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abnormal exam 2
na
25
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
10/18/2016

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Term
Cognitive distortions
Definition
dysfunctional, maladaptive thoughts are the root cause of psychological problems (learning theory)
May make a person a vulnerable to psychological disorders
Term
lability or labile affect
Definition
affect that changes very rapidly (as in bipolar disorder)
Term
depressive disorders
Definition
prolonged and marked disturbance in mood that affect:
-feelings
-beliefs and expectations
-thoughts and verbal statements
-interaction with others
Term
building block for depressive disorderss
Definition
-depressive symptoms that last at least 2 weeks
-ABCs affects (affect, behavior, and cognition)
Term
double depression
Definition
suicidality and neurovegetative
Term
dysthymia
Definition
less severe depression
Term
depressive disorders (mood symptoms)
Definition
-unremitting sadness
-hopelessness
-numbness (empty)
Term
Anhedonia
Definition
-difficulty or inability to feel pleasure
-activities and intellectual pursuits that were once enjoyable no longer are- lack of interest
-can lead to social withdrawal
Term
Neurovegetative
Definition
energy, appetite, sleep
Term
psychomotor agitation
Definition
pacing, hand wringing, difficulty sitting still
Term
psychomotor retardation
Definition
slowed bodily movements and speech, long pauses in speaking
Term
cognitive symptoms of depression
Definition
-feelings of worthlessness or guilt
-negative self-evaluation
-tendency to ruminate over past
-feelings of unwarranted responsibility for negative events
-self-deprecation
-poor concentration, difficulty thinking, remembering, and making decisions
Term
Bipolar disorders
Definition
-mood is often persistently and abnormally upbeat or shifts inappropriately from upbeat to markedly down
Term
4 building blocks of bipolar disorders
Definition
1. major depressive episode
2. manic episode
3. mixed episode
4. hypomanic epissode
Term
Manic episode
Definition
period of at least one week characterized by abnormal and persistent euphoria or expansive mood or irritability
Term
expansive moods
Definition
unceasing, indiscriminate enthusiasm for interpersonal, sexual, or occupational interactions
Term
during a manic episode someone may:
Definition
-begin projects with no skills or special training
-believe they have special relationships with famous people or superior abilities
-less need for sleep
-talk rapidly and loudly or have pressured speech
-rarely sit still
Term
flight of ideas
Definition
thoughts that race faster than they can be said
Term
those in a manic episode:
Definition
-be highly distractible
-have poor judgement resulting in reckless gambling, spending, or sexual behaviors
- a manic episode is briefer and ends more abruptly than a major depressive episode
Term
depressive disorders: neurological factors(brain systems)
Definition
-frontal lobes not operating effectively
-unusually low activity in a part of the frontal lobe that has strong connections to the amygdala
-depressed brain not as able to regulate emotions
-connections to the brain areas that produce the neurotransmitter substances: dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
-lack of motivated behavior related to reduced activity in frontal and parietal lobes
-greater activity in the emotion-related limbic system
-brain areas involved in attention (thalamus) and in controlling movements (basal ganglia) are overactive
Term
depressive disorders: neural communication
Definition
-not caused by too much or too litlle of a neurotransmitter- arises from COMPLEX interactions among numerous neurotransmitter substances
Term
catecholamine hypothesis
Definition
(one of the oldest hypotheses) symptoms of depression arise when levels of norepinephrine become dysregulated
-brain compensates for low neurotransmitter level by increasing number of receptors
Term
stress-diathesis model
Definition
-focuses on the HPA axis and the role of cortisol
-excess cortisol in the blood makes the brain prone to overreacting to stress
-this reaction alters the effect of serotonin
-HPA axis increases in typical depression, but decreases in atypical depression
Term
bipolar disorders (brain systems)
Definition
-enlarged amygdala: more active in people experiencing a manic episode
-serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate play a role
Term
bipolar social factors
Definition
stress contributes to:
-1st episode
-worsening of condition
-relapse
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