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Ab Exam Test 2
Acute abdomen
82
Health Care
Professional
11/24/2011

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Cards

Term
Acute Abdominal Pain finding that are all medical emergencies
Definition
Hypotension or shock
Pulsating abdominal mass
Boardlike abdomen
Term
Right upper quadrant pain
Definition
Cholycystitis
Hepatitis
Liver abscess or tumor
Term
Epigastric pain
Definition
Gastric or duodenal ulcers
Pancreatitis
Aortic aneurysm
Myocardial infarction
Term
Left upper quadrant pain
Definition
Splenic infarct
Rupture spleen
Pancreatitis
Term
Flank pain
Definition
Pyelonephritis
Nephrolithiasis
Retrocecal appendicitis
Retroperitoneal bleeding
Term
Lower abdominal pain
Definition
Aortic aneurysm
Appendicitis
Diverticultis
Disease of female reproductive organs
Perforation of the bowel
Term
Crampy variably located pain
Definition
Gastroenteritis
Intestinal obstruction
Inflammatory bowel disease
Ischemic colitis
Term
Diffuse steady pain
Definition
Peritonitis
Nonsurgical causes of
abdominal pain
Term
ACUTE INTESTINAL DISORDERS: All medical emergencies that must be taken to ER
Definition
APPENDICITIS, INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION, PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER, PERFORATION OF THE BOWEL, DIVERTICULITIS, INTESTINAL STRANGULATION, GASTROENTERITIS, IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Term
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Definition
Complains of intermittent colicky abdominal pain of sudden onset that rises to a peak and then subsides
Term
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION findings
Definition
Vomiting
Distended and tender abdomen
Altered bowel habits
Peristaltic rushes with high-pitched tinkling may be heard.
Dilated loops of bowel with air-fluid levels on abdominal x-ray
Term
Management of ACUTE INTESTINAL DISORDERS:
Definition
Refer to emergency room .
The patient need hospitalization for evaluation and possible surgery.
Term
PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER
Definition
Causes sudden severe upper abdominal pain
Term
Other findings with PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER
Definition
After perforation the pain subsides but reappears later with progressive worsening.
Shoulder pain occur due to diaphragmatic irritation.
Severe distress with shallow breathing and knees drawn up to the chest
Upper abdominal tenderness with board -like rigidity of the muscles
Percussion over the liver may reveal tympany due to escaped air
Sounds of peristalsis are reduced or absent.
X-ray with the patient upright may show air under the diaphragm
Term
Management for PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER:
Definition
Refer to emergency room.
Intravenous line to correct volume depletion is needed .
Immediate surgery is necessary.
Term
PERFORATION OF THE BOWEL
Definition
is accompanied by sudden or explosive onset of severe
, agonizing mid or lower abdominal pain
Term
PERFORATION OF THE BOWEL associated with
Definition
Shock.
Nausea and vomiting are common.
The abdomen is rigid and tender.
High temperature and leucocytosis.
A history of diverticulitis
Term
Management for PERFORATION OF THE BOWEL
Definition
Refer to emergency room to treat shock.
Patients are prepared for surgery within 1-2 hours
Term
DIVERTICULITIS
Definition
Associated with localized gradual left lower abdominal
pain
Term
DIVERTICULITIS associated wtih
Definition
There may be a history of diverticulosis.
Low grade fever with slight leukocytosis.
Abdominal tenderness ,mass, and alterations in bowel function.
Term
Management of DIVERTICULITIS
Definition
Refer to emergency room for the administration of
intravenous fluids and antimicrobial drugs and further
observation.
Term
INTESTINAL STRANGULATION
Definition
Intestinal strangulation is most frequent in volvulus or femoral
hernia and occasional in inguinal hernia.
Term
INTESTINAL STRANGULATION Associated with:
Definition
Rapid onset of pain.
Pain increases in severity and may be intermittent and colicky.
The patient may complain of an urge to defecate.
The abdomen is distended, rigid, and diffusely tender.
Exquisite tenderness is present in the region of strangulation.
Shock appears early.
Nausea and vomiting, high fever, and leucocytosis.
In volvulus abdominal x-ray may be diagnostic.
Term
Treatment & Disposition of
INTESTINAL STRANGULATION
Definition
Treatment & Disposition
Term
GASTROENTERITIS
Definition
Mild to severe cramping pain that may have come on gradually or abruptly
Term
GASTROENTERITIS Associated with:
Definition
Nausea, vomiting, retching, and diarrhea.
These symptoms usually precede the onset of pain in contrast to conditions requiring surgery in which pain is usually the first symptom.
Abdominal generalized discomfort.
Involuntary guarding, localized tenderness and peritoneal signs (cough tenderness) are positive.
Fever and leucocytosis are generally absent or mild.
The patient may be dehydrated.
Term
GASTROENTERITIS Management
Definition
Refer to emergency room. Severely ill or dehydrated patients will be hospitalized.

The hospital staff will determine in mild to moderately ill patients to send the patient home with instructions for re-hydration.
If the symptoms are persisted or worsen, patients will be kept for follow-up evaluation.
Term
IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Definition
Complains of abdominal cramps and intermittent bloody diarrhea with mucus
Term
IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE Associated with:
Definition
History of previous episodes of colitis.
Weight loss, fever, and anemia may be present.
Cramps may come on gradually or suddenly.
The abdomen is slightly tender.
Term
IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE Management
Definition
Refer to treat hypotension or shock: Indications for hospitalization are: uncertain diagnosis, shock, fever, toxic megacolon, anemia, or gross blood in the stool.
For the Ambulatory Patient refer the patient to an internist or gastroenterologist.
Term
ACUTE HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
Definition
BILIARY COLIC
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE CHOLANGITIS
Term
BILIARY COLIC &
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS will see this in stools
Definition
high content of fat in stools because fat is not being digested
Term
BILIARY COLIC
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE CHOLANGITIS
look for pain in this region
Definition
upper right quadrant
Term
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE CHOLANGITIS due to
Definition
Inflammation of biliary system in liver
Term
BILIARY COLIC
Definition
Due to intermittent obstruction by stones usually at the cystic duct.
Term
BILIARY COLIC pain is
Definition
after ingestion of food and begin as abrupt pain that subside gradually.
Term
BILIARY COLIC associated with
Definition
During an attack there is steady upper abdominal pain that extends all the way across the abdomen but is more severe on the right.
Pain may be referred to the scapula.
History often reveals prior attacks.
Right upper quadrant tenderness and a palpable gallbladder.
Term
BILIARY COLIC Management:
Definition
In the absence of acute cholecystitis or ascending cholangitis, no specific emergency treatment is necessary.
Refer the patient to a gastroenterologist. Patient may be considered for possible elective cholecystectomy.
Term
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
Definition
Acute right upper quadrant pain
Tenderness may be referred to the right scapula
Term
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS associated with
Definition
History of similar episodes.
Anorexia and nausea and vomiting.
Low-grade fever and leukocytosis.
Term
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS Management:
Definition
Refer for hospitalization for immediate surgical consultation.
Patients with suspected cholelithiasis needs surgical consultation and may undergo elective gallbladder surgery.
Term
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE CHOLANGITIS
Definition
Is a surgical emergency commonly accompanied by
bacteremia and with endocarditis.
Term
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE CHOLANGITIS associated with
Definition
Right upper quadrant pain of variable degree that
occasionally is referred to the shoulder.
Right upper quadrant tenderness.
Term
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE CHOLANGITIS Management:
Definition
Refer to the emergency room, hospitalization is advisable until the diagnosis is confirmed
Term
ACUTE URINARY DISORDERS
Definition
RENAL COLIC
PYELONEPHRITIS
RENAL INFARCT
Term
Renal colic pain is
Definition
a come and go type pain
Term
Pyelonephritis symptoms
Definition
heaviness to side of the spine, not tender unless you palpate or strike
Term
Renal infarct symptoms
Definition
will see blood in urine, must know what is blocking artery (we worry about brain and heart infarctions)
Term
RENAL COLIC
Definition
Sudden, severe flank pain followed by hematuria
Term
RENAL COLIC associated with
Definition
There may be a history of passage of stones.
Costovertebral angle tenderness on the side of the stone.
Urinalysis should be performed.
Term
RENAL COLIC Management:
Definition
Refer
Large stones and a severe clinical picture require hospitalization for administration of parenteral analgesia and maintenance of hydration.
Term
PYELONEPHRITIS
Definition
Dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency
Fever, and some-times rigors.
Dull gradual pain over the costovertebral angle
Malaise and nausea and vomiting
Many bacteria and leukocytes in urinary sediment
Term
PYELONEPHRITIS Management:
Definition
A patient who is severely ill (vomiting, high fever, rigors), pregnant, very young or very old, or immuno-compromised, or who has known anatomic abnormalities of the genitourinary tract requires hospitalization for intravenous hydration and parenteral antibiotics
Term
RENAL INFARCT
Definition
Flank pain, tenderness and hematuria
Term
RENAL INFARCT occurs due to
Definition
arterial embolization
Term
RENAL INFARCT Management:
Definition
Refer: Hospitalization is advisable for definitive diagnosis, administration of appropriate analgesia, treatment of underlying disease, and rapid anticoagulation measures if indicated.
Term
ACUTE PANCREATIC DISORDERS
Definition
Abrupt onset of severe unrelenting epigastric pain
radiating to the back
Term
ACUTE PANCREATIC DISORDERS associated with
Definition
Vomiting and retching.
In severe cases, the patient may be in shock.
Decreased or absent bowel sounds.
Tenderness localized to the epigastrium.
Elevated serum amylase and lipase levels.
Mild fever, and leucocytosis.
History of recurrent pancreatitis.
Alcohol abuse is a common predisposing factor.
Term
ACUTE PANCREATIC DISORDERS Management:
Definition
Refer
out
Term
ACUTE GYNECOLOGIC DISORDERS
Definition
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY WITH RUPTURE
ACUTE SALPINGITIS
RUPTURED OVARIAN FOLLICLE CYST
TORSION OF OVARIAN TUMOR
ENDOMETRIOSIS
Term
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY WITH RUPTURE
Definition
Sudden, severe unilateral abdominal or pelvic pain
that may be referred to the shoulder.
Term
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY WITH RUPTURE associated symptoms
Definition
Prior to rupture, pain may be vague or intermittent.
Nausea and vomiting.
Irregular menses or other symptoms of pregnancy.
Postural hypotension.
Pelvic examination often reveals a unilateral doughy mass and tenderness on movement of the cervix.
Term
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY WITH RUPTURE Management
Definition
Refer to emergency room. There is need for emergency surgery.
Term
ACUTE SALPINGITIS
Definition
Gradual onset of pelvic and lower abdominal pain that
slowly increases in severity.
Term
ACUTE SALPINGITIS associated symptoms
Definition
Headache with high fever and tachycardia.
Nausea and vomiting.
Tenderness to vaginal examination
Term
ACUTE SALPINGITIS Management
Definition
Refer to emergency room
Most patients will be hospitalized to be treated with parenteral antibiotics, and to keep under observation to decrease the risk of subsequent infertility.
Surgery may be necessary if abdominal symptoms persist or if the patient's condition deteriorates.
Term
RUPTURED OVARIAN FOLLICLE CYST
Definition
Sudden, moderately severe pelvic or lower abdominal
pain.
Term
RUPTURED OVARIAN FOLLICLE CYST associated symptoms
Definition
No gastrointestinal symptoms.
Tenderness may be elicited over the affected ovary.
Term
RUPTURED OVARIAN FOLLICLE CYST Management
Definition
Refer : The patient will be kept under observation in the
hospital until the diagnosis is confirmed.
Term
TORSION OF OVARIAN TUMOR
Definition
Sudden unilateral lower abdominal or pelvic pain
precipitated by a change in position
Term
TORSION OF OVARIAN TUMOR not associated with
Definition
(There are no menstrual disorders and no gastrointestinal symptoms).
Term
TORSION OF OVARIAN TUMOR Management
Definition
Refer: The patient will be hospitalized for observation
and possible surgery
Term
ENDOMETRIOSIS
Definition
History of infertility, dysmenorrhea and previous cyclic attacks of cramps and pains in the lower abdomen and possibly in the flank
Pain is worse with menses
Painful defecation and dyspareunia
Term
ENDOMETRIOSIS associated symptoms
Definition
Onset of symptoms may be gradual or sudden if there is associated bleeding.
Aching pelvic discomfort and general tenderness on pelvic examination.
Acquired secondary dysmenorrhea should be attributed to endometriosis until proved otherwise.
Term
ENDOMETRIOSIS Management
Definition
Refer to the obstetrician or gynecologist for follow-up. If pain is severe there may be a need for hospitalization for further evaluation and possible surgery.
Term
PRIMARY PERITONITIS
Definition
Occurs almost exclusively in patients with preexisting ascites, especially those with cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome
Term
PRIMARY PERITONITIS associated symptoms
Definition
The symptoms and signs vary, but fever and abdominal pain and tenderness are common
Term
PRIMARY PERITONITIS Management
Definition
Refer: All patients with suspected or confirmed acute peritonitis should be hospitalized for diagnostic evaluation and treatment.
Term
RETROPERITONEAL HEMORRHAGE
Definition
Back pain and abdominal pain are present, and the psoas sign is often positive.
Term
RETROPERITONEAL HEMORRHAGE associated symptoms
Definition
Rare condition that may occur secondary to minor trauma in individuals with defective clotting factors resulting from medication or disease.
Term
RETROPERITONEAL HEMORRHAGE Management
Definition
There is need for intravenous crystalloid solution, followed by cross-matched whole blood as soon as available and administering platelets or clotting factors as needed.
Patients with severe hemorrhage, active bleeding, severe clotting abnormalities, or severe pain will be hospitalized.
Term
Sign associated with RETROPERITONEAL HEMORRHAGE
Definition
GREY TURNER’S SIGN
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