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| 3 criteria for psychological disorders |
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Definition
1. Distress
2. Impairment
3. Harm |
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anguish or suffering out of proportion to a situation
examples: crying excessively in front of others, oversharing anxieties, venting anger in inappropriate ways. |
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reduction in ability to function in some area of life (school, work, relationships)
examples: psychosis, sensorium, reality testing, hallucinations and delusions |
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Excessive risky behavior; must be outside of the normal range to indicate a psychological disorder
examples: excessive drinking or gambling, unprotected sex with multiple partners |
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| Reality testing is a concept in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory in which the ego recognizes the difference between the external and internal world. In other words, it is the ability to see a situation for what it really is, rather than what one hopes or fears it might be. |
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the state of an individual as regards consciousness or mental awareness
example: time, place, person, severity of their situation |
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impaired ability to perceive reality; normal functioning is not possible
2 forms of psychotic symptoms are: hallucinations and delusions. |
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Sensations which appear real but are not (in any of the 5 senses).
example: hearing voices (most common) |
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persistent false beliefs held despite evidence that they are incorrect or exaggerated
example: believing someone is out to get you when they are not. |
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| An approach to psychology that focuses on understanding directly observable behaviors in order to understand metal illness and other psychological phenomena. (Skinner) |
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-learning provides the central theme of this approach
-all problems emerge as a result of learning (not reflexive behavior)
- biological relevant stimuli yield a non-reflexive response (voluntary) |
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-psychological issues result from learning maladaptive responses that occur in relation to an organisms interaction with their environment
--if psychological issues can be learned, they may be unlearned. |
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Term
| operant (instrumental) conditioning |
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Definition
-an individual learns on the bases of the consequences of a behavior- disorders develop due to this process
-new responses are learned and tend to reoccur if they are reinforced (rewards and punishment) |
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| increase the likelihood of a behavior |
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| decreases the likelihood of the behavior |
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| leads to avoidance learning |
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addiction and phobias
- the removal of an unpleasant feeling (Anxiety) is reinfocing |
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| application of an unpleasant stimulus (Spanking) |
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| removal of an enjoyable stimulus (grounding a child) |
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| the theory that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are a result of conscious and unconscious forces continually interacting in the mind |
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| psychoanalytic emphasis on the unconscious |
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Definition
-the conscious consists of thoughts and feelings that are in awareness; this is normal awareness
-the preconscious consistes of thought and feelings that a person does not perceive, but that can be brought voluntarily into conscious awareness in the future
-the unconscious includes thoughts and feelings that cannot be perceived or called into awareness on command, but which have power to influence a person |
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(Maslow) disagreed with Freud
focuses on free will, innate goodness, creativity, and the self
-mental processes are mechanistic, driven by sexual and aggressive impulses
-humans dont really have free will because our behavior is in response to unconscious processes
-clients not patients |
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| 3 categories of biological factors relevant to the development of maladaptive behavior |
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Definition
1. Neurotransmitter behavior
2. Genetic vulnerabilities
3. Temperament |
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| the outer layer of cells on the surface of the brain. Contains the majority of the brain's neurons. |
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Definition
1. Frontal
2. Occipital
3. Parietal
4.temporal |
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Definition
(front, towards face, of brain)
-gets infor from parietal and temporal lobes
-crucial role in feeling emotions and using emotional responses in decision making, thinking, and problem solving
-involved in programming actions and controlling body movements
-seat of executive functioning
-schizophrenia |
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-lies under the temple
-stores visual memories
-processes auditory info
-decodes the meaning of speech |
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-located at the top, back of brain
-processes spatial info
- role in self-awareness |
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-located in the very back of the brain
-dedicated to vision |
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| Brain cells that process info related to physical, mental, and emotional functioning |
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| areas deeper in the brain, below the cortex |
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-governs bodily functions associated with eating, drinking, and controlling temp
- key role in many aspects of our emotions and in our experience of pleasure |
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| involved in sleep and attention |
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| stores new info on memory- learning* |
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| central to producing and perceiving strong emotions, fear |
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