Term
|
Definition
*5-7 m long
*digestive organs
*accessory organs help digestion indirectly |
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Term
| Digestive System Functions |
|
Definition
INGESTION
*food into mouth
SECRETION
*release water, acid, buffers, enz, into lumen (need buffers to prevent breaking)
MIXING
*churning food for mech break & chem food break w/ enz (digestion)
PROPULSION
*push food through GI
DIGESTION
*mech/chem break
ABSORPTION
*passing digested products from GI tract into blood & lymph
DEFECATION
eliminating feces |
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Term
|
Definition
1) ORAL CAVITY & ESOPHAGUS
2) STOMACH
3) SM INT
4) LRG INT |
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Term
|
Definition
SECRETION: saliva
DIGESTION: carbohyd
ABSORPTION:none
MOTILITY: chew, swallow |
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Term
|
Definition
SECRETION: parietal/chief cells; mucous, bicarb
DIGESTION: some protein/fat
ABSORPTION:
lipid soluble (alcohol, aspirin)
MOTILITY:peristaltic mix/ propulsion |
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Term
|
Definition
SECRETION: enterocytes (secrete enz), goblet (secrete mucous), enx, bicarb, bile
DIGESTION: polypep, carbo, fats, nuc acid
ABSORPTION:AA, am pept; monosach, fat acid, cholesrol, N bases, H2O, ions, minerals, vits
MOTILITY: mix, propulsion by segmentation; sime peristalsis |
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Term
|
Definition
SECRETION: goblet cells
DIGESTION: none (ecept bact)
ABSORPTION:ions, minerals, vits, H2O (to solidify)
MOTILITY: segmental mix, propulsion (mass) |
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Term
|
Definition
CONSTIPATION
LI absord too much H2O
COLIC
horse dehydration, need more H2O |
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Term
| Small Intestine Components |
|
Definition
VILI
*hair on sm int
MICROVILI
*hair on hair
ENTEROENDOCRINE
*secrete hormone secretin, cholecystokinin, GIP
PANETH CELLS
*secrete lysozome, capable of phagocytosis
LYSOZOME
*enz that kills bact
GOBLET CELL
secrete mucous
ABSORPTIVE CELLS
* absorbs nutrients |
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Term
| Enteroendocrine Cell Components |
|
Definition
S CELL
*secrete secretin
*stim secretion of pancreatic juice
CCK
*secrete chloecystokinin(CCK) stim secretion of pancratic juice
*cause bile eject gall bladder
*inhibits gastric empty
*induce statiety
K CELLS
*secrete GIP, sim release of insuin from pancreatic B cell |
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Term
|
Definition
*chyme stim S cell to prod secretin
*secretin stim pancreas to secrete pancreatic bicarb into duod
**panc juice neutralizes acid chyme
*AA/ FA in chyme stim CCK cell to secrete CCK |
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Term
|
Definition
*increases pancreatic enz secretion
*causes bile release from gall
*inhibits gastric empty |
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Term
|
Definition
*sig by duod to manufacture bile (liver cells)
**cant lose panc/liver b/c takes in too many nut
*venous, nut rich blood -> liver through portal vessels
BILE SALT- emulsify lrg lipid drops-> sm (micelles)
BILE PIGMENT- mainly bilirubin (Hb of worn out RBC)
*processes may absorbed nut |
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Term
|
Definition
*blood is distributed to hepato through hepatic sinusoids
*exract and process nut
1) combine simp carbo to form glyco
2) create lipid from gluc/ AA
3) distribute AA to blood
4)break excessive AA and worn out protein into gluc and triglyc
*after done, blood drains froom hepatic sinusoids -> central veins -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava |
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Term
|
Definition
*stores ile from liver
*CCK triggers bile release in duod of sm int through common bile duct |
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Term
|
Definition
*secrete by pancreatic by acinar cells
*clear, colorless (duod -> panc duct
COMPOSITION
Water
Na Bicarb (neut stomach acid)
Enz (panc amylase; trypsin, chymotrp, carboxypeptidase; panc lipase; ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease) |
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Term
|
Definition
*squishes around so enx can get to food
*as sm int moves, pushes nut toward walls mucousa to abs
*most carbo, lipid, protein digest
*segmentation to mix chyme w/ digest enz
*peristalsis propel chyme through
*begin/ complete digestion of nuc acid
*90% of nut/ water abs |
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Term
|
Definition
*haustral churning, peristalsis, mass peristalsis to move contents toward exit
*absorb water, ion, vits
*any not absorbed forms feces
*involved in defecation
*3-10 hrs to pass chyme
*NO ABS OF NUT (ONLY WATER + VITS PROD BY COLON)
*ferment carbo release gas, flatus (H, CO2, CH4) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
*ferment
*break prot-> AA
*bilirubin -> simp pig (stercobilin =brown poop)
*prod ssentail vits B,K (abs in colon) |
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Term
|
Definition
*chem substances in food that cells nedd for groeth, mainten, repair
CARBO, LIPID, PROTEIN, H2O, MINERAL, VITS |
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Term
|
Definition
*subtances that the body cannot make on own in sufficeint quantities to meet needs
*must come from diet
*some AA, FA, vits, mins |
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Term
|
Definition
*found in bones and teeth
*bone structure
*reg of enz func
*maintenance of body fluis pH
*osmosis (maintain osmolality)
*gen of AP in nerves and muscles
IMPORTANT MINS: Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg |
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Term
|
Definition
*org nut req in scant amounts to maintain normal growth and metab
*can be coenz in chem rxn
FAT SOLUBLE (A, D, E, K)
*absorbed from digest track, transported in chylomicrons
*excess stored in body cells
WATER SOLUBLE (B, C)
*dissolved in body fluids
*excess excreted in urine
ANTIOXIDANT (C, E, B-ceratine)
*inactive damaging free radicals of Ox |
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Term
|
Definition
| *helps synth things; all chem rxns in body(catalyze by enz/combos) |
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Term
|
Definition
nonprotein compound for func of enz
E- CARRIER
*nicoatinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH)
*flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
produces ATP and heat
*make simp out of complex (leads to simp) |
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Term
|
Definition
more complex
*requries ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
*(CH2O)n where n≥3 catabolized to monosach
*fructose/ galactose -> glucose
*if ATP need, gluc oxidized in glycolsyis
*excess gluc stored as glyc in liver/ musc
*glycogen full, liver converts excess gluc -> triglc to store in adipose
*triglyc -> gluc when need |
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Term
|
Definition
| ingest protein and body protein broke into AA/ absorbed in sm Int |
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Term
|
Definition
1) used to make new proteins
2) converted to gluc
3) CONVERT TO TRIGLYC
4) Convert to ketones
5) catabolized to gen ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
*require E
*help get to AcetylCoA |
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Term
|
Definition
*AA uptaake stim by IGF and insulin
*AA group removed through deamination -> NH3
*NH3 toxic so liver convert to urea (lost in urine)
*remaining org component from catabolism used in cell resp (Krebs make ATP) |
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Term
|
Definition
*sugars/ sach
*most abundant
MONO- basic carbo unit
POLY- polymer of sevreal mono |
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Term
|
Definition
*aldehyde/ ketone derrivatives of straight chain polyhydroeyl alcohol containing at least 3 C atoms
*classified by chem nature & # C atoms
CARBONYL aldehyde/ ketone = alodse/ ketose |
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Term
|
Definition
OH substituent on opposite side of sugar ring from CH2OH at the chiral center designating D/L
*opposite sides |
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Term
|
Definition
*OH substituent on the same side of sugar ring from CH2OH at the chiral center designating D/L
*same side |
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Term
|
Definition
*freely interconvert in aqueous soln
*63.6% B
*linear form minimally present |
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Term
|
Definition
*bulkiest substituents could be equitorial/ axial
*equitorial > axial (crowd)
*B-D glucopyranose has all non H substituents in equitorial positions
*B/c of ald & ketone groups- cyclic/ linear forms interconvert |
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Term
|
Definition
*bond connecting anomermic C and alcohol ox
*between anomeric and amine |
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Term
|
Definition
*sach w/ anomeric C that have NOT formes glycosides that will reduce mild oxidizing reagents b/c free aldehyde group
*once reduced: -ose -> -side |
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Term
|
Definition
D
*last OH on right
L
*last OH on left |
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Term
|
Definition
*AKA glycans
*monosach units linked together by glycosidic bonds
*can be breanched or linear b/c glycosidic linkages
HOMO- many units of one tpe monosach
HETERO- many units of more than one type monosahc |
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Term
|
Definition
*simplest polysach (60%B @ room T)
*larger molecules hydrolysis prod
*lactose (milk), sucrose (sugar)
*in milk,interchange b/c T, pH, [] (affects crystalography, Solid state, solbility) |
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Term
|
Definition
*lactase breaks lactose -> galac + gluc
*galct polymerizes into gluc (fuel)
*adults have less lactase so sugar in colon for bact fermentation to convert lactose (CO2, H2, org acid) = intolerance |
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Term
|
Definition
*glucose + fructose
*anomeric C both glycosidic bonded (non reducing) |
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Term
|
Definition
*10615 kg synth annually (.5 C in atmosph)
*15,000 gluc
*parallel sheets w/ H bond/ vanderwall (cohesion, strength fibers)
*B (1,4) D glucose units
*lignin (intertwines,strength of polymer)
*symbionts produce cellulase in anim
*stacked chains (C2OH on C6 interact w/ OH on C3) |
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Term
|
Definition
*makes green (500-3000)
*interacts w/ cellulose polymer
*make more stable |
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Term
|
Definition
*Homopolymer: B (1-4) N acetytl- D glucosamine
*cell walls fungi & algae, exoskelteon
*very abundant
*joint supplement b/c need glucosamine in joints w/ detachable residue |
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Term
|
Definition
*mixture of glycans synth by plants
*principal E reserve for plants
*a-amylose & amylopectin
*reducing sugars (reducing end) |
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Term
|
Definition
*storage polysacharide of animals
*in all cells (mainly in muscle/liver- cytoplasmic granules)
*more branched than amylopectin (branch every 8-14)
*series of a(1,4); branched at a(1,6)
*degraded by glycogen phophorylase |
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Term
|
Definition
*a (1,4) D glucose
*linear polymer of glucose residues
*a glycosidic bond diff from cellulose (can be helical)
*eat starches (amylase breaks amylose -> maltose) |
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Term
|
Definition
*O-a-D-glucopyranosyl (1,4)-a-D-glucopyranose
*in germinating seeds b/c plants store sugar (sim to yolk)
*can be caramelized into glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
*a(1,4) glucose residues
*branching @ a-(1,6), every 24-30 gluc
*10^6 gluc residues per molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
1)amylase breaks a(1,4) gluc link
2)a-glucosidases break both, one gluc link @ time
3) debranch enz hydorlyzes both a(1,6) and a(1,4) |
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Term
|
Definition
GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE
*degrades glycogen
*cleaves a(1,4) gluc link on non red ends
GLYCOGEN DEBRANCHING ENZ
*cleaves a(1,6) branches
1)transferase activity puts @ reducing end of glucose
2) glucosidase activity- moves only 1 @ time so move 3 over to take 1 off |
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Term
|
Definition
*connective tissue around collagen in extracellular space/ gel matrix (tendon, skin, vess)
*HA and others w/ mod Sulfate
*unbranched polsac
*uronic acid & hexosamine residues
*high viscous + elastic (slimy, mucous0 |
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|
Term
Hyaluronate
Hyaluronic Acid (HA) |
|
Definition
*synovial fluid (joints, vitreous humor eye)
*250-25000 B(1,4)between disaccharides
*D glucuronic acid B(1,3) N acetyl-D-glucosamine
*extended, rigid
*repulsion of anionic groups bind cation/ lrg #s H2O (H2O accumulate around struct so in soln, inc vol)
*low shear (mess) -> hyaluronate stiff, lines up (less resistance)
*biological shock absorbers/ lubes (viscoelastic) b/c water bridge provide stability |
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Term
|
Definition
*protein w/ carbohydrate contents
*func as enz, recept, structural prot
*polypeptide under genetic control (DNA-RNA-P)
*crabohyd chains added enz-atically through covalent link
*can have lots sugars or few |
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Term
|
Definition
*protein + glycosaminoglycans
*can be big
*highly hydrated b/c (KS, CS w/ extended brushlike proteoglycan)
*good at tensile stress and compression stress |
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Term
| Proteoglycan: Bottle Brush Structure |
|
Definition
BRISTLES
*noncovalent to HA
*Core protein, link protein, + GAGS
CORE PROTEIN
*Bristle back
*covalently. glycosidic attached bristles
1)N link oligosach- SM sugar protein attatch by amine
2) O link oligo- keratin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate (link GAGs to core protein) |
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|
Term
N-Link Oligosaccharide Polysaccharide
???? |
|
Definition
*Asp, Asn, Ser, Thr
*have protein w/ covalent link
*take on multp combo of monosach together
*have core w/ branches w/ diff func /combos |
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Term
|
Definition
*all sugars attached to protein outside RBC
**enz transfers sugars (blood type)
*enz adds antigens to surf RBC
O (type H)
*universal donor, can only get O
*looks good b/c everything matches
A (type A)
*receive A,O b/c WBC recognize on surf
*no B
B (type B)
*receive B, O
*no A
AB
*can receive A, B, AB, O (all)
*prod both (universal recipient) |
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Term
|
Definition
*plasma membs surround cell
*intracell memb surround organeles
*transport processes allow things through (ionic, polar hard to go through) |
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Term
| Guidelines for Thermodynamic Transport |
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Definition
1) Free E change for moving a substance across memb depends on conc of each side. For ions, depends on memb potential
-free E change allows out -> in ([] gradient)
2) For a substance that cannot diffuse easily, transport mediated by a protein. May also require free E input
* |
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Term
|
Definition
Free E of Solute
^GA = RTln([A]in/[A]out)
*can predict if molecule go in based on ^G
*a difference in [] of subs on two sides generate chem pot diff |
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Term
| Chemical Potential Difference |
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Definition
[A]out > [A]in
*^GA < 0, ^G= -
*spontaneous net flow of A in
[A]in > [A]out
*^G > 0, ^G = +
*net flow of A in not favored thermodynamically |
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Term
|
Definition
*couple thermodynamically unfavored inward flow by coupling to exergonic rxn
*sim to ATP hydrolysis
*if not favorable to move against gradient, use to make favorable |
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Term
|
Definition
*transmembrane movement of ions -> charge difference across a membrane
*MEMB POT: ^ψ= ψ(in)-ψ(out) |
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|
Term
| Electrochemical Potential |
|
Definition
*^GA; up to -100mv = -0.1V = -0.1J/C
*^GA= RTln([A]in/[A]out) + ZAF^ψ
*usully more - on inside (-100mv) |
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Term
|
Definition
*charge difference across membrane
PROCESS
1) K+ secrete out taking positive w/ (more in)
2)Na- leak in cell (more out)
3) Cause - in (K leave)
4)- charge across memb, - in
*allows transporters (need for Ca) to pull ions in w/ E |
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Term
|
Definition
*non equilibrium distribution of ions on either side of memb
INTRACELLULAR
Na: 12mM
K: 140mM
EXTRACELLULAR
Na: 150mM
K: 4 mM |
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Term
|
Definition
NONMEDIATED
*no help; diffuses in direction eliminates []gradient at a rate proportional to magnitude
*rate depends on solubility in nonpolar core
*a substances driving force, chem pot gradient
*EX: simple diffusion
MEDIATED
*req action of specific carrier proteins/something
*EX: passive mediated (facilitated), active |
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Term
|
Definition
*move across membrane
*[] based; high -> low
*steroid, O2 easy |
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|
Term
Passive Mediated Transport
(Facilitated Diffusion) |
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Definition
*molecule flows from high -> low
*transport "door"
*EX: ionophores, porins, ion channels, aquaporin, Gap junc, translocation molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
*molecule low[] -> high []
*against [] gradient; pump uses ATP
*ENDERGONIC: needs coupling
*EX: PTYPE, ATYPE, ABC, NaK-ATPase, Ca ATPase |
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Term
|
Definition
*org molecules (NOT PROTEIN) inc permeability of memb to ions
*complexes must be soluble in nonpolar solvents
*[] dependent
*passively permit ion diffusion both direction (effect can equilibrate the [] of select ions)
*TYPES: carrier & channel forming
EX: Coccidia- Eimeria
*sporocytes invade chicken gut cells, form cyst -> diarrhea
*ionophores treat (Na+ pumps Na out cocidia)
*inc Na cause cell to inc H2O & parasite burst
*phobic out, phillic in (pulls ion through) |
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Term
|
Definition
1) bind select ions
2) diffuse through
3) release ion other side
4) return |
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Term
| Channel-Forming Ionophores |
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Definition
| *transmembrane channels through which selected ions can diffuse |
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Term
|
Definition
*passive mediated
*B-barrel struct, solutes selectively pass through channel
*lrg passive channels
*size fitting
*EX: pores on out mitochondria (<5000D) |
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Term
|
Definition
*passive mediated
*ion specific; rapid passage of ions (Na K, Cl)
*Movement essential for:
1) maintain osmot balance
-need good amounts solute in cell
2) sig transduc
*help set up by moving ions to start again
3)effecting changes in memb pot responsible for neurotransmission
*EX: K+, Gated channels |
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Term
|
Definition
*allow K+ ions to passively diffuse from cyto -> extracellular
*most permeable to K+ > Na
*flow of K @10^8 ions/sec; quick
*constitutively open (keep - memb pot)
*out more nonpolar b/c in memb
*4 subunits, e w/ 2 helices (thin to wide b/c only wants K)
*selectively filter
*rapid, highly selective
*EX: KcsA |
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|
Term
Selectively filter of KcsA
(K channel) |
|
Definition
1)allows ions to pass
2)as enter thin, H2O set up around K+= rapid
3)@ filter, side chains of AA gets pushed out 1 @ time
4)even distribution b/c repulsion
*if Na goes in, smaller so bounces around and hard to get out |
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Term
| Theories of rapid transit of KcsA |
|
Definition
1) ease of movement b/c hydration shell K+ w/ 8 water
2) w/in filter, O from water and protein contribute to K selctivitey
3)repulsion of K+ ions |
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Term
|
Definition
*allow to flow across gradients of memb
*selectively open/closed (transiently to do task)
*opening/ closing of channels in response to stimuli
EX: mechanosensitive, ligand-gated, signal-gated, voltage-gated |
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Term
| Mechanosensitive Ion Channels |
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Definition
*open in response to deformation in the lipid bilayer
*touch, sound, ^Pomotic |
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Term
| Ligand-Gated Ion Channels |
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Definition
*open in response to extracellular chem stimulus (neurotransmitter)
*extracel stim cause to open |
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Term
| Signal- Gated Ion Channels |
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Definition
| *opens b/c of intracellularly binding Ca2+ ion/ some other signal molecule |
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Term
| Voltage Gated Ion Channels |
|
Definition
*open in response to a change in memb pot (nerve impulse)
*EX: AP |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the wave of transient change in memb pot
1)
*resting state, slight - charge inside cell (cyto); polarized nerve (-70mV)
2)
*stim of neuron causes Na open, Na in, inc in memb potential
*reach gate/action threshold (induces neighbor Na channels open)
*depolarization- all nearby Na gates open, Na rush in
3)
*Na channels shut @ AP peak
4)
*K+ gate open (b/c local memb depolar)
*K ions in (repolar)
5)
*repolarization over shoots so nerve can reset channels
*hyperpolarization- 1) prevents the neuron from receiving another stimulus immediately after the first 2)raises the threshold for any new stimulus
6)
*Na/K pump bring to rest pot
*rest + refractory |
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Term
|
Definition
*Na and K channels close before Na,K @ equilibrium
*the next region cont depolarizing
*Myelin- insulates to go faster
1: de ___ ____
2: re de rest
3: rest re de |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*A protein pore that conducts water through biological membranes
*pore allows water through memb
*span 1 memb
*EX: AP1 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*a homotetrameric glycoprotein
*6 transmembrane αhelices= hourglass;2 short helices w/in bilayer
*narrow (2.8A= size Vander wall H2O)
*size restriction
PORE: lined w/ phobic groups (lack of strong interact force water through)
REGIONS: high conserved, Arg/His residues, backbone carbonyls lure other Hbond water molecules
CENTER: conserved Asn, NH2 groups can Hbond w/ H2Oto reorient molecule so one leaves @time
*mostly phobic in so only 1 goes to 1 spot w/ His+Arg (lure pull H2O, +)
*as H2O attracts it finds Arg to reorient and allow H2O out
*no proton jump b/c too small |
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Term
|
Definition
*join discrete regions of neighbor cells plasma memb
*span 2 memb
*sm molecules/ ions pass
*single junc has 2 hexagonal rings connexins (connexons)
*EX: translocation, GLUT1 |
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Term
|
Definition
UNIPORT
*movement of single molecule @ a time (GLUT1)
SYMPORT
*simultaneously transport 2 different molecules in same direction
*req both, same direction
ANTIPORT
*simult transport 2 diff molecules in opposite direct
*one in, one out |
|
|
Term
Erythrocyte Glucose Transporter
(GLUT1) |
|
Definition
1) glucose binds to protein, special shape
2) transport, changing orientation
3) glucose dissociates
4)recovery, back to normal
*single molecule @ time |
|
|
Term
P-Type ATPases
(active transport) |
|
Definition
*undergo phosphorylation as transport cations across memb (Na, K, Ca)
*bring in + ions |
|
|
Term
A-Type ATPases
(active transport) |
|
Definition
| *transport anions across memb |
|
|
Term
ABC Transporters
(active transport) |
|
Definition
*wide variety of substances (ions, sm metabolites, drug molecules)
*ATP Binding Cassette |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*use chem E from ATP
*ATP used to move things in/out |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Active Transport |
|
Definition
| *uses electrochem potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*transport ions in opposite direction
*3 Na in, 2 K out <-> 3 Na out, 3 K in
*phosphate from ATP covalently bound-> changes
*most studied active transport (transmemb prot)
*depends on phosphorylation of Asp
*Two conformational states: E1, E2
*happens 1 direct b/c rxn coupling
*highly dependent on everything
*Mg+ used to stabilize phosphate - |
|
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Term
|
Definition
E1:
1) enz interact w/ ATP
2) pick up 3 Na from ternary complex
3) w/ Mg, phosphyorlyate (make ADP)
4) high E conformational state (exer), so push to low E
5) transport Na out (ender)
E2
6)picks up 2K
7) hydrolysis of phosphate (exer)
8) moves into cell
9) opens spot for ATP bind (exer), get rid of K (ender) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*increases in cystolic [Ca] triggers cell responses (musc contract), neurootrasmit release, glyco break
*cystolic [Ca]= 0.1uM, extracell [Ca]= 1500uM
*active tranport maintains gradient
*pumps out 2Ca, bring nin 2-3 H (w/ ATP hydrolysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Na/K ATPases generate electrochem gradietn across memb
*E can be harnessed for ender process
Na GLUC SYMPORT: in intestinal epithelia, take up gluc( 2Na in)
*uphill gradient (more gluc in cell > lumen
*gluc -> capillaries (passive mediated uniport)
Na/K ATPase: cause 3 Na leave
*gradient maintained (more Na enter cell from symport)
*2 K enter
*examples of 1*,2* active trans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*biological catalysts (diff from chem catalysts)
*protein based so organic
*classified by rxn type |
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Term
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Definition
1) HIGHER RXN RATE
*enz rxn occur faster @10^6-10^12 greater uncatalyzed rxn
2) MILDER RXN COND
*b/c body controlled env @ most 100C, neut pH, atm press
*relative to some cond which chem rxn occur
3) GREATER RXN SPECIFICITY
*have specific job, work w/ sp substrate/ product
4) CAPACITY FOR REGULATION
*enz catalytic activity vary b/c [] of substances other than substrates |
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Term
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Definition
ACCEPTED NAME
*enz commonly used name
SYSTEMATIC
*more official
*name of substrate + ase
ENZYME COMMISSION NAME (EC) |
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Term
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Definition
*substrates bind to enz w/ noncovalent (sim to Vander wall, Hbond, electrostaic, phobic)
*geometric complementarity- shapes specialized for e other
*electrotonic complementarity- charge, +/-
*induced fit- conformational change (one, other, both) w/ subs bind |
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Term
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Definition
*enz =chiral (b/c AA)
*need specific shape to bindn (inc level of detail)
*bind w/ stereospecificity to one stereoisomer of substrate (asymmetric active site)
* |
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Term
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Definition
*enz have degree of specificty (subs need to be right chirality, size, shape)
*alcohol dehydrogenase catalyze oxidation of CH3CH2OH -> CH3CHO > CH3OH->H2CO > (CH3)2CHOOH -> (CH3)2CO
*EX: chymotrypsin (can still digest even w/ little difference) |
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Term
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Definition
*reason anim need trace elements in diet
1)METAL IONS
*some enz need help
*Cu, Fe, Zn
2)COENZ
*org molecules req for enz catalysis
*bind to enz active site + particpate in catalysis but not considered subs of rxn
COSUBS
*only trasnient associated w/ enz
*bind + release, just there for rxn then leave
PROSTHETIC
*organic/inorg w/ no AA
*bound tight to protein
*covalent permanent attach
*contribute to enz process |
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