Term
| How common is youth mental illness in the U.S.? |
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Definition
| 1 in 8 (13%) of children have a diagnosable mental health problem |
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Term
| How are psychological disorders defined? |
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Definition
| A pattern of behavioral, emotional, cognitive, or physical signs and symptoms shown by an individual |
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Term
| What are the benefits of labels? |
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Definition
Facilitate communication and treatment
Organize clinical knowledge
Allow for standardization in research |
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Term
| What are the limitations of labels? |
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Definition
Can create stigma
Describe only, don't provide info about contributions to disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Child's ability to successfully adapt in the environment and manage developmental tasks |
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Term
| What factors need to be considered when diagnosing a childhood disorder? |
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Definition
Child's age/developmental level
Context
Pattern/duration
Severity
Culture |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence and timing of particular behaviors and life developments over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Various outcomes can stem from similar beginnings |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar outcomes can stem from different beginnings and developmental pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| A variable that increases the chance that a negative outcome will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| A personal or situational variable that reduces the chances for a child to develop a disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Achieving the positive outcomes despite being at risk for negative outcomes |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for childhood mental illness? |
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Definition
Poverty
Maltreatment
Inadequate child care and parenting
Low birth weight
Parental mental illness
Severe stressful life events |
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Term
| What factors are related to the expression of mental illness in children? |
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Definition
Poverty
Gender
Race and ethnicity
Sexual orientation |
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Term
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Definition
Acting out (aggression, rule breaking behavior)
Males exhibit more |
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Term
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Definition
Mood symptoms (anxiety, depression), somatic complaints, withdrawn behavior
Females exhibit more |
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Term
| What are the underlying assumptions in abnormal child psychology? |
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Definition
Abnormal behavior is multiply determined
Child and environment are interdependent
Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities |
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Term
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Definition
Developmental changes that are gradual and quantitative
Future behavior patters can be predicted from earlier ones |
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Term
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Definition
Developmental changes that are abrupt and qualitative
Future behaviors not predicted by earlier ones |
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Term
| How do genetics influence child behavior? What is the role of the environment? |
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Definition
Genes influence behavior, emotions, and learning
Genetic contribution to psychological disorders not deterministic
Environmental events often necessary for this influence to be expressed |
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Term
| How do emotions influence child development/psychopathology? |
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Definition
Emotional experiences affect early personality development
Emotional expression affections social interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual differences in threshold and intensity of emotional experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to manage emotional reactions |
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Term
| How do behavioral theories explain child psychopathology? |
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Definition
| Children learn as a result of relationships between a behavior and its antecedents and consequences |
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Term
| How do cognitive theories explain child psychopathology? |
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Definition
| Social cognition (how child thinks about self and others) results in mental representations of themselves, their relationships, and the world |
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Term
| How do social-ecological theories explain child psychopathology? |
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Definition
| Childhood problems require understanding of the child's environmental context |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjects selected because of their availability |
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Term
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Definition
| Each person in a population has an equal chance of being selected |
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Term
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Definition
| The simultaneous occurrence of two or more disorders |
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Term
| What factors need to be considered in sample selection and choosing measurement tools? |
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Definition
Standardized
Reliable
Construct validity |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures specify a procedure for administration so use is consistent |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures are consistent across users and time/uses |
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Term
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Definition
| The instrument measures what it is designed to measure |
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Term
| What are the different types of measurement? |
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Definition
| Interviews, questionnaires, reporters (self-reports, other reports), observations (structured, naturalistic), psychophisiological |
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Term
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Definition
| Researcher has maximum control over independent variable |
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Term
| Randomized controlled trials |
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Definition
| Participants are randomly assigned to either treatment or control condition |
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Term
| Quasi-experimental designs |
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Definition
| Comparisons are made between groups that already exist |
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Term
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Definition
| Participants asked about info regarding previous events |
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Term
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Definition
| Data collected at one point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| Participants selected prior to even occurrence |
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Term
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Definition
| Participants followed over time, many data collection points |
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Term
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Definition
| A research design where the researcher moves from baseline to intervention, back to baseline, and back to intervention to make sure the independent variable is truly influencing the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a given period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| All cases (new or previously existing) observed during a given period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| Influences the direction or strength of the relation between two variables |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the mechanism or process through which one variable affects another variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Whether the treatment works under well controlled laboratory conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Whether the treatment can work in clinical practice |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge of what applies to broad groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Detailed understanding of the child and family as unique |
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Term
| Multi-informant, multi-method |
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Definition
Gather information from multiple people across multiple settings
Use multiple assessment methods |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizing assessment information into antecedents, behaviors, and consequences to understand behaviors and potentially change them |
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Term
| What is the difference between categorical and dimensional classification systems? |
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Definition
Categorical:
Is disorder present? Yes or no
Clear boundaries between existence or nonexistence of disorder
Dimensional:
Use of clinical cut-offs |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease chances that psychopathology will occur |
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Term
| How is assessment and treatment approached from the psychodynamic perspective? |
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Definition
| Individual play therapy, work out problems/trauma through play |
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Term
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Definition
Reduce symptoms
Enhance functioning/development |
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Term
| How is assessment and treatment approached from the behavioral perspective? |
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Definition
| Unlearn maladaptive behaviors; change child's behavior by changing behavior of those in the environment (parent training) |
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Term
| How is assessment and treatment approached from the cognitive perspective? |
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Definition
| Change faulty thinking, promote adaptive thinking |
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Term
| How is assessment and treatment approached from the family perspective? |
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Definition
| Change and improve family relations and structure |
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Term
| How is assessment and treatment approached from the biological perspective? |
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Definition
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Term
| What theoretical approach do most therapists take to assessment and treatment? |
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Definition
| >70% take an eclectic (combined) approach |
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Term
| Cultural Compatibility Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Treatment is more likely to succeed when it's compatible with the cultural patterns of the child and family |
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Term
| How often do youth receive treatment? |
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Definition
| Most cases largely untreated (75-90%) |
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Term
| How are child psychological disorders different from adult disorders? |
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Definition
Someone other than the child is the one seeking treatment
Problems often involve failure to develop according to expectations
Many problem behaviors may not be entirely abnormal
Interventions often try to promote further development, rather than restoring youth to an earlier level of functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychosocial tasks of childhood that reflect broad domains of competence and tell us how children typically progress within each of these domains as they grow |
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Term
| What should be a consideration when diagnosing a child who is observed talking to and responding to someone who is not there (imaginary friend)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What should be a consideration when diagnosing a child who is observed once in classroom and can't sit still, fidgets in his/her seat, and is having great difficulty concentrating? |
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Definition
| Duration of problem; is there a pattern? |
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Term
| What should be a consideration when diagnosing a child who has temper tantrums, fails to comply with parents' requests, and often argues with parents? |
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Definition
| Situational context of the problem |
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Term
| What should be a consideration when diagnosing an adolescent who reports talking with spirits? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organizes knowledge about the causes of disorder |
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Term
| How do biological theories explain child psychopathology? |
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Definition
Brain and nervous system functions are underlying causes of psychological disorders
Neural plasticity, neurobiological contributions (brain structures), neurotransmitters (seratonin, dopamine, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain microanatomy is constantly being refined based on experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Child's innate style of reacting to and interacting with the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures are consistent across users |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures are consistent across time/uses |
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Term
| Randomized controlled trials |
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Definition
| Participants are randomly assigned to either treatment or control condition |
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Term
| What are the purposes of assessment? |
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Definition
Description
Case formulation
Prognosis
Develop treatment plan |
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Term
| What are the different types of assessment? |
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Definition
Clinical interviews
Behavioral assessment
Neuropsychological assessment |
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Term
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Definition
| Guidelines about appropriate treatment for specific conditions |
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