Term
What adds phosphate?
What removes phosphate?
What targets for protein degradation? |
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Definition
Protein kinase
Phosphatase
Ubiquination |
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Term
| What is the binding site for superantigen on TCR? |
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Definition
| V Beta (Variable beta) region of 4th CDR |
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Term
| What is the calcium-calcineurin cascade after LAT is phosphorylated and what mutation leads to immunodeficiency? |
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Definition
PLCgamma1 is activated and hydrolyzes PIP2 to IP3 which increases calcium. Ca opens CRAC on cell membrane which leads to extracellular Ca influx. Ca binds to calmodulin and calcineurin which activates NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes).
Orai1 mutation (lack CRAC channels) |
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Term
| What is the MAP kinase cascade after LAT is phosphorylated? |
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Definition
| Grb2 provides docking station for SOS which converts RasGDP to RasGTP which activates cascade leading to ERK which activates AP-1 (transcription factor activation protein 1) |
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Term
| What is the pathway of B cell activation? |
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Definition
Cross linking of Ig by antigen which causes Lyn or Fyn to phosphorylate ITAM on Igalpha and Igbeta proteins. Then Syk docks to ITAM on Igbeta and phosphorylates PLCgamma and SLP-65/btk (adaptive protein) which phosphorylates Grb2/SOS which leads to signaling
Or
C3d attached to microbe binds to CR2/CD21 which causes same as above except Syk phosphorylates ITAM on CD19 which activates PI3-kinase and recruits Lyn |
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Term
| What is the pathway of T cell activation? |
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Definition
| CD4 or CD8 with antigen binds to TCR which causes Lck to phosphorylate ITAM on CD3 and zeta proteins. Then Zap-70 docks to ITAM on zeta chain and phosphorylates LAT (adaptive protein) which leads to signaling |
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Term
| What is the pathway of antigen processing in MHC class I? |
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Definition
| LMP2 and LMP7 develop peptide which is transported into ER via TAP which is bound to MHC class I by tapasin. Peptide is trimmed by ERAP and binds to MHC class I. |
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Term
| What is the pathway of antigen presentation in MHC class II? |
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Definition
| MHC class II cleft is bound by invariant chain which is degraded to CLIP. CLIP is removed by HLA-DM. |
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Term
Describe the structure of MHC class I molecule. What is the T cell coreceptor that binds to MHC class I and where?
Describe the structure of MHC class II molecule. What is the T cell coreceptor that binds to MHC class II and where? |
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Definition
alpha chain (CD8 binds to alpha3) and beta2 microglobulin (nonpolymorphic)
alpha chain and beta chain (CD4 binds to beta2) |
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Term
| What are the surface markers of stem cells, pro-B cells, pre-B cells, immature B cells and mature B cells? |
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Definition
stem cell - CD43+
pro-B cell - CD43+, CD19+, CD10+
pre-B cell - CD43+
immature B cell - CD43-, IgMlo
mature B cell - IgMhi |
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Term
| What are the surface markers for stem cells, pro-T cells, pre-T cells, double positive T cells, single positive (immature) T cells, naive mature T cells, effector T cells and memory T cells? |
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Definition
stem cell - c-kit+, CD44+, CD25-
pro-T cell - c-kit+, CD44+, CD25+
pre-T cell - c-kit+, CD44-, CD25+
double postive T cell - CD4+CD8+, TCR/CD3lo
single postive T cell - CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+, TCR/CD3hi
naive mature T cell - CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+, TCR/CD3hi, CD45RA+, CD25lo, CD127hi and CD44lo
effector T cells - CD45RO+, CD25hi, CD127lo and CD44hi
memory T cells - CD45RO+, CD25lo, CD127hi and CD44hi |
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Term
What is the T cell co-receptor and co-stimulatory signal for activation of effector and regulatory T cells?
What is the co-receptor and co-stimulatory signal for negative regulation of T cells? |
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Definition
ICOS on T cell:ICOS-L on APC
PD-1 on T cells or B cells:PD-L1 (CD 275) or PD-L2 (CD273) on APC |
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Term
| What do Th1 cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-gamma) do? |
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Definition
IL-12 - increase secretion of IFN-gamma
IFN-gamma - increase Th1, promote switch to IgG2 |
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Term
| What do Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) do? |
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Definition
IL-4 - increase IgE, IgG4, Th2 and peristalsis
IL-5 - activates eosinophils
IL-13 - increases mucus, peristalsis and IgE |
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Term
| What do Th17 cytokines (IL-17) do? |
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Definition
| IL-17 - induces neutrophils, increases defensins |
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