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AB205 - Exam 1
Cellular Physiology
96
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/12/2011

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Term
microscope
Definition
instrument that provides a magnified image of a tiny object
Term
cell theory
Definition
1. all organism are composed of 1+ cells
2. cell is the structural unit of life
3. cell arise from preexisting cells through division
Term
in vitro
Definition
in culture, outside the body
Term
metabolism
Definition
sum total of the chemical reactions in a cell
Term
organelles
Definition
internal structures of a cell
Term
prokaryotic
Definition
structurally simpler cells including bacteria
Term
eukaryotic
Definition
structurally more complex cells including protists, fungi, plants, and animals
Term
nucleoid
Definition
a poorly demarcated region of the cell that lacks a boundary membrane to separate it from the surrounding cytoplasm
Term
nucleus
Definition
a region bounded by a complex membranous structure called the nuclear envelope
Term
chromatin
Definition
DNA of eukaryotes is tightly associated with proteins to form this complex nucleoprotein material
Term
cytosol
Definition
soluble phase of cytoplasm
Term
nitrogen fixation
Definition
conversion of nitrogen gas into reduced forms of nitrogen (i.e. ammonia) which can be used by the cells
Term
differentiation
Definition
process that forms specialized cells (leads to 250 different cell types)
Term
angstrom
Definition
one-tenth of a nm
Term
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Definition
blood-forming cells in the bone marrow; responsible for replacing millions of red and white cells every minute
Term
stem cells
Definition
undifferentiated cells that (1) are capable of self-renewal and (2) are multipotent
Term
embryonic stem (ES) cells
Definition
type of stem cell isolated from very young mammalian embryos
Term
viruses
Definition
pathogens smaller and simpler than bacteria
Term
virion
Definition
extracellular name of a virus; essentially a particle that is a macromolecular package
Term
provirus
Definition
viral DNA that is integrated into host's DNA
Term
viroid
Definition
virus with RNA as the genetic material
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
bonds in which electron pairs are shared between pairs of atoms
Term
electronegative atom
Definition
atom that has an ability to attract electrons
Term
polar
Definition
asymmetric distribution of charge (dipole)
Term
nonpolar molecule
Definition
molecule lacking strong electronegative atoms or polarized bonds
Term
ions
Definition
charged atoms
Term
anion
Definition
nagatively charge atom
Term
cation
Definition
positively charged ion
Term
noncovalent bonds
Definition
do not depend on shared electrons but rather on attractive forces between atoms having opposite charges
Term
free radicals
Definition
atoms or molecules that have orbitals containing a single unpaired electron; highly unstable
Term
ionic bond
Definition
type of attraction between fully charged components (aka salt bridge)
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
weak attraction between barely positively charged hydrogen and an unshared pair of outer electrons
Term
hydrophyilic
Definition
water loving
Term
hydrophobic
Definition
water fearing
Term
hydrophobic interaction
Definition
association of nonpolar molecules
Term
van der Waals force
Definition
weak attraction resulting when two molecules with transitory dipoles become close together oriented correctly
Term
buffers
Definition
compounds that react with free hydrogen or hydroxyl ions, thereby resisting changes in pH
Term
pH
Definition
measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions (-log[H+])
Term
biochemicals
Definition
compounds produced by living organisms
Term
functional groups
Definition
particular groupings of atoms that often behave as a unit and give organic molecules their physical properties, chemical reactivity, and solubility
Term
ester bond
Definition
form between carboxylic acids and alcohols
Term
amide bonds
Definition
form between carboxylic acids and amines
Term
macromolecules
Definition
form the structure and carry out the activities of the cells are huge, highly organized molecules
Term
metabolic pathway
Definition
series of chemical reactions in the cell
Term
metabolic intermediates
Definition
compounds formed along a metabolic pathway leading to end products but have no other function
Term
carbohydrates (glycans)
Definition
simple sugars and all larger molecules constructed of sugar building blocks; function primarily as stores of chemical energy and durable building materials
Term
glycosidic bonds
Definition
covalent bonds between sugars used to build larger molecules
Term
oligosaccharides
Definition
sugars linked together in small chains; most often linked to lipids and proteins; play a major role in plasma membrane
Term
glycogen
Definition
insoluble storage form of glucose
Term
polysaccharide
Definition
polymer of sugar units joined by glycosidic bonds
Term
starch
Definition
polymer of glucose, plants storage form
Term
cellulose
Definition
major component of plant cell walls; structural polysaccharide
Term
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Definition
complex structural polysaccharides
Term
fats
Definition
consist of a glycerol molecule linked by an ester bonds to three fatty acids (triglyceral)
Term
fatty acid
Definition
long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains with a single carboxyl roup at one end
Term
amphipathic
Definition
molecules having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions (i.e. fatty acids)
Term
unsaturated
Definition
fatty acids possessing double bonds between carbons
Term
saturated
Definition
fatty acids that lack double bonds
Term
oils
Definition
fats that are liquid at room temperature
Term
specificity
Definition
(proteins) have shapes and surfaces that allow them to interact selectively with other molecules
Term
polypeptide chain
Definition
long, continuous, unbranched polymer of amino acids
Term
peptide bonds
Definition
join amino acids to make polypeptide chains
Term
side chain (R group)
Definition
bonded to alpha carbon in amino acids; highly variable among the 20 amino acids, gives rise to varying shapes and functions of proteins
Term
pottranslation modification (PTMs)
Definition
alterations to amine groups after the polypeptide has been formed
Term
disulfide bridge
Definition
two sulfides covalently linked between two cysteines (amino acids)
Term
conformation
Definition
3D arrangement of the atoms of a molecule; spatial organization
Term
alpha helix
Definition
backbone of the polypeptide assumes the form of a cylidrical, twisting spiral, backbone is inside the helix
Term
beta pleated sheet
Definition
several segments of a polypeptide lying side by side
Term
fibrous proteins
Definition
elongated shape
Term
globular proteins
Definition
compact shape
Term
X-ray chystallography
Definition
can be used to determine details of the tertiary structure of a protein
Term
domains
Definition
two or more spatially distinct modules, fold independent of each other in the protein
Term
conformational changes
Definition
predictable movements within a protein that are triggered by teh binding of a specific molecule; typically involved the coordination movements of various parts of the molecule
Term
subunit
Definition
one of multiple polypeptide chains that make up some proteins
Term
quaternary structure
Definition
the structure formed from the subunits of proteins
Term
multiprotein complex
Definition
different proteins, each with a specific function become physically associated
Term
denaturation
Definition
unfolding or disorganization of a protein
Term
native
Definition
correctly folded protein
Term
molecular chaperones
Definition
several families of proteins whose function is to help unfolded or misfolded proteins achieve their proper 3D conformation
Term
proteome
Definition
inventory of all proteins that are present in a particular tissue, cell, or cellular organelle
Term
proteomics
Definition
field of protein biochemistry
Term
site-directed mutagenesis
Definition
process in which isolate a gene from human to alter its info content in a determined way and to synthesize the altered protein from that
Term
isoforms
Definition
different versions of a protein
Term
families
Definition
proteins that are related; may have arisen from ancesteral gene
Term
nucleotides
Definition
monomers of nucleic acids
Term
nucelic acids
Definition
fucntion primarily in the storage and transmission of genetic information; some structural or catalytic roles
Term
DNA
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
Term
RNA
Definition
ribonucleic acid
Term
pyrimidines
Definition
smaller molecules, consisting of single ring (nucleic acid)
Term
purines
Definition
longer, consisting of two rings (nucleic acid)
Term
adenine and guanine
Definition
RNA and DNA purines
Term
cytosine and uracil
Definition
RNA pyrimidines
Term
cytosine and thymine
Definition
DNA pyrimidines
Term
ribozymes
Definition
RNAs having a catalytic role
Term
adenosine triphosphate
Definition
(ATP) most of the energy being put to use at any given moment in a living organism is derived from this nucleotide
Term
guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
Definition
nucleotide that binds to a variety of proteins and acts as a switch to turn ont their activities
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