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| instrument that provides a magnified image of a tiny object |
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1. all organism are composed of 1+ cells
2. cell is the structural unit of life
3. cell arise from preexisting cells through division |
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| in culture, outside the body |
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| sum total of the chemical reactions in a cell |
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| internal structures of a cell |
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| structurally simpler cells including bacteria |
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| structurally more complex cells including protists, fungi, plants, and animals |
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| a poorly demarcated region of the cell that lacks a boundary membrane to separate it from the surrounding cytoplasm |
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| a region bounded by a complex membranous structure called the nuclear envelope |
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| DNA of eukaryotes is tightly associated with proteins to form this complex nucleoprotein material |
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| soluble phase of cytoplasm |
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| conversion of nitrogen gas into reduced forms of nitrogen (i.e. ammonia) which can be used by the cells |
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| process that forms specialized cells (leads to 250 different cell types) |
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| hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) |
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| blood-forming cells in the bone marrow; responsible for replacing millions of red and white cells every minute |
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| undifferentiated cells that (1) are capable of self-renewal and (2) are multipotent |
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| embryonic stem (ES) cells |
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| type of stem cell isolated from very young mammalian embryos |
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| pathogens smaller and simpler than bacteria |
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| extracellular name of a virus; essentially a particle that is a macromolecular package |
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| viral DNA that is integrated into host's DNA |
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| virus with RNA as the genetic material |
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| bonds in which electron pairs are shared between pairs of atoms |
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| atom that has an ability to attract electrons |
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| asymmetric distribution of charge (dipole) |
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| molecule lacking strong electronegative atoms or polarized bonds |
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| do not depend on shared electrons but rather on attractive forces between atoms having opposite charges |
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| atoms or molecules that have orbitals containing a single unpaired electron; highly unstable |
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| type of attraction between fully charged components (aka salt bridge) |
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| weak attraction between barely positively charged hydrogen and an unshared pair of outer electrons |
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| association of nonpolar molecules |
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| weak attraction resulting when two molecules with transitory dipoles become close together oriented correctly |
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| compounds that react with free hydrogen or hydroxyl ions, thereby resisting changes in pH |
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| measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions (-log[H+]) |
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| compounds produced by living organisms |
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| particular groupings of atoms that often behave as a unit and give organic molecules their physical properties, chemical reactivity, and solubility |
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| form between carboxylic acids and alcohols |
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| form between carboxylic acids and amines |
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| form the structure and carry out the activities of the cells are huge, highly organized molecules |
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| series of chemical reactions in the cell |
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| compounds formed along a metabolic pathway leading to end products but have no other function |
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| simple sugars and all larger molecules constructed of sugar building blocks; function primarily as stores of chemical energy and durable building materials |
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| covalent bonds between sugars used to build larger molecules |
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| sugars linked together in small chains; most often linked to lipids and proteins; play a major role in plasma membrane |
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| insoluble storage form of glucose |
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| polymer of sugar units joined by glycosidic bonds |
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| polymer of glucose, plants storage form |
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| major component of plant cell walls; structural polysaccharide |
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| glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
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| complex structural polysaccharides |
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| consist of a glycerol molecule linked by an ester bonds to three fatty acids (triglyceral) |
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| long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains with a single carboxyl roup at one end |
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| molecules having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions (i.e. fatty acids) |
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| fatty acids possessing double bonds between carbons |
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| fatty acids that lack double bonds |
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| fats that are liquid at room temperature |
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| (proteins) have shapes and surfaces that allow them to interact selectively with other molecules |
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| long, continuous, unbranched polymer of amino acids |
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| join amino acids to make polypeptide chains |
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| bonded to alpha carbon in amino acids; highly variable among the 20 amino acids, gives rise to varying shapes and functions of proteins |
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| pottranslation modification (PTMs) |
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| alterations to amine groups after the polypeptide has been formed |
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| two sulfides covalently linked between two cysteines (amino acids) |
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| 3D arrangement of the atoms of a molecule; spatial organization |
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| backbone of the polypeptide assumes the form of a cylidrical, twisting spiral, backbone is inside the helix |
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| several segments of a polypeptide lying side by side |
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| can be used to determine details of the tertiary structure of a protein |
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| two or more spatially distinct modules, fold independent of each other in the protein |
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| predictable movements within a protein that are triggered by teh binding of a specific molecule; typically involved the coordination movements of various parts of the molecule |
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| one of multiple polypeptide chains that make up some proteins |
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| the structure formed from the subunits of proteins |
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| different proteins, each with a specific function become physically associated |
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| unfolding or disorganization of a protein |
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| several families of proteins whose function is to help unfolded or misfolded proteins achieve their proper 3D conformation |
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| inventory of all proteins that are present in a particular tissue, cell, or cellular organelle |
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| field of protein biochemistry |
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| site-directed mutagenesis |
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| process in which isolate a gene from human to alter its info content in a determined way and to synthesize the altered protein from that |
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| different versions of a protein |
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| proteins that are related; may have arisen from ancesteral gene |
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| monomers of nucleic acids |
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| fucntion primarily in the storage and transmission of genetic information; some structural or catalytic roles |
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| smaller molecules, consisting of single ring (nucleic acid) |
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| longer, consisting of two rings (nucleic acid) |
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| RNAs having a catalytic role |
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| (ATP) most of the energy being put to use at any given moment in a living organism is derived from this nucleotide |
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| guanosine triphosphate (GTP) |
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| nucleotide that binds to a variety of proteins and acts as a switch to turn ont their activities |
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