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| non-hereditary change in function or structure in living biotic material caused by disease, mutilation, repeated use or disuse, or other environmental influence |
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| modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for existence under the conditions of its environment |
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| emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment that presents a diversity of new opportunities and challenges |
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| alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects |
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| a mode of speciation induced when an ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier or is itself divided into two or more geographically isolated subpopulations |
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| Two structures in biology are said to be analogous if they perform the same or similar function by a similar mechanism but evolved separately |
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| to examine complex information and break it down into its parts |
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| to apply or use information in a new situation |
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| selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits |
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| two-part latinized name of a species, consisting of genus and specific epthet |
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| study of the past and present distribution of species |
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| biological species concept |
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| definition of a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offsptring, but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other populations |
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| genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population |
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| hypothesis by Cuvier that each boundary between strata corresponded in time to a catastrophe that had destroyed many of the species living there at that time |
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| the taxonomic category above order |
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| acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages |
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| descent with modification |
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| Darwin's initial phrase for the general process of evolution |
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| ecological species concept |
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| defining species in terms of ecological roles (niches) |
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| referring to a species that is confined to a specific, relatively small geographic area |
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| a state of balance between opposing forces |
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| the taxonomic category above genus |
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| contribution of an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals |
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| chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock |
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| genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, with the result that the new population's gene pool is not reflective of the original population |
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| genetic additions to or subtractions from a population resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes |
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| total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time |
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| total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species |
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| unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next because of a population's finite size |
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| genetic makeup, or set of alleles of an organism |
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| taxonomic category above the species level, designated by the first word of a species' two-part scientific names |
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| differences between the gene pools of separate populations or population subgroups |
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| division of Earth's history into time periods, grouped into three eras: Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic, and further subdivided into eras and epochs |
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| view of the Earth's history that attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous process |
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| greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools |
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| structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry |
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| similarity in characteristics resulting from shared ancestry |
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| taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain |
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| evolutionary change above the species level, including the appearance of major evolutionary developments, such as flight, that we use to define higher taxa |
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| awareness or analysis of one's own learning or thinking processes |
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| evolutionary change below the species level; change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation |
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| evolutionary timing method based on the observation that at least some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates |
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| change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity |
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| differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from he interaction of organisms with their environment; evolution is when natural selection causes changes in the allele frequencies in the gene pool |
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| based on reason and ordinary experience; part of the philosophy of religion dealing with describing the nature of the gods, or, in monotheism, arguing for or against attributes or non-attributes of God, and especially the existence of God |
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| taxonomic category above family |
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| physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup |
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| the taxonomic category above class |
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| coexistence of two or more distinct form in the same population |
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| localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species (that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring) |
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| any of several species-isolating mechanisms that prevent hybrids produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults |
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| reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization of ova if inter specific mating is attempted |
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| evolutionary theory, long period of apparent stasis (no change) interrupted b relatively brief periods of sudden change |
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| heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion |
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| existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids |
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| connected series of neighboring populations that can interbreed with relatively closely related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series that are too distantly related to interbreed |
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| strict, hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by God |
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| special case of polymorphism based on the distinction between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females |
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| natural selection for mating success |
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| origin of new species in evolution |
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| group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed |
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| second part of a binomial which is unique for each species in a genus |
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| mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical change in the genome of subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population |
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| to put together information in a unique or novel way to solve a problem |
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| analytical study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present-day and extinct |
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| named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification |
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| ordered division of organism into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences, leading to a classification scheme |
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| to translate from one form to another |
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| Lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history |
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| Darwin wrote his essay about adaptation |
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| Wallace and Darwin present "descent with modification" |
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| Darwin's book "The Origin of Species" is published |
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| inheritable variations; more produced than reproduce; adaptive ones survive; gradually fit to environment; (lead to descent with modification) |
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| large body of evidence supports an explanation of a phenomenon |
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| testable explanation for a phenomenon (based on information) |
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| math or verbal statement, concise; always hold, under specific conditions |
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| Hardy-Weinberg 5 conditions |
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| no mutations; large population; no migration; random mating; all equal chance to survive; (leads to no evolution) |
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