Term
|
Definition
based on relative frequency abnormality defined as deviation from normative or average frequency.
Deviations from ideal mental health as defined by some theory or school of thought |
|
|
Term
| Multicultural perspectives |
|
Definition
| Culture is shared learned behaviors which is transmitted from generation to generation for the purposes of individual and societal growth, adjustment, and adaptation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorders and their manifestation same regardless of culture, similar etiology, symptomatology, and course of illness for specific disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : abnormality and abnormal behavior defined and determined by culture and worldviews. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease is basic dysfunction in biological systems or psychological systems. Illness is a person's reaction to this dysfunction in terms of experienced states of discontinuity and role performance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (physical or psychological pain) – Experienced pain and suffering usually motivating person to seek help. Even here there can be important individual and cultural differences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unusual or rare experiences which usually are distressing. At times, not distressing as with paranoia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (gap between potential and performance) – How person functions in critical and important roles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for assessing dangerousness (harm to self and others) and for protecting intended victims. Difficult to predict violence; use past behavior |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic & Statistical Manual Definition of Abnormal Behavior |
|
Definition
| A behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that reflects an underlying psychobiological dysfunction, that is associated with distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) and is not merely an expectable response to common stressors or losses.” |
|
|
Term
| Strupp & Hadley’s (1977) three vantage points for judging mental health: |
|
Definition
Society
The individual
The mental health professional |
|
|
Term
| Surgeon General definition of abnormal |
|
Definition
| Abnormal behavior departs from some norm and harms the affected individual or others |
|
|
Term
| Stereotypes of the mentally disturbed |
|
Definition
Easily recognized as deviant
Disorder due to inheritance
Incurable
Weak willed
Never contribute to society because they cannot be cured notion of cure is itself a myth
Dangerous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eighteenth and nineteenth centuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasized humane treatment of mental patients involving hygienic conditions, humanitarian care by staff, and rest and non-stressful living environments |
|
|
Term
| 1st half of 19th century (1800-1860) _____ was preferred approach |
|
Definition
| moral treatment-involved emphasizing regular habits and activities and conducting self in moral and proper manner. |
|
|
Term
| Major changes and shift in psychiatric care in 1950s and 1960s due to 3 developments |
|
Definition
Psychotropic medication controlled symptoms; patients could function in their communities
therapeutic community
Decentralization (and localization) of services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maxwell Jones introduced concept:Assumed therapeutic potential rests with patients and staff |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1950s: Rapidly and dramatically decreased or eliminated symptoms
Prescription privileges for psychologists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Industrialization of health care has created major changes in mental health professions |
|
|
Term
| Evidence-based practices (EBPs) |
|
Definition
| mental health refer to the development and use of only those psychological and medical interventions that have garnered some scientific basis or evidence that they are effective in treating a particular disorder. |
|
|
Term
| effective psychological treatment involves 3 essential processes |
|
Definition
-applying the best available research evidence in the selection and -application of treatments using clinical expertise that encompasses a number of competencies that have been found to promote positive therapeutic outcomes
-being responsive to the patient’s characteristics, culture, and personal preferences |
|
|
Term
| Psychotherapies and treatments that satisfy rigorous research criteria such as those involved in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are referred to as |
|
Definition
| empirically supported treatments (ESTs) or empirically validated treatments (EVTs). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neuroanatomy, neurotransmitters, genetics
Combining drug therapy with psychotherapy |
|
|
Term
| Diversity/multicultural psychology |
|
Definition
Culture, race, ethnicity, gender, age, SES relevant to understand/treat abnormality
Cultural sensitivity, knowledge of diversity, culturally relevant therapy
Social conditioning, cultural values and influences, sociopolitical influences, and bias (research & diagnosis) |
|
|
Term
| Role of spirituality and religion |
|
Definition
More than 80% of Americans say religion is important
Racial/ethnic minorities believe spiritual issues are tied to cultural identities
Positive association between spirituality/religion and optimal health outcomes, longevity, and mental health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Psychologists should consider assets, strengths, and optimal human functioning
Seeks balance – study, develop, and understand positive human qualities that build thriving individuals, families, and communities
Focus on prevention rather than remediation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arose in response to pessimistic views held by the public and mental health processionals regarding life prospects
Perspective that those with mental illness can recover and live satisfying, hopeful, and contributing lives even with limitations caused by illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of new meaning and purpose in one’s life as one grows beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observable physical and behavioral characteristics |
|
|
Term
| Criticisms of Biological Models |
|
Definition
-Do not account for abnormal behavior if biological causes are not found (e.g., phobias)
-Ignore environmental/societal/cultural influence
-Diathesis-Stress Theory
-Biochemical changes may occur because of environmental forces
-May foster helplessness by eliminating personal responsibility for well-being |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A predisposition to develop illness (diathesis) is inherited and may or may not be activated by environmental factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Adult disorders arise from childhood traumas or anxieties.
-Childhood-based anxieties are unconscious and are repressed through defense mechanisms because they are too threatening to face. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present from birth, it operates on the pleasure principle: Impulsive, pleasure-seeking aspect of being; immediate gratification of instinctual needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Realistic, rational part of mind, it operates on reality principle: Awareness of environmental demands, plus need to adjust behavior to meet these demands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moral judgments/moralistic considerations involve conscience & ego ideal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thoughts and actions and fuel their expression. |
|
|
Term
| Freud: Although most impulses are hidden from consciousness, they determine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Protect the individual from anxiety
-Operate unconsciously
-Distort reality
-It’s normal to use some strategies to reduce anxiety, but maladaptive when overused. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempt made by an individual to repel one's own desires and impulses toward pleasurable instincts by excluding the desire from one's consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconsciou |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable are mastered by exaggeration (hypertrophy) of the directly opposing tendency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| humans defend themselves against their own unpleasant impulses by denying their existence while attributing them to others. For example, a person who is rude may constantly accuse other people of being rude. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defense mechanism in which controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation, and are made consciously tolerable – or even admirable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an unconscious defense mechanism whereby the mind substitutes either a new aim or a new object for goals felt in their original form to be dangerous or unacceptable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconscious defense mechanism by which one symbolically acts out in reverse some earlier unacceptable behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism leading to the temporary or long-term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way. |
|
|
Term
| Criticisms of Psychodynamic Models |
|
Definition
-Samples that Freud used were narrow in scope and types of individuals examined
-The methods that he used to formulate his theory relied too heavily on anecdotal or case study approaches.
-Theories on female sexuality and personality seen as grounded in sexist and biased interpretations of female behavior. Such theories have little support empirically and neglect the important impact of sociocultural factors.
-Psychoanalytic therapy has limited application in that it seems most appropriate for well-educated, verbal, clients from middle class or upper class backgrounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning principle in which involuntary responses to stimuli are learned through association |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): |
|
Definition
| Elicits an unconditioned response |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned response (UCR): |
|
Definition
| The unlearned response made to an unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned stimulus (CS): |
|
Definition
| Neutral stimulus acquires some properties of another stimulus with which it is paired |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned response (CR): |
|
Definition
| The learned response made to a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired some properties of another stimulus with which it was paired |
|
|
Term
| Classical Conditioning in Psychopathology |
|
Definition
-Demonstrated acquisition of a phobia (exaggerated, seemingly illogical fear) using Classical conditioning paradigm
-Classical conditioning helps explain acquisition of phobias, unusual sexual attractions, and other extreme emotional reactions.
-Classical conditioning serves as a basis for effective treatment techniques, although most human behaviors are more active and voluntary. |
|
|
Term
| father of classical conditioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A voluntary and controllable behavior that “operates” on an individual’s environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Voluntary behaviors are controlled by the consequences that follow them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Edward Thorndike noticed that behaviors followed by positive consequences are repeated
-B. F. Skinner called this “reinforcement.” |
|
|
Term
| how does operant conditioning Differ from classical conditioning |
|
Definition
-Operant conditioning is linked to voluntary, not involuntary, behaviors.
-In operant conditioning, behaviors are controlled by consequences that follow behavior, rather than precede it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reinforcement of successive approximation to desired behavior. Shaping needed to learn complex tasks in which the acquisition of the basic components of the task are reinforced
-This is followed by reinforcement of the acquisition of more complex behaviors as more components are added. |
|
|
Term
| Four effects of observational learning |
|
Definition
-New behaviors may be acquired by watching a model
-A model may elicit behaviors in an observer by providing cues.
-Behaviors formerly inhibited due to negative reactions may occur after observing a model.
-If observer sees a behavior by a model result in aversive consequences, the behavior may become inhibited. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conscious thought mediates or modifies a person’s emotional state and/or behavior in response to a stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sets of underlying assumptions influenced by experiences, values, and perceived capabilities |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive content is organized along three levels |
|
Definition
-Most accessible and least stable cognitions; voluntary thoughts
-Automatic thoughts that occur spontaneously; triggered by circumstances
-Underlying assumptions about oneself and one’s world |
|
|
Term
| Aaron Beck on Irrational/Maladaptive Assumptions and Thoughts |
|
Definition
| People engage in rigid, inflexible, and automatic interpretations of events. |
|
|
Term
| Albert Ellis on Irrational/Maladaptive Assumptions and Thoughts |
|
Definition
-Psychological problems produced by irrational thought patterns stemming individual’s belief system
-Unpleasant emotional responses result from one’s unrealistic and irrational thoughts about an event, not the event itself.
-Irrational thinking operates from dogmatic, absolutist “shoulds,” “musts,” and “oughts” that cause human misery as “musturbatory activities.” |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive Approaches to Therapy |
|
Definition
Highly specific learning experiences to teach clients to
-=Monitor negative, automatic thoughts
-Recognize connections between cognition, affect, and behavior
-Examine evidence for or against distorted automatic thoughts
-Substitute reality-oriented interpretations
-Identify and alter beliefs that predispose them to distort their experiences |
|
|
Term
| Criticisms of Cognitive Models |
|
Definition
-Cognitions are not observable, so they cannot form the foundation of empiricism.
-Human behavior is more than thoughts and beliefs.
-Therapist, as teacher, expert, authority figure is direct and confrontational and may intimidate client and misidentify the disorder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social isolation, poor social support, and lack of intimacy related to pathology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focus of Positive Psychology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Family system is dysfunctional and the actual client, the “identified patient” (IP) manifests the family's symptoms. The IP problems allow family members to avoid dealing with maladaptive relationships. Change in IP threatens equilibrium of system such that there is resistance to change. Therapist must modify family relationships. |
|
|
Term
| Commonalities of group therapy |
|
Definition
| Social situation and social support – reduces isolation; interpersonal response in real-life context; and the development of new communication and social skills. |
|
|
Term
| Immigration and Acculturative Stress |
|
Definition
| psychological, physical, and social pressures associated with moving to a new country |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social class differences in life stress, vulnerability to pathology, and treatment experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sex differences in life stress, certain mental health disorders, and response to treatment |
|
|
Term
| Race/Ethnicity: Multicultural Models |
|
Definition
-Inferiority Model
-Deficit Model
-Multicultural Model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The operant coniditioning paradigm |
|
Definition
-postivie reinforcement
-negative reinforcement
-positive punishment
-negative punuishment
-shaping |
|
|
Term
| Ellis ABC theory of personality |
|
Definition
activating event
belief
emotional and behavioral consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves assembling evidence about what a test really means. This is done by showing the relationship between a test and other tests and measures. |
|
|
Term
| Rosenhan's study (1973), "Sane in Insane Places |
|
Definition
| A label can lead to overgeneralizations, stigmas, and stereotypes: |
|
|
Term
| Rosenthal & Jacobson’s (1968) |
|
Definition
| A label may lead others to treat a person differently. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Percentage of people in a population (number of current cases) with a disorder at a given time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total proportion of people in a population who have ever had a disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Onset (number of new cases) of a disorder over a period of time |
|
|
Term
| At least __% of adult Americans and __% of American children have suffered from a mental illness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By second half of 19th century hospitals had become |
|
Definition
| overcrowded, treatment was inadequate. Mentally disturbed seen as organically caused and incurable. |
|
|
Term
| contemporary trends in psychology |
|
Definition
-drug revolution
-perscription priveleges for psychologists
-managed health care
-increased appreciation for research |
|
|
Term
| Currently, in the mental health field, there has been a major movement toward emphasizing and prioritizing |
|
Definition
| evidence based practices.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Genetic makeup plays an important role in developing abnormal conditions.
-Autonomic nervous system reactivity may be inherited.
-Hereditary factors are implicated in alcoholism, schizophrenia, and depression |
|
|
Term
| operant conditioning model |
|
Definition
-positive reinforcement
-negative reinforcement
-positive punishement
negative punishment
-shaping |
|
|
Term
| The Observational Learning Model |
|
Definition
| Behaviors are acquired by watching someone else perform those behaviors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning by observing models and later imitating them (also called vicarious conditioning |
|
|
Term
| Operant Conditioning in Psychopathology |
|
Definition
-Maladaptive behaviors linked to environmental reinforcers
-Early behaviorists saw “inner life” as unscientific.
-Today, behavioral therapists acknowledge that internal mental life affects acquisition and treatment of disorders. |
|
|
Term
| positive maladaptive behaviors |
|
Definition
| Positive: Pleasurable, peak feelings (e.g., drug use) |
|
|
Term
| negative maladaptive behaviors |
|
Definition
| Escape/ avoidance (e.g., procrastination) |
|
|
Term
| Observational Learning in Psychopathology 4 effects |
|
Definition
-New behaviors may be acquired by watching a model.
-A model may elicit behaviors in an observer by providing cues.
-Behaviors formerly inhibited due to negative reactions may occur after observing a model.
-If observer sees a behavior by a model result in aversive consequences, the behavior may become inhibited. |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive Approaches to Therapy |
|
Definition
Highly specific learning experiences to teach clients to:
-Monitor negative, automatic thoughts
-Recognize connections between cognition, affect, and behavior
-Examine evidence for or against distorted automatic thoughts
-Substitute reality-oriented interpretations
-Identify and alter beliefs that predispose them to distort their experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop measure to assess individual variation on a specific trait or attribute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scores on measure distinguish individuals who share a particular attribute or characteristic from those who do not share this characteristic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systematic monitoring and documentation of how the person behaves. Varies in terms of specificity of behavior from molecular to global which is associated with the level of inference required from the observer. |
|
|
Term
| problems with observations |
|
Definition
-Validity of observations when patient is from another culture.
-Reactivity – knowledge or awareness of being observed affects person's behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most commonly used technique of assessment in clinical psychology. Affected by professional discipline and theoretical orientation: Psychoanalysts emphasize early childhood experiences but Cognitive Behaviorists emphasize current thinking processes. |
|
|
Term
| standardization of interviews |
|
Definition
| degree of structure determined by the relative presence (structured) or absence of specific data and information procedures (e.g., questions, probes) that must be followed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| working relationship - information exchange blocked if relationship problematic, (b) faulty information from interviewee, (c) faulty interpretation from interviewer due to theoretical, professional, or cultural orientation. |
|
|
Term
| Mental Status Examination |
|
Definition
| the use of questions, observations, and tasks to briefly evaluate a client’s cognitive, psychological, and behavioral functioning |
|
|
Term
| Mental Status Examination tenants |
|
Definition
-appearance
-mood
-affect-speech
-thought process
-thought content
-memory
-abstract thought
-general knowledge |
|
|
Term
| Psychological tests and inventories |
|
Definition
-Projective personality tests
-Rorschach technique
-Thematic Apperception Test (pictures)
-sentence completion |
|
|
Term
| Projective personality tests |
|
Definition
| Ambiguous stimulus such that person projects personal motives, needs, and conflicts into stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Personality dispositions, conflicts, and needs. inkblots |
|
|
Term
| Thematic Apperception Test |
|
Definition
| (pictures) Interpersonal conflicts and needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Minnesota Multiphasic Personality -Inventory (MMPI and MMPI-2)
-Beck Depression Inventory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wechsler Scales and Stanford-Binet Scales |
|
|
Term
| Intelligence Tests Primary functions |
|
Definition
Obtain intelligence quotient (IQ), or estimate of current level of cognitive functioning
-Assess intellectual deterioration in psychotic disorders |
|
|
Term
| Intelligence Tests Secondary function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tests for Cognitive Impairment |
|
Definition
Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor Test
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery |
|
|
Term
| Tests for Cognitive Impairment purpose |
|
Definition
| Detect and assess organicity (damage or deterioration in the central nervous system) based on one’s performance on mental tasks |
|
|
Term
| Positron emission tomography (PET) scan |
|
Definition
| A radioactive substance is injected into bloodstream and is detected as it metabolizes in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Categorical Model
-Includes client-rated and clinician-rated symptom measures (cross-cutting measures)
-Consideration of cultural factors in assessment and diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| New DSM-5 System Categorical Model |
|
Definition
-Subtypes
-Specifiers
-Severity measures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subgroups within a diagnostic category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristics associated with a diagnostic category (not mutually exclusive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not all diagnostic categories have good validity and reliability (e.g., poor agreement between clinicians of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder) |
|
|
Term
| Objections to Classification and Labeling |
|
Definition
-A label can lead to overgeneralizations, stigmas, and stereotypes
-A label may lead others to treat a person differently
-A label may lead those who are labeled to believe that they do indeed possess such characteristics: Affects one's identity and self-perception
-A label may not provide the precise, functional information that is needed: DSM symptom-oriented. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| label may lead those who are labeled to believe that they do indeed possess such characteristics: Affects one's identity and self-perception |
|
|
Term
| Parents Television Council (2007) |
|
Definition
| correlational study: Relationship between violent TV programs and aggressive behavior |
|
|
Term
| Sanders and Giolas (1991) |
|
Definition
| correlational study: Relationship between childhood abuse and dissociation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systematic method for describing and explaining phenomena incorporating the following principles: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whether a statistically significant finding has any practical relevance in a clinical setting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The likelihood that a relationship could be due to chance alone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Simulate real situation under controlled conditions, usually done because real-life conditions difficult to study or difficult to control conditions in real life. ie practive v real game |
|
|
Term
| Single-Participant Studies |
|
Definition
-Idiographic approach
-Case study
-Single-participant experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In-depth study of one person; valuable for clinical work. Idiographic approach emphasizes the uniqueness of individuals and their unique qualities such that an in-depth examination can only do justice to describing that person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clinical data on one person or small number of people. |
|
|
Term
| Single-participant experiment |
|
Definition
| Person's own behavior acts as own control condition. Person subjected to intervention and then no-intervention condition. |
|
|
Term
| Biological Research Strategies |
|
Definition
-Genetics and Epigenetics
-Genetic linkage studies
-The Endophenotype Concept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How the environment affects or “programs” gene expression. Identifying the impact of environmental stressors during certain critical periods in child development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determine whether a disorder follows a genetic pattern. |
|
|
Term
| The Endophenotype Concept |
|
Definition
| Biological indicators that provide information on the genes involved in the disorder. |
|
|
Term
| Tenants of The Endophenotype Concept |
|
Definition
Associated with the disorder
Heritable
Manifested in an individual regardless of whether the disorder is present
Found in a higher rate among nonaffected family members than gen. pop |
|
|
Term
| Issues in biological research |
|
Definition
-Iatrogenic effects
-Penetrance
-Pathognomonic
-Biological challenge tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unintended changes in behavior due to treatment. For example, hypnosis by therapist may create memories among patients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degree to which genetic characteristic is seen in people carrying a gene associated with it. Usually partial or incomplete penetrance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degree to which symptom is specific to a disorder. Most people with mental disorders have poor family relations, low self-esteem, and poor social skills. These are not pathognomonic symptoms but indeterminate conditions. Problem of “fallacy of etiological specificity.” |
|
|
Term
| fallacy of etiological specificity |
|
Definition
| only attributing characeteristics to one thing |
|
|
Term
| Biological challenge tests |
|
Definition
| Monitor behavior change after presentation of a specific chemical or nutrient. |
|
|
Term
| Manifestations of anxiety |
|
Definition
| feelings of fear, apprehension, and tenseness. |
|
|
Term
| Anxiety disorders meet one of these criteria |
|
Definition
-Anxiety itself is a major disturbance
-Anxiety is manifested only in particular situation
-Anxiety results from attempt to master other symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thoughts ranging from worry to panic; fears of losing control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Avoidance of fear-inducing situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes in perspiration, shallow breathing, frequent urination, heart pounding, muscular tension, indigestion, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Four types of anxiety disorders |
|
Definition
| panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, and agoraphobia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intense fear, fear of losing control, with somatic symptoms (e.g., intense heart pounding); can occur in all anxiety disorders |
|
|
Term
| DSM-5 definition of panic disorder |
|
Definition
| Recurrent unexpected panic attacks, plus at least one month of apprehension over having another attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe and frightening episodes of apprehension and feelings of impending doom |
|
|
Term
| Panic Disorder Somatic symptoms |
|
Definition
| Breathlessness, sweating, choking, nausea, heart palpitations |
|
|
Term
| Panic Disorder May lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anxiety about leaving one’s home
Panic disorder and agoraphobia are unlinked in DSM-5 |
|
|
Term
| Lifetime prevalence of Panic Disorders |
|
Definition
| 3.5%; twice as common in women as in men |
|
|
Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
|
Definition
| Persistent high levels of anxiety and excessive worry over major and minor life circumstances (more persistent, less intense than Panic Disorder) |
|
|
Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder DSM-5: Symptoms present at least __ months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder Somatic symptoms |
|
Definition
| Heart palpitations, muscle tension, restlessness, trembling, sleep difficulties, poor concentration, persistent apprehension/nervousness |
|
|
Term
| what is the most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lifetime Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
|
Definition
| 5%; twice as common in women as in men |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
-Psychodynamic
-Cognitive behavioral
-Social/sociocultural |
|
|
Term
| Psychodynamic of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
| Anxiety over sexual and aggressive impulses that cannot be controlled by defense mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive behavioral of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
| Negative thoughts or overattention to bodily sensations serve as internal triggers for panic attacks. |
|
|
Term
| Social/sociocultural of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
| Stressful childhood involving separation anxiety, family conflict, poverty, prejudice, trauma, and other environmental stressors. |
|
|
Term
| Biological perspective of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
| Panic disorder associated with oxygen misregulation resulting from dysfunction in the brain; erroneous messages that oxygen is insufficient that elicits hyperventilation and fears of suffocation. |
|
|
Term
| lack of neurotransmitter associated with anxiety and panic disorders |
|
Definition
| Disturbances in or lack of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors |
|
|
Term
| Genetic studies of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
| Higher concordance rates for MZ than for DZ twins for panic disorder; less support for genetics in GAD |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
-Biochemical treatment
-Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder
-Cognitive-behavioral treatment of GAD |
|
|
Term
| Biochemical treatment of GAD and panic disorders |
|
Definition
-Antidepressants
-Benzodiazepines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatments for GAD and panic attacks. (tricyclic antidepressants and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)) and antianxiety medications (e.g., benzodiazepines); relapse after stopping drug therapy quite common; unclear if due to placebo effects which can approach 75% success rate in clinical trials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Valium and Librium. useful in GAD but can cause tolerance and dependence |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder |
|
Definition
-Educate about panic symptoms, restructure catastrophic thinking, self-induce physiological symptoms, self-controlled exposure, substitute coping statements, identify high-risk situations.
-Higher success rates in behavioral treatment than medication; 80 percent treated with cognitive behavioral treatments were panic free |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive-behavioral treatment of GAD |
|
Definition
| focus on worrisome thoughts, discriminate between realistic and irrational worries, challenge irrational and catastrophic beliefs underlying worry, substitute coping and problem-solving thoughts, and use relaxation to counter somatic symptoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Agoraphobia
-Social anxiety disorder
-Specific phobias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fear of being in public places without help; fear of panic symptoms; anxiety over symptoms can result in people being house-bound. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endorsement of fears from 2+ situations now required; 6-month duration of symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Agoraphobia Lifetime prevalence |
|
Definition
| 3.5 percent for males, 7.0 percent for females |
|
|
Term
| ___ _____ precede agoraphobia |
|
Definition
| but relationship unclear; clear precipitating event in 75 percent of those surveyed in one nationwide survey |
|
|
Term
| Catastrophic thoughts of losing control, becoming ill, and other extreme outcomes often associated with_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fear of being scrutinized; fear of negative evaluation from others. |
|
|
Term
| One subcategory of Social anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
| Fear of being scrutinized; fear of negative evaluation from others |
|
|
Term
| Lifetime prevalence of Social anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
| Lifetime prevalence: 11.1 percent for males, 15.5 percent for females; 8.7 percent annually |
|
|
Term
| _____ twice as likely to have social phobia, but ____ are more likely to seek treatment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irrational fear to object or situation |
|
|
Term
| DSM-5 specifiers of Specific phobias |
|
Definition
| Living creatures, environmental conditions (such as thunder), blood/injections or injury (e.g., needle phobics) – usually associated with fainting, and situational factors (such as elevators, flying). |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common specific phobias? |
|
Definition
| Most common are small animals, heights, the dark, and being teased |
|
|
Term
| Men and womens different reactions to the most common specific phobias |
|
Definition
| Two times more prevalent in women than in men; men may not admit to their fears more than women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Psychodynamic perspective
-Behavioral perspective
-Biological perspective
-Cognitive behavioral
-Preparedness |
|
|
Term
| Psychodynamic perspective of phobias |
|
Definition
| Displaced sexual or aggressive conflict; phobic stimulus or situation has symbolic significance of real conflict that is threatening the person. Little Hans's fear that a horse would bite him represents his castration anxiety over Oedipal conflict with his father. |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral perspective of phobias |
|
Definition
-Classical conditioning
-Observational learning |
|
|
Term
| Observational learning of phobias |
|
Definition
| Negative information and modeling are major factors accounting for childhood fears. Probably depends on if the model and observed situation can elicit a strong vicarious emotional response |
|
|
Term
| Ollendick and King (1991) |
|
Definition
| found that modeling (56%) accounted for childhood fears more than direct conditioning experiences (36%). |
|
|
Term
| Classical conditioning of phobias |
|
Definition
| Conditioned emotional responses; some research and clinical support for conditioned learning in that most phobic patients report conditioning experiences as perceived cause. |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive behavioral of phobias |
|
Definition
| Negative thoughts and overestimates of unpleasant future events in those with phobias; may be consequence of phobias rather than cause. |
|
|
Term
| Biological perspective of phobias |
|
Definition
| Genetic predisposition for fear reactions but depends on the type of phobia with specific phobias having less of a genetic contribution than either agoraphobia or social phobias. Some evidence that individuals may inherit the disposition to develop phobias due to having usually high autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity – more likely to respond more intensively to external and internal stimuli, more easily aroused and more difficulty in habituating to stimuli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Certain phobias may develop because people are evolutionarily predisposed to develop certain fears because certain stimuli were dangerous to pre-modern humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Biochemical treatments
-Behavioral treatments |
|
|
Term
| Biochemical treatments of phobias |
|
Definition
| Many new drugs; benzodiazepines, SSRIs most commonly used drugs to treat phobias. Effective but effects confounded with exposure effects with the feared stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral treatments of phobias |
|
Definition
-Exposure therapy
-Systematic desensitization
-Cognitive restructuring
-Modeling therapy |
|
|
Term
| Exposure therapy of phobias |
|
Definition
| gradually introduce contact with feared situation; extinction |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral treatments oh phobias |
|
Definition
| most effective approaches usually involves combination |
|
|
Term
| Systematic desensitization og phobias |
|
Definition
| relaxation (incompatible response to anxiety) while imagining increasingly anxiety- provoking situations in stimulus hierarchy. |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive restructuring of phobias |
|
Definition
| challenges catastrophic thinking and self-focus |
|
|
Term
| Modeling therapy of phobias |
|
Definition
| model should be similar to patient in characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intrusive, repetitive thoughts or images that produce anxiety. Most common obsessions: Children and adolescents - dirt, germs, disease, death, danger to oneself or loved ones. Adults – bodily wastes, secretions, dirt, germs, environmental contamination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The need to perform acts or to dwell on thoughts to reduce anxiety. Most common compulsions: Children and adolescents – excessive or ritualized washing, repeating rituals, checking behaviors. |
|
|
Term
| In a given year, ~__% of U.S. adult population has OCD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gender and race differences with OCD |
|
Definition
| no gender differences, but less common in AfAm and MexAm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Biologica
-Psychodynamic
-Cognitive and behavioral
-Social and sociocultural |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased metabolic activity in the frontal lobe of left hemisphere suggests dysregulation of the orbital frontal-caudate circuit (alerts rest of brain when something is wrong). In OCD, it is weakened, and disturbing thoughts may leak through. Response to medication also suggests serotonin deficiency. Heredity may also be involved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attempts to fend off anal sadistic (antisocial), anal libidinous (pleasurable soiling) and genital (masturbatory) impulses. The obsession is a less threatening substitute or replacement for the original conflict. |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive and behavioral of OCD |
|
Definition
| Obsessive-compulsive behaviors develop to reduce anxiety. The individual does not trust own memories and judgment and make attempts to determine if they did something “correctly.” The uncertainty leads to rituals. Person is subject to disconfirmatory bias, probability bias, and morality bias. |
|
|
Term
| Social and sociocultural of OCD |
|
Definition
| Overly critical parenting and adverse environments may be related to development of OCD. More common among the young and those who are divorced, separated, or unemployed. Less likely to be diagnosed in AfAm and HisAm than Whites. |
|
|
Term
| Biochemical treatments of OCD |
|
Definition
-SSRIs
-Benzodiazepines
-Clomipramine |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral treatments of OCD |
|
Definition
| Combination of exposure (flooding or gradual exposure) and response prevention is the treatment of choice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase available serotonin (only 60-80% respond to these) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less effective with OCD than other anxiety disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (tricyclic antidepressant) in small dosages are taken by some AsAm and Whites due to metabolic differences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| External event or situation that places a physical or psychological demand on a person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal response to a stressor |
|
|
Term
| Three type of life stressors |
|
Definition
1.Life event stress
2.Daily hassles
3.Traumatic stress |
|
|
Term
| Life change model (Holmes & Holmes) |
|
Definition
| All life events (large or small, positive or negative) can cause stress in a person; cumulative impact of life changes. |
|
|
Term
| Hypothesized that greater life change units produce |
|
Definition
| greater chance of illness |
|
|
Term
| Social Readjustment Rating Scale |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| life change units (LCUS). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found relationship between LCU level and likelihood of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only ________ changes had negative effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stress response causes release of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do neurohormones do? |
|
Definition
| some of which impair or inhibit immune system functioning |
|
|
