Term
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Definition
| the complete failure of development of the intestinal lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| narrowing of the intestinal lumen with incomplete obstruction |
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Term
| most common site of atresia |
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Definition
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Term
| most common intestinal anomalies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hirschsprung Disease (lack of ganglia) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Megacolon - Hirschsprung Disease |
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Definition
| Distention of the colon to greater than 6 or 7 cm in diameter (megacolon) |
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Term
| Megacolon - Hirschsprung Disease critical lesion |
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Definition
| the lack of ganglion cells, and of ganglia, in the muscle wall and submucosa of the affected segment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic non-specific granulomatous inflammatory |
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Term
| Crohn's Disease associated with: |
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Definition
Affects the terminal part of ileum.
Occurs less commonly in the large intestine, stomach, appendix and the esophagus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allergic reaction to certain types of food. Psychosomatic disorder as in ulcerative colitis. May be related to tuberculosis or sarcoidosis |
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Term
| Morbid anatomy of Crohn's Disease |
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Definition
Ulceration of the mucous membrane.
Thickening of the wall (due to the inflammatory reaction) leading to stricture and narrowing of the lumen- appears in the classic types as hose pipe stricture of the terminal ileum.
Cobble stone” appearance of the mucous membrane which is raised by the underlying inflammation and edema.
The regional lymph nodes are often enlarged.
In about 25% of cases, the anal region may show a chronic fissure, anal fistula or anal ulceration with bluish edema around the anus. |
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Term
| In Crohn's disease what would you expect to see around the anus |
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Definition
| Blue ring of color seen around anus, will also see recurrent infections around anus (extension of internal problem) |
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Term
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Definition
It is a chronic non specific inflammatory
disease of the rectum and colon. |
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Term
| Ulcerative colitis occurs in |
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Definition
young adults of both
sexes |
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Term
| Ulcerative colitis manifests itself clinically |
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Definition
in attacks i.e. alternating periods
of remissions and relapses. |
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Term
| Theories of Ulcerative Colitis |
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Definition
It may be an allergic reaction:
Hypersensitivity to milk (or it may be an auto-immune disorder).
It may be due to a strong psychogenic factor (psychic trauma may proceed recurrence of the signs and symptoms).
May be an infection (some cases follow bacillary dysentery).
May occur in more than one member of the family. |
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Term
| Complications of Ulcerative Colitis |
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Definition
1- Hemorrhage may be severe.
2- Stricture: due to healing by fibrosis.
3- Malignant transformation in one of the pseudopolyps |
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Term
Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are idiopathic inflammatory
bowel diseases believed to result from |
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Definition
abnormal local immune
responses against unknown microbes and/or self antigens in
the intestine. |
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Term
Crohn disease:
Associated with |
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Definition
| HLA-DR7 and with mutations is the NOD2 gene, which encodes an intracellular sensor of microbes |
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Term
| Crohn disease Results from a chronic |
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Definition
| T cell-mediated inflammatory reaction involving perhaps, IL-17-producing TH17 cells |
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Term
| Crohn disease Manifested by |
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Definition
| chronic inflammation with granulomas, ulcers, and strictures caused by fibrosis, involving the terminal ileum and colon. |
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Term
Ulcerative colitis:▪
Associated with |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Ulcerative colitis:▪ Manifested by |
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Definition
| superficial ulcers in the colon without granulomas or extensive fibrosis; the nature of the pathologic immune response is unknown |
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Term
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Definition
| The disorder is a primary defect in the absorptive cells of the mucosa of the intestine. |
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Term
|
Definition
( post-infectious sprue)
Occurs in tropical countries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| abdominal distension, epigastric pain and aphthus stomatitis or thrush (The word sprue means thrush) |
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Term
| Later signs of Tropical Sprue |
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Definition
| the glossitis increases with watery, frothy and foul smelling steatorrhea |
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Term
| Charactdristics of Tropical Sprue |
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Definition
| Deficiency of fat soluble vitamins as A, K, and D appears together with marked megaloblastic anemia due to deficiency of vitamin B12. |
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Term
| What will you see in the stools with Tropical Sprue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(Gluten Sensitive Entopathy)
It appears in less severe form. |
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Term
| Coeliac disease or idiopathic steatorrhea: |
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Definition
| It occurs usually In young children, which show Inability to absorb fat from the intestine. |
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Term
|
Definition
Rare
Caused by Tropheryma Whippelii |
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Term
| With Intestinal Obstruction Intraluminal causes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The large bowel could be obstructed by impaction of a hard fecal mass, a ball of ascari worms or a large gall stone |
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Term
| What type of worms can live in the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| What will hook worms do in the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
Intestinal obstruction:
Strangulated hernia occurs when |
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Definition
| a loop of Intestine is forced through an opening in the abdomen e.g. inguinal and femoral openings |
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Term
| In a Strangulated hernia The sharp edges of the neck of the hernia leads to |
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Definition
| Interference with the venous return causing further swelling of the loop which increases the amount of strangulation and this leads to acute intestinal obstruction |
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Term
| If the strangulation is not released rapidly it leads to cut of the arterial blood supply and the development of |
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Definition
| red or hemorrhagic infarction |
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Term
| If the Strangulated hernia is not repaired what can set in |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Twisting of a loop of Intestine with obstruction of its lumen and the mesenteric vessels leading to acute intestinal obstruction, followed by red or hemorrhagic infarction, then by wet gangrene and acute suppurative peritonitis |
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Term
| The most common site for a volvulus is the |
|
Definition
| sigmoid colon (its mesentery is relatively long). |
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Term
| Volvulus is common with eating a |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It is the invagination of a loop of Intestine into another part. |
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Term
| Intussusception associated symptoms |
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Definition
Occurs more commonly in children than in adults.
Leads to acute intestinal obstruction with infarction and wet gangrene.
It is the commonest abdominal emergency between 3 months and 2 years
Peak incidence is between 6 and 9 months
Most cases are idiopathic with the lead point due to enlarged Peyer's patches may be due to a viral infection
5% are due to polyp, Meckel's diverticulum, duplication cyst or tumor
Commonest site involved is the ileocaecal junction |
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Term
| Clinical features of Intussusception |
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Definition
Intermittent colicky abdominal pain and vomiting
Each episode classically last 1-2 min and recurs every 15-20 min
Passage of blood - 'red currant jelly' per rectum
Sausage shaped abdominal mass
Diagnosis confirmed with water soluble contrast enema or ultrasound |
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Term
| The major types of diarrheal diseases are: |
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Definition
| secretory, osmotic, exudative, malabsorption-related, and due to deranged motility. |
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Term
| Secretory diarrhea can be caused by |
|
Definition
| viruses or enterotoxin-producing bacteria such as E. coli. |
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Term
| In general, bacterial enterocolitis is a more serious disease than |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Salmonella infection is a very common cause of |
|
Definition
| food poisoning. S. typhi can cause a systemic illness (typhoid fever). |
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Term
| Bacterial enterocolitis may result from the |
|
Definition
| ingestion bacterial toxins, or infection with enteric pathogens. |
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Term
| The most common agents of enterocolitis among protozoa are |
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Definition
| Entamoeba histolytica, Giradia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. |
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Term
| Diarrheal Diseases what are more dangerous forms bacterial or viral |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Adenoma or papilloma
Carcinoid tumor
neurofibroma and haemangioma |
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Term
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Definition
It is a rare benign tumor arising from the duodenum or jejunum.
It forms a pedunculated swelling which may bleed or cause obstruction |
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Term
|
Definition
Occurs mostly in the ileum, usually above fifty years, in both sexes.
It is regarded as a low grade malignancy with liability to metastasis. |
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Term
| What will bring attention to benign tumors |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Direct causative organisms: Streptococci. |
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Term
| Acute Appendicitis Predisposing factors: |
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Definition
a) Age and sex: It is more common during third decade in both males and females.
b) Obstruction of the lumen:
i. Swelling and proliferation of the wall of the appendix.
ii. The lumen may be occluded by food residues and seeds surrounded by fecal material.
iii. The appendix may be kinked upon itself by fibrous adhesions.
c) It is more common with eating more meat and less residue diet. |
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Term
| Acute catarrhal appendicitis |
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Definition
| which represents the early and mild stage of the disease. The appendix is slightly swollen and congested. |
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Term
| Acute suppurative appendicitis: |
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Definition
Is the most common and classic type.
The appendix is swollen, elongated and congested with many dilated and congested small vessels.
The lumen is filled with purulent exudate and the foecolith in most cases. |
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Term
| Acute gangrenous appendicitis: |
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Definition
| is usually accompanied by marked obstruction. suppuration takes a rapid course with necrosis and softening of the wall followed by gangrene and perforation. |
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Term
| Effects and complications appendicitis: |
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Definition
Perforation
Appendicular mass
Septic thrombophlebitis
Fistulous formation |
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Term
Appendicular mass:
Forms when |
|
Definition
| loops of intestine adhere by fibrinous exudate to localize infection. |
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Term
Appendicular abscess:
It is not a true abscess but is formed when |
|
Definition
| the appendix perforates. Adhesions lead to accumulation of pus into the pelvis or sub-diaphragmatic space. |
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Term
Septic thrombophlebitis:
Affects the appendicular veins, may lead to |
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Definition
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Term
Fistulous formation:
It is rare, may develop when wall or the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
| an appendicular mass or abscess ruptures into the anterior abdominal |
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Term
|
Definition
Common tumor in developing countries,
with peak incidence at 60-70 years of age. |
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Term
| Almost all intestinal tumors are |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| adenocarcinomas most frequently originate from |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In regards to adenocarcinomas you can see this in stools |
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Definition
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