Term
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Definition
| alteration of mental status due to biomechanical forces affecting the brain. A concussion may or may not cause loss of consciousness. |
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Term
| Primary mechanisms/forces that can lead to concussion |
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Definition
Linear - Example: A quarterback falls to the ground and hits the back of his head. The falling motion propels the brain in a straight line downward.
Rotational - Example: When a football player is tackled, his head may strike an opponent’s knee; this contact to the head can cause a rotational motion. |
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Term
| Immediate Signs of Concussion |
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Definition
Impaired attention -- vacant stare, delayed responses, inability to focus
Slurred or incoherent speech
Gross incoordination
Disorientation
Emotional reactions out of proportion
Memory deficits
Any loss of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
Persistent headache
Dizziness/vertigo
Poor attention and concentration
Memory dysfunction
Nausea or vomiting
Fatigue easily
Irritability
Intolerance of bright lights
Intolerance of loud noises
Anxiety and/or depression
Sleep disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
Second concussion occurs while still symptomatic & healing from previous injury days or weeks earlier
Second impact more likely to cause brain swelling and other widespread damage
Can be fatal -- 50% mortality rate in most severe cases |
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Term
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Definition
Transient confusion
NO loss of consciousness
Concussion symptoms or mental status abnormalities resolve in less than 15 minutes
Management: Remove from contest
Examine immediately and at 5-minute intervals for the development of mental status abnormalities or post-concussive syndrome at rest and with exertion
May return to contest if mental status abnormalities or post-concussive symptoms clear within 15 minutes
When to return:15 minutes or less , multiples (1 week) |
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Term
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Definition
Transient confusion
NO loss of consciousness
Concussion symptoms or mental status abnormalities last more than 15 minutes
Managaement:
-Remove from contest; disallow return that day
-Examine on-site frequently for signs of evolving intracranial pathology
-A trained person should reexamine the athlete the following day
-A physician should perform a neurologic exam to clear the athlete for return to play after 1 full asymptomatic week at rest and with exertion
When to return:1 wk, mutilpes-2 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
Any loss of consciousness, either brief (seconds) or prolonged (minutes)
Management: Transport from the field to the nearest emergency department by ambulance if still unconscious or worrisome signs are detected (with cervical spine immobilization, if indicated)
A thorough neurologic evaluation should be performed emergently, including neuroimaging procedures when indicated
Admit to hospital if any signs of pathology are detected or if the mental status remains abnormal
When to return:out for 2 weeks, multiples (month or longer) |
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Term
| Neurobehavioral compromise |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-anti-anxiety med
-used to treat anxiety or sleep problems
-usually used to decrease anxiety, panic, or night terrors :
-decreasing the severe physical symptoms (including sweating, rapid heart rate, and stomach upset) of anxiety disorders such as panic attacks and phobias
-used for a short time when symptoms are very uncomfortable or frightening
-Benzodiazepines must not be combined with alcohol; severe sleepiness, or even unconscious- ness, may result. |
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Term
| Benzodiazepines Side effects |
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Definition
most common side effect is sleepiness
-must not be combined with alcohol; severe sleepiness, or even unconscious- ness, may result.
-Becoming dependent on the benzodiazepines is possible
-Sometimes antianxiety medicines seem to work in the opposite way, causing excitement, irritability, anger, aggression, trouble sleeping, nightmares, uncontrollable behavior, or memory loss |
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Term
| Discontinuation of benzodiazepines |
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Definition
-Problems are more likely to occur in patients taking high doses of benzodiazepines for 2 months or longer,
- But important to stop the medicine slowly even after only a few weeks
-Common withdrawal symptoms may include anxiety, irritability, shaking, sweating, aches and pains, muscle cramps, vomiting, and trouble sleeping
- If large doses are stopped suddenly, seizures, hallucinations, or out‑of‑control behavior may result. |
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Term
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Definition
-treat seizures
-mood stabilizer (bipolar), severe mood swings
-Tegretol, Depakote/Depakene
-can reduce aggression, anger, and severe mood swings.
-side effects: Double or blurred vision ,Sleepiness or drowsiness , decrease white blood cells, hair loss, increase risk of sun burn, skin rash, mild nausea , agitation, anxiety, mania, hallucinations
Know general effects of Klonopin |
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Term
| Dangerous side-effects of Tegretol (These are th most dangerous only- see anticonvulsants for the rest) |
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Definition
Feeling sick or unusually tired for no reason
Loss of appetite
Yellowing of the skin or eyes
Dark urine or pale bowel movements
Swelling of the legs or feet
Greatly increased or decreased frequency of urination
Unusual bruising or bleeding
Sore throat or fever
Mouth ulcers
Vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
| when a drug produces the same effect that its trying to cure |
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Term
| Beta-Blockers (Uses/side effects/how to discontinuations) |
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Definition
-used to treat high blood pressure and irregular heartbeat
-can decrease aggressive or violent behavior in children and adolescents
-useful for patients who have developmental delays or autism
-reduce some symptoms of anxiety
-reduce the restlessness resulting from other medicines
-dampen circulatory system
-Inderal
-Tenormin
Side effects- Tingling, numbness, cold, or pain in the fingers or toes, Tiredness or weakness, Slow heartbeat, Low blood pressure , Dizziness
**Stop suddenly-cause fast/irregular heartbeat
**Should be discontinued gradually
-May take up to 4 weeks to see improvement |
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Term
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Definition
-ADHD and Tourette's
-also anxiety, PTSD and antic Disorders
-Full benefit- not seen up to 2-4 months
side effects-act like a sedative but THEY ARE NOT
SE_ringing in ears,dizziness, sleepiness, temporary worsening of tics
**Should not be stopped suddenly
-sleepiness-not subside ten with extra sleep |
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Term
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Definition
-stabilizing nerve cells in the brain, for bipolar, it works by evening out the mood
*Too much can have severe toxic effects
-salt
SE-increased thirst and urinating
***No medical withdrawal effects occur if lithium is stopped suddenly***
-If the student has been taking lithium for 6‑8 weeks or longer, the dosage should be decreased gradually
-manages the mania of bipolar, but not the depressive side
-need to drink lot soy water and avoid salty foods |
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Term
| antipsychotic /Neuroleptics |
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Definition
used to be called major tranquilizer
-used to treat psychosis, such as in schizophrenia, mania, or very severe depression
-reduce hallucinations and delusions,less upset and agitated
-feel in a fog
-Thorazine-first antipsychotic (Thorazine shuffle-motor issues)
-Haldol
-works on neurotransmitters
-cogentin-used to treat dry mouth side-effects
-cause tardive dyskinesia
Serious side effects:Stiffness of the tongue, jaw, neck, back, or legs
Overheating or heatstroke (prevent by decreasing the student's activity in hot weather and by encouraging the student to drink fluids)
Seizure
Very irregular heartbeat (when taking Orap, Mellaril, Sercntil, or Geodon)
-TARDIVE DYSKINESIA |
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Term
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Definition
-newer antipsychotics
-Geodon
-Risperdal-behavior problems
Zyprexa- seriously psychotic |
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Term
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Definition
-have involuntary movements of the body, especially the mouth and tongue; jerky movements of the arms, legs, or body may occur; there may be fine, wormlike movements of the tongue, or the person may appear to be chewing something.
-does not go away |
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Term
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Definition
| used to treat dry mouth side-effects and treat other side effects of neuroletotics |
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Term
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Definition
Involuntary movements, or "withdrawal dyskinesias," may appear within 1‑4 weeks of lowering the dose or stopping the medicine
Usually these go away, but they can last for days to months |
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Term
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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Definition
-antidepressants
-medicines increase the amount of serotonin (a transmitter) in between nerve cells in the brain
-all anti-depressants reduce anxiety
-lexapro, prozac, zoloft, paxil
-Prozac (builds up in your system)-its energizing, doesn't wear off as quickly when you stop taking it
-Dont take with MAOI's
-atke 2-4 weeks to work |
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Term
| SSRI discontinuation syndrome (and serious side effects) |
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Definition
No known serious medical withdrawal effects occur if SSRIs are stopped suddenly (but may get “discontinuation syndrome ” with some SSRI’s
-May experience uncomfortable feelings such as trouble sleeping, nervousness, flu‑like symptoms
Serious side effects: Seizure
Heatstroke (prevent by decreasing the student's activity in hot weather and encouraging the student to drink fluids)
Stiffness, high fever, confusion, and severe tremors (shaking) |
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Term
| Tricyclic antidepressants |
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Definition
-first used to treat depression but are now also used to treat enuresis (bed‑wetting), attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), school phobia, separation anxiety, panic disorder, obsessive‑compulsive disorder (OCD), some sleep disorders (such as night terrors), and trichotillomania (compulsive hair pulling).
-Anafranil* (Also fro OCD)
-Tofranil |
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Term
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Definition
improve attention span, decrease distractibility, increase the ability to finish things, improve the ability to follow directions, decrease hyperactivity, and improve the ability to think before acting (decrease impulsivity)
-have a paradoxical effect (due the opposite of what they would do in ADHD
-treat narcolepsey
-ritalin, concerta, focalin, adderall
-long acting (XR-extended release)
-adderall only last 3-4 hours
-Side effects: lack of appetite, weight loss, insomnia and sometimes increased hyperactivity
-no medical withdrawal if you stop suddenly |
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Term
| Evaluate effectiveness of meds |
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Definition
-Initial step in designing methods to evaluate medication effectiveness is to identify specific goals of treatment
-look at target symptom and side effects
-select measures that are sensitive to change in symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
-combination of abilities and difficulties which affect the learning process in one or more of reading, spelling, writing and sometimes numeracy (number sense)
-brain based disorder
-reading and spelling difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
-Phonologic deficit primary
-Reading impairment at the level of single-word decoding
-Other components of language system intact (e.g., syntax, semantics)
-Intelligence not affected and may be in superior or gifted range |
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Term
| Language-learning disability: |
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Definition
The primary deficit involves all aspects of language, both phonologic and semantic–syntactic
Reading difficulty at the level of both decoding and comprehension
Prominent language difficulties
Measures of verbal intelligence significantly affected by language deficit; may be in sub-average range |
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Term
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Definition
The loss or diminution of reading ability
Result of trauma, tumor, or stroke (e.g., occlusion of posterior cerebral artery)
Several forms reflecting specific loci of neuroanatomical lesions (e.g., alexia with or without agraphia)
May be accompanied by other features reflecting locus and extent of the lesion |
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Term
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Definition
-Word-recognition ability substantially better than reading
comprehension
-Early intense interest in words and letters
-Exceptional word-recognition ability, apparent by the age of
five years
-Very poor reading comprehension
-Disordered language development, especially affecting aural comprehension
-Deficits in reasoning and abstract problem-solving
-Behavioral atypicalities affecting interpersonal relationships |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to children with markedly poor skills at deploying basic computational processes to solve equations
Deficits may include:
Poor language and word retrieval
Working memory skills
Executive function skills
Faulty visual-spatial skills |
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Term
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Definition
-A condition which affects the ability to acquire arithmetical skills.
-Dyscalculic learners may have difficulty understanding simple number concepts, lack an intuitive grasp of numbers, and have problems learning number facts and procedures
The dyscalculic individual may have sufficient intellectual ability and proper motivation, yet, the individual will show lower than average mathematical age in relation to normal mental age |
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Term
| Verbal dyscalculia characteristics, deficits and preserved skills, but not brain area |
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Definition
Difficulty with counting, rapid number skills, and deficits retrieving or recalling stored math facts, disorder of verbal representation of numbers and ability to link symbolic with non-symbolic representations of numbers
-May have difficulty in reading and spelling as well |
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Term
| Procedural subtype of math disability deficits and preserved skills, but not brain area |
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Definition
Learning difficulty solely related to math
Breakdown in syntax rules for comprehension of numerical symbol system, deficit in processing and encoding of numbers-execution in math procedures |
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Term
| Semantic subtype of math disability deficits and preserved skills, but not brain area |
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Definition
| Inability to understand magnitude of numbers, need this skills for determining plausibility of results/math answers |
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Term
| Common difficulties in children with slow reading development |
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Definition
Chart-preacademic exposure, poor phonological awareness, poor decoding, poor comprehension, low generalization, reading avoidance
Difficulty decoding single words, nonsense words, inaccurate oral reading, slow reading, comprehension usually better than decoding skills, poor spelling |
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Term
| Characteristics of different types of spelling problems |
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Definition
| Visually close, but phonetically poor (boght for bought), phonetically close but visually poor (bawt for bought), accuracy with isolated words but not in paragraphs, omissions within words (bogt for bought), incomplete use of spelling rules (borgt for bought), poor sense of word derivatives-can spell one form of word but not another, much better recognition than recall (multiple choice format), mixed spelling errors-combination of above |
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Term
| Common sources of difficulty in math |
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Definition
| Poor language and word retrieval,Working memory, executive function, faulty visual-spatial skills |
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Term
| Clues to dyslexia in school-age children |
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Definition
| Delayed language, problems with sounds of words, confusing words that sound alike, expressive language difficulties, difficulty naming letters and numbers, difficulty associating sounds with letters, parents have reading and spelling difficulties |
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Term
| Developmental dyslexia characteristics |
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Definition
| Phonological deficit primary, reading impairment with single word decoding, other components of language system intact (syntax, semantics), intelligence not affected-may be in superior/gifted range |
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Term
| Reasons for selective vulnerability of the nervous system to toxins |
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Definition
| Propensity of many chemicals to be biophilic (fat loving) puts brain at special risk since lipids comprise 50% of the dry weight of the brain, compared with 6-20% of other body organs |
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Term
| Neuropsychological effects of childhood lead exposure |
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Definition
-Due to lead or confounds ? - poverty, poor nutrition, unstimulating environment
-Impairment in children can occur at sub-clinical blood levels
-Decline in IQ
-Decline in auditory processing
-Impaired vigilance and attention
-Impaired perceptual-motor integration
-Impaired problem solving
-Increased problem behaviors
-Hyperactivity |
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Term
| Psychiatric effects of lead exposure |
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Definition
Memory dysfunction
Decreased concentration
Emotional lability
Psychosis
Hallucinations
Restlessness, nightmares
Symptoms ~major affective disorder
In high concentrations --> delirium, coma and convulsions |
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Term
| Areas of brain likely affected in psychiatric after-effects of lead exposure |
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Definition
| Affects hippocampus, amygdala, pyriform cortex |
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Term
| Neuropsychological effects of mercury exposure |
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Definition
-Mad as a hatter
Disturbances in behavior & cognition are early signs
Visual-spatial deficits
Visual memory deficits
Non-verbal abstraction deficits
Reduced cognitive efficiency
Impaired reaction time
-“Erethism” (fr. Greek - to irritate)= avoid ant,irritability,depression, fatigue, lassitude, overly-sensitive interpersonal behavior |
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