Term
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Definition
San Hunter Gather Rock Art
Age: About 60 - 40,000 BP
Site: Apollo 11 Cave, Namibia
Age: About 77,000 - 75,000 BP
Site: Blombos Cave, Republic of South Africa |
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Term
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Definition
Rock painting
Nswatugi Cave, Matopos (Zimbabwe) |
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Term
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Definition
Rock painting of giraffe and horse
Nswatugi Cave,
Matopos (Zimbabwe) |
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Term
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Definition
Rock painting of recumbent trancer
Diana’s Vow, Rusape (Zimbabwe) |
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Term
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Definition
Rock painting of trance dance with shamans and clapping women
Drakensberg (South Africa) |
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Term
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Definition
South Africa, Drakensberg
Eland staggers, head lowered, representing both its death agony and entry into trance.
Therianthropes—behind it have eland hooves and human bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
Rock painting of depicting armed conflict between San and mounted colonists
Drakensberg (South Africa) |
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Term
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Definition
Rock painting depicting eland stepping out of crack in the rock
Drakensberg (South Africa) |
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Term
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Definition
Rock painting of oval shape . . . according to Garlake a symbol for the “abdominal wall”
Mashonaland (Zimbabwe) |
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Term
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Definition
Defaced rock painting
Domboshava (Zimbabwe) |
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Term
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Definition
Inland Niger Delta
Jenne-Jeno
Excations 1977
Inland Niger Delta
Figurative sculpture excavated at Jenne-Jeno in 1977
Terracotta
11th-14th century CE
h. 22 cm
Excavated by McIntosh |
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Term
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Definition
Inland Niger Delta
Figurative sculpture excavated at Jenne-Jeno in 1981
Terracotta
12th-14th century CE
h. 27 cm |
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Term
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Definition
Inland Niger Delta
Equestrian figurative sculpture
Terracotta
9th-12th century CE
h. 44 cm |
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Term
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Definition
Inland Niger Delta
Figurative sculpture
Terracotta
9th-12th century
h. 30 cm |
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Term
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Definition
Inland Niger Delta
Figurative sculpture of woman holding a smaller figure
Terracotta
9th-12th century (Garlake)
h. 44 cm |
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Term
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Definition
Inland Niger Delta
Figurative sculpture
Bankoni style
Terracotta
14th-15th century CE |
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Term
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Definition
Bura (Asinda-Sikka)
Cemetery with pots
Terracotta
3rd-10th century CE |
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Term
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Definition
Bura (Asinda-Sikka)
Sculptures of human heads
Terracotta
3rd-10th century CE
h. 20 cm, 17 cm |
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Term
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Definition
Tumulus of Karauchi (Sokoto)
Nigeria
Male bust
50 CE (± 200)
h. 21 in. |
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Term
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Definition
Nok
Head of human figure (“Jemaa head”)
Terracotta
ca. 500 BCE
h. 25 cm (near life-size) |
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Term
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Definition
Nok
Head of human figure (“Dinya head”)
Terracotta
500-200 BCE
h. 36 cm (life size) |
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Term
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Definition
Nok
Figurative Sculpture
Terracotta |
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Term
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Definition
Durbi Takusheyi
15th century
TL: Burial 5, textile fragment
TR: Burial 7, beads from beaded belt
BL: Burial 7, gold jewelry
BR: Burial 7, beads with preserved thread |
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Term
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Definition
Durbi Takusheyi
Mamluk brass bowl (14th century)
Burial 7
Large bowl w/ rollout of decoration/inscription |
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Term
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Definition
Timbuktu
Sankore mosque
Built ca. 1300 |
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Term
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Definition
Timbuktu
Djingure Ber mosque
Built ca. 1325 |
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Term
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Definition
Songhay Empire
Gao
Tomb of Askia Muhammed
Built ca. 1500 |
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Term
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Definition
Jenne
Great Mosque
1500 / 1907 |
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Term
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Definition
Jenne
Great Mosque
1500 / 1907 |
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Term
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Definition
Igbo Ukwu
Cuprous roped-pot
h. 32.3 cm
Isaiah’s compound
ca. 800-1000 CE |
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Term
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Definition
Igbo Ukwu
Two views of cuprous altar stand
h. 27.5 cm
Isaiah’s compound
ca. 800-1000 CE |
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Term
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Definition
Igbo Ukwu
Curpous bowl (gourd skeuomorph)
diam. 25.7 cm
Isaiah’s compound
ca. 800-1000 CE |
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Term
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Definition
Igbo Ukwu
Cuprous vessel (skeuomorph of snail shell) with leopard
l. 20.1 cm
Isaiah’s compound
ca. 800-1000 CE |
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Term
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Definition
Igbo Ukwu
Cuprous staff head
h. 17.5 cm
Isaiah’s compound
ca. 800-1000 CE |
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Term
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Definition
Igbo Ukwu
Hilt or finial of equestrian figure
h. 15.7 cm
Richard’s compound
ca. 800-1000 CE |
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Term
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Definition
LEFT
Head of an Oni
14th-early 15th century
Wunmonije’s Compound
Discovered 1938-39
h. 32.5 cm, 10.5 lbs.
Willett #11
RIGHT
Head of an Oni
14th-early 15th century
Wunmonije’s Compound
Discovered 1938-39
h. 29.9 cm, 15 lbs.
Willett #5 |
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Term
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Definition
Obalufon II mask
14th-early 15th century
Made of copper
h. 33 cm (13 in) |
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Term
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Definition
Figure of Oni
Late 13th-early 15th century
Thermoluminescence date of ca. 1365
Ita Yemoo
Discovered 1957
h. 47.3 cm, 25.5 lbs. |
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Term
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Definition
Ritual pot from Obalara’s Land
13th-14th century
Buried in a potsherd pavement with only neck showing, bottom broken before placed in the pavement, suggesting that libations poured into it were meant to penetrate the earth.
h. 21.5 cm |
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Term
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Definition
Crowned hippopotamus head
Lafogido Compound, Ife
12th-15th century
h. 12.7 cm |
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Term
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Definition
Fragment of
Obalara’s Land
12th-15th century
Discvered in 1974 by Peter Garlake
h. 15.3 cm
About the iwa (beauty) . . . the beauty of “differentness” (creation of Obatala, patron of dwarfs, hunchbacks, other physically extraordinary individuals) |
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Term
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Definition
Seated figure
From Tada (Nupe Village on right bank of Niger River)
Late 13th-14th century
Thermoluminescent dated to c. 1300
Copper |
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Term
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Definition
a : of or relating to the walls of a part or cavity
b : of, relating to, or forming the upper posterior wall of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| Hunter-Gather Tribe of South Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| Hills in south-west Zimbabwe that house the Nswatugi Cave Rock Paintings. |
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Term
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Definition
| National monument site in Zimbabwe that houses rock paintings; the example of the defaced painting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caves in South Africa, houses examples of San ceremonial rock art, including depictions of dying Eland, Trance Dances, and war with colonialists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Revolutionized the understanding of San Rock Art by interpreting images through ethnographic evidence from Drakensberg. |
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Term
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Definition
| (esp. of a deity) combining the form of an animal with that of a man. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of, or particles fallen from, the weathering of rock. |
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Definition
| Process of seeing light without it having entered the eye, a type of hallucinogenic experience associated with trance dances. |
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Definition
| "interpretation of archaeological remains by comparison to historical cultures." What David Lewis-Williams used to understand the San rock paintings. |
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Definition
| "large area of lakes and floodplains in the semi-arid Sahel area of central Mali, just south of the Sahara desert." Supported complex trade systems and home of the town, Jenne-Jeno. |
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Definition
| Modern-day Jenne-Jeno, home of the Great Mosque. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Songhai are thought to have settled at Gao as early as 800 CE, but did not establish the city as their capital until the 11th century, during the reign of Dia Kossoi. During the second half of the 13th century Gao was conquered by the Mali Empire, and remained under its control until the 15th century, when Songhai reclaimed it as its capital. |
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Term
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Definition
Askia Muhammad I (ca. 1443 – 1538), born Muhammad Toure in Futa Tooro, later called Askia, also known as Askia the Great, was an emperor, military commander, and political reformer of the Songhai Empire[1] in the late 15th century, the successor of Sunni Ali Ber. Askia Muhammad strengthened his country and made it the largest country in West Africa's history. At its peak under Muhammad, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and made Islam an integral part of the empire.
Due to his efforts, Songhai experienced a cultural revival it had never witnessed before, and the whole land flourished as a center of all things valuable in learning and trade.[2] |
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Term
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Definition
| Musa I (c. 1280 – c. 1337), was the tenth Mansa, which translates as "King of Kings" or "Emperor", of the wealthy Malian Empire. At the time of Mansa Musa's rise to the throne, the Malian Empire consisted of territory formerly belonging to the Ghana Empire and Melle (Mali) and immediate surrounding areas, and Musa held many titles, including: Emir of Melle, Lord of the Mines of Wangara, and Conqueror of Ghanata, Futa-Jallon, and at least another dozen.[1] |
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Term
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Definition
Askia Muhammad I (ca. 1443 – 1538), born Muhammad Toure in Futa Tooro, later called Askia, also known as Askia the Great, was an emperor, military commander, and political reformer of the Songhai Empire[1] in the late 15th century, the successor of Sunni Ali Ber. Askia Muhammad strengthened his country and made it the largest country in West Africa's history. At its peak under Muhammad, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and made Islam an integral part of the empire.
Due to his efforts, Songhai experienced a cultural revival it had never witnessed before, and the whole land flourished as a center of all things valuable in learning and trade.[2] |
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