptorchidism
Term
surgical ligation
Definition
tying off the organ
Term
gynec/o
Definition
female
Term
oophor/o
Definition
ovary
Term
ov/o
Definition
egg
Term
estrogen and progesterone
Definition
two hormones ovaries produce
Term
hyster/o
Definition
uterus
Term
metr/o
Definition
uterus
Term
Cx
Definition
cervix
Term
salping/o
Definition
fallopian tube
Term
fimbriae
Definition
Fringe-like projections on the outer end of the falopian tube
Term
colp/o
Definition
vagina
Term
mons pubis
Definition
pad of fatty tissue and thick skin that overlies the connection of two pubic bones in women
Term
perineum
Definition
area between the vagina and the anus
Term
labia minora
Definition
lie within the labia majora to house the urethral and vaginal orifices
Term
Bartholin's gland
Definition
provides a mucous secretion to lubricate the vagina
Term
Breast
Definition
accessory structure of the female reproductive system, composed of glandular, fatty, and fibrous tissue
Term
lactiferous ducts
Definition
breastmilk ducts
Term
Menarche
Definition
first menstrual cycle
Term
menstration
Definition
shedding of built-up endometrial lining that occurs each month that an ovum is not fertilized
Term
Hormone replacement therapy
Definition
relieves menopause problems
Term
dyspareunia
Definition
painful intercourse
Term
fistula
Definition
abnormal opening between two organs
Term
mammory papilla
Definition
breast nipple
Term
vulva
Definition
external genitals of vagina
Term
mast/o
Definition
breast
Term
GYN
Definition
genecology
Term
salpingo-oophorectomy
Definition
excision of the uterine (fallopian) tube and ovary
Term
colporrhaphy
Definition
suture of the vagina
Term
hymenectomy
Definition
excision of the hymen
Term
hysterectomy
Definition
excision of the uterus
Term
myomectomy
Definition
excision of a fibroid tumor from the uterus
Term
curettage
Definition
scraping of the endometrium
Term
stereotactic breast biopsy
Definition
technique that combines mammography and computer-assisted biopsy to obtain tissue from a breast lesion
Term
A&P repair
Definition
anterior and posterior colporrhaphy
Term
mammogram
Definition
radiographic image of the breast
Term
colposcope
Definition
an instrument used for visual examination of the vagina (and cervix)
Term
episi
Definition
vulva
Term
.
Definition
Term
culd-
Definition
Douglas cul-de-sac
Term
conization
Definition
cone biopsy
Term
sentinel lymph node biopsy
Definition
procedure that uses an injection of blue dye and/or radioactive isotope to identify metastases of breast cancer
Term
cervicectomy
Definition
excision of the cervix
Term
hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy
Definition
surgical procedure that excises the uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes
Term
colpoplasty
Definition
Surgical repair of the vagina
Term
hysteropexy
Definition
Surgical fixation of the uterus
Term
salpingostomy
Definition
creation of an artificial opening in the uterine tube
Term
hysteroscopy
Definition
visual examination of the uterus or uterine cavity
Term
colposcopy
Definition
visual examination of the cervix and vagina
Term
culdocentesis
Definition
a surgical puncture to remove fluid from a patient's rectouterine pouch
Term
colpoperineorrhaphy
Definition
a procedure to suture a perineal vaginal tear
Term
mastopexy
Definition
surgical fixation of the breast
Term
Sonohysterography
Definition
Ultrasound of uterus
Term
Hysterosalpingography
Definition
an X-ray test that examines the inside of uterus and fallopian tubes and the surrounding area.
Term
Laparoscopy
Definition
a surgical procedure in which a fiber-optic instrument is inserted through the abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or to permit a surgical procedure.
Term
ovulation
Definition
Expulsion of a mature ovum from an ovary
Term
fertilization
Definition
conception
Term
embryo
Definition
unborn offspring from implantation to the end of the eighth week of pregnancy
Term
amniotic sac
Definition
membranous bag that surrounds the fetus before delivery
Term
placenta
Definition
structure that grows on the wall of the uterus during pregnancy and allows for nourishment of the unborn child
Term
-partum
Definition
childbirth
Term
-natal
Definition
birth
Term
nulli-
Definition
none
Term
nullipara
Definition
no births (a woman who has not given birth to any offspring, whether viable or stillborn.)
Term
Puerpera
Definition
mother who has just given birth
Term
multigravida
Definition
many pregnancies (a woman who has been pregnant two or more times)
Term
neonate
Definition
new birth
Term
OB
Definition
Obstetrics

medical specialty dealing with pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
Term
EDD
Definition
expected/estimated date of delivery
Term
NB
Definition
newborn
Term
puerperium
Definition
the period of time following childbirth during which the reproductive organs return to normal
Term
chorion
Definition
outtermost layer of the amniotic sac
Term
amnion
Definition
innermost layer of the amniotic sac
Term
meconium
Definition
first stool of newborn
Term
Colostrum
Definition
thin milky fluid secreted by the breast during pregnancy and during the first days after birth before lactation begins.
Term
lochia
Definition
Vaginal discharge following birth and lasting several weeks
Term
How many muscles does the human body contain?
Definition
over 400

40-50% of body weight
Term
Function of skeletal muscle (3)
Definition
Force production for locomotion and breathing

Force production for postural support

Heat production during cold stress
Term
Flexors
Definition
decrease joint angle
Term
Extensors
Definition
increase joint angle
Term
Epimysuim
Definition
Surrounds entire muscle
Term
Perimysuim
Definition
Surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)
Term
Endomysium
Definition
surrounds individual muscle fibers
Term
Basement membrane
Definition
just below endomysium (bottom layer of connective tissue covering muscle
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
Muscle cell membrane
Term
Satellite Cells
Definition
Play role in muscle growth and repair

More nuclei allow for greater protein synthesis

Important for adaptations to strength training
Term
Myonuclear domain
Definition
cytoplasm surrounding each nucleus
Term
Myofibrils
Definition
contain contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
Term
Actin
Definition
thin filament
Term
Myosin
Definition
thick filament
Term
Parts of sarcomere (5)
Definition
z line

m line

h zone

a band

I band
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
storage sites for calcium

terminal cisternae
Term
Transverse tubules
Definition
extend from sarcolemma to sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
Neuromuscular junction
Definition
Junction between motor neuron and muscle fiber
Term
Motor end plate
Definition
pocket formed around motor neuron by sarcolemma
Term
Neuromuscular cleft
Definition
gap between neuron and muscle fiber
Term
What is released from the motor neuron to the motor end plate and why?
Definition
Ach (acetylcoline)

causes an end-plate potential (EPP)
Term
EPP
Definition
end-plate potential

causes depolarization of muscle fiber
Term
Sliding filament theory
Definition
actin moves over myosin and crossbridges deliver power stroke to shorten muscle
Term
What happens to ATP during a contraction of muscle
Definition
Myosin ATPase breakes down ATP as fiber contracts
Term
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Definition
Depolarization of motor end plate is coupled to muscular contraction
Term
Muscle Fatigue
Definition
Decline in muscle power output (lower force generation and velocity of muscle shortening)

2 types: high intensity, low intensity
Term
High-intensity exercise muscle fatigue
Definition
about 60 secs

build-up of lactate, H+, ADP, P, and free radicals lowers amount of cross bridges that can bind to actin
Term
Long-duration exercise muscle fatigue
Definition
2-4 hours in length

Build-up of free radicals, electrolyte imbalance, and glycogen depletion
Term
Muscle cramps
Definition
Spasmodic, involuntary muscle contrations

2 theories: Electrolyte depletion and dehydration theory

Altered neuromusular control theory
Term
Electrolyte depletion and dehydration theory
Definition
water and sodium loss from sweating causes spontaneous contractions
Term
Altered neuromusular control theory
Definition
abnormal activity in muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ fires motor neurons
Term
Biochemical properties of muscle fiber types
Definition
oxidative capacity

Type of myosin ATPase
Term
Oxidative Capacity
Definition
how much oxygen the muscle can receive

effected by:

number of cailllaries, mitochondria, and amount of myoglobin
Term
Contractile properties of muscle fiber types
Definition
Maximal force production

Speed of contraction

Muscle fiber efficiency
Term
Maximal force production
Definition
force per unit of cross-sectional area
Term
Speed of contraction
Definition
(Vmax)

Myosin ATPase activity
Term
How can you type muscle fibers?
Definition
Stain them with stain that detects ATPase

Lightest uses least O2, Darkest used most O2
Term
Type I fibers
Definition
slow twitch fibers

slow-oxidative fibers
Term
Type IIa fibers
Definition
Intermediate fibers

fast-oxidative glycolytic fibers
Term
Type IIx fibers
Definition
Fast twitch fibers

fast-glycolytic fibers
Term
Non-atheltes fiber types
Definition
50-50 fast and slow twitch fibers
Term
Power athlete fiber types
Definition
Higher percentage of fast fibers
Term
Endurance athletes fiber types
Definition
Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers
Term
Isometric muscle contration
Definition
Muscle exerts force without changing length

pulling against immovable object

Postural muscles
Term
Isotonic (dynamic) muscle contraction
Definition
2 types:

Concentric

Eccentric
Term
Concentric muscle contraction
Definition
muscle shortens during force production

going against gravity
Term
Eccentric muscle contraction
Definition
Muscle produces force but length increase

going with gravity

associated with mucle fiber injury and soreness
Term
Muscle twitch
Definition
Contraction as the result of a single stimulus
Term
Latent period in muscle twitch
Definition
lasts ~5ms
Term
Contraction period in muscle twitch
Definition
Tension is developed

40 ms
Term
Relaxation period in muscle twitch
Definition
Lasts 50 ms

Release of muscle tension
Term
Why is their more speed of shortening in fast fibers?
Definition
SR releases Ca at a faster rate

Higher ATPase activity
Term
Motor unit recruitment
Definition
More motor units or faster motor units = more force
Term
Initial muscle length
Definition
ideal length for force generation

increased cross-bridge formation
Term
Sarcopenia
Definition
muscle loss from aging

10% muscle mass lost between 25-50yrs

40% lost between 50-80years
Term
What happens to muscle fiber types during aging
Definition
less fast twitch more slow twitch
Term
What can delay age-related muscle loss?
Definition
Resistance Training
Term
Cachexia
Definition
rapid loss of muscle mass

50% of cancer patients
20% of cancer deaths
Term
Muscular dystrophy
Definition
Hereditary defects in muscle protein

loss of muscle fibers and weakness
Term
Duchene muscular dystrophy
Definition
most common in childhood

progression varies based on specific disease type
Term
Force-velocity relationship
Definition
at any absolute force, speed of movement is greater in muscle with higher percent of fast-twitch fibers

Maximum velocity of shortening is greatest at the lowest force (true for fast and slow twitch)
Term
Summation
Definition
addition of muscle twitches
Term
Tetanus
Definition
individual contractions are fused in a sustained contraction
Term
Factors of force generation during muscular contraction
Definition
types and number of motor units recruited

initial muscle length

nature of motor units' neural stimulation
Term
Force-power relationship
Definition
as speed of movement increases, peak force generated decreases.

amount of power generated by a muscle group increases as a function of movement velocity
Term
Psychological factors affecting sport performance
Definition
anxiety
motivation
mental preparation
personality
confidence
concentration
Term
Affective domain
Definition
Trait vs. State
-Stable situational
Term
Dimensionality
Definition
hard to isolate one component of most characteristics
Term
Cautions of psych tests
Definition
measurement errors

knowledge/limitations

test purpose

feedback
Term
Measurement in the affective domain
Definition
quantitative (#'s)

Qualitative (text)
Term
Likert scales
Definition
equal response intervals

wider choice than yes/no

used in attitude inventories
Term
Sematic Differential
Definition
Potency

Activity

Evaluation
Term
Dimensions of Kenyon's attitude toward physical activity (ATPA)
Definition
social experience

health and fitness

pursuit of vertigo (thrill/excitement)
Term
General psychology scales
Definition
self motivation inventory

profile of mood states

test of attenional and interpersonal skills
Term
Stages of change for exercise and physical activity (HBM)
Definition
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
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