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| sensory receptors (CNS); external stimuli (light, sound, touch, heat, smell, and taste); internal stimuli (blood pressure, blood CO2, muscle tension, etc...) |
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| neurons--> neurons (integrate sensory input) |
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| CNS-->effector cells (muscle or endocrine cells) |
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| central nervous system (CNS) |
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| brain and spinal cord; integrates information |
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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| nerves that connect CNS to rest of animal's body |
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| functional unit of nervous system that transmits information throughout body |
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| contains nucleus ans cellular organelles of the neuron |
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| fiberlike processes specialized to receive input from other neurons |
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| fiberlike processes specialized to conduct infomation toward synapse |
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| conical region of axon that joins the cell body |
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| insulating layer surrounding the axons of some neurons |
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| site at the end of axons where neurotransmitters are released |
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| narrow gap between syanptic terminal and effector cell |
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| transmitting cell at a synapse |
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| the target cell of a synapse |
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| chemical messengers of the nervous system |
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| supporting cells that assist, structurally support, protect, and insulate neurons |
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| provide structural and metabolic support |
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| naturally occurring barrier created by the modification of brain capillaries (as by reduction in fenestration and formation of tight cell-to-cell contacts) that prevents many substances from leaving the blood and crossing the capillary walls into the brain tissues |
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| form tracks along which neurons migrate (developing embryo) |
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| voltage difference accrose the plasma membrane of a cell |
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| membrane potential of inactive neuron |
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| resulting membrane potential that would arise if membrane were permeable to one ion alone (represents point at which electrical gradient exactly balances concentration gradient) |
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| always open (responsible for resting potential) |
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| open or close in response to one of three stimuli |
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| stretch-gated ion channels |
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| respong to mechanical deformation of membrane |
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| ligand-gated ion channels |
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| respond to specific chemcicals (e.g. neurotransmitter) |
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| voltage-gated ion channels |
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| respond to changes in membrane potential |
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| capable of generating large changes in their membrane potentials (due to opening and closing of gated ion channels) |
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| membrane voltage becomes less negative (e.g. opening of Na+ channels) |
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| membrane voltage becomes more negative (e.g. opening of K+ channels) |
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| magnitude of hyperpolarization of depolarization varies with strength of stimulus |
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| an all-or-none electrical event that propagates down axons |
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| short interval following an action potential during which axon cannot be stimulated to fire another action potential |
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| rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of the Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of the membrane |
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| separates presynaptic and postsynaptic cell |
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| junction where one neuron communicates with another ell across a narrow gap; neurotransmitter molecules released by the neuron diffuse across the synapse, relaying messages to the other cell |
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| membranous sac containing neurotransmitter molecules at the tip of an axon |
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| moleculte that is released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse, diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic cell, triggering a response |
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| direct synaptic transmission |
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Definition
| chemical synapse in which neurotransmitter opens ligand-gated ion channels in postsynaptic cell that changes this cell's membrane voltage directly |
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| excitatory postsynaptic ptotential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| causes postsynaptic cell to depolarize (drives membrane potential towards threshold) |
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| potential that an excitable cell membrane must reach for an action potential to be initiated |
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| ihibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
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| causes postsynaptic cell to hyperpolarize (drives membrane potential away from threshold) |
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| ADDITIVE effect of EPSPs and IPSPs |
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| additive of effects of PSPs from single synapse (repetition adding, single note) |
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| additive effects of PSPs from multiple synapses (multiple adding, chord) |
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| indirect synaptic transmission |
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| neurotransmitter binds to a receptor other than an ion channel |
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| released at neuromuscular juctions (skeletal muscles); neurotransmitter |
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| affects sleep, mood, attention, and motor skills; neurotransmitter |
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| affects sleep and mood; neurotransmitter |
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| inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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| inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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| excitatory neurotransmitter |
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| excitatory neurotransmitter |
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| mediates pain perception; neurotransmitter |
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| natural analgesics; neurotransmitter |
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