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| about __% of the human and mouse genomes can be directly aligned with each other |
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| about ____% of human genes have a corresponding gene in the mouse genome. |
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| Identifying and studying the functions of specific genes and developing animal models of human genetic diseases. |
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| Studying gene function during development of the fetus, with the hope of preventing and correcting birth defects. . |
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| Analyzing gene expression (where and when a gene’s protein product is made) and how it is regulated (what turns gene expression on and off). |
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| Analyzing gene expression (where and when a gene’s protein product is made) and how it is regulated (what turns gene expression on and off). |
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| Tailoring drugs and therapies to the specific genetic characteristics of the patient. |
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| Screening compounds for their potential genotoxic and mutagenic effects in a susceptible in vivo model. |
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| Identifying genes that are involved in the development of the many types of cancer and the control of cellular growth. |
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| Using animals as sources of specific gene products (proteins), such as insulin and growth hormone, which can be used to treat human and animal health problems. |
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| Developing animals to be used as organdonors where the rejection of foreign cell types is prevented by manipulating the genes involved. |
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| Developing animals that produce more milk and leaner meat through more efficient means and with greater resistance to infection, or that produce milk containing additional desirable substances. |
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| Using a line of genetically modified animals to test the treatment of specific diseases |
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| Developing methods to treat human diseases by repairing mutations or adding healthy genes. |
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| mice are produced by adding a gene from one animal into another. |
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| mice are produced by altering a gene that is already in the animal. |
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| There are _____ primary ways in which genetic engineering techniques are used to generate transgenic mice. |
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| threeOne is by microinjection of the transgenic construct into a fertilized egg (which is called an oocyte or zygote). An alternative way is to introduce a transgene by use of a retroviral vector into the egg. Finally, the transgenic construct can be introduced into embryonic stem cells and then the embryonic stem cells are injected into mouse blastocysts. |
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| fragment of DNA that is introduced into the nucleus of a cell |
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| Which term represents the hereditary information that is present in an animal? |
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| An animal whose chromosomes contain DNA from an external source |
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| introduces the genetic components directly into an embryo |
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| During the first 12 hours or so after fertilization, the mouse egg contains two nuclei,one nucleus contributed by the ---and the other belonging to the --- |
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| two nuclei are referred to as pronuclei because they are precursors of the zygote’s nucleus. The two pronuclei fuse, forming --- |
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| method used to introduce DNA into an embryo with a bacterial system that can introduce the transgene in a single copy |
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| transposon-mediated transgenesis |
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| technology used to insert the DNA into embryonic stem cells. cells are then injected into a mouse embryo at the blastocyst stage to generate an animal that incorporates this DNA in many of its cells. |
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| Embryonic Stem Cell-mediated Transgenesis |
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| Most will not incorporate the DNA construct in their genome, as typically only about --- of pups born will contain the transgene. |
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| Because mammals carry two copies of each chromosome, they carry two copies of most genes, one from each parent. These gene copies are called |
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| when these alleles are identical, the animal is ------ for that gene |
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| When these alleles are different, the animal is ------- |
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| A transgene is generally incorporated into only ---- of the chromosomes in a pair.This means there is no corresponding copy (allele) on the matching sister chromosome |
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| no corresponding copy (allele) on the matching sister chromosome. These animals are said to be----- |
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| hemizygous (hemi, from Greek, means “one-half ”). |
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| If a transgene is integrated in one of the chromosomes of a pair, the animal is said to be: |
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| undifferentiated cells and have the ability to develop into any kind of cell in the body |
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| embryonic stem (ES) cells |
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| cells are harvested from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, which is a pre-implantation stage of developing early embryos |
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The ES cells are grown in culture to produce large numbers of cells.
The cells are then grown in the presence of------, and surviving cells are ones that have taken up the DNA with the resistance gene |
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| ES cells are used to make gene-targeted mutations because millions of cells can be easily assayed to find the one-in-a-million ---------? |
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Definition
| homologous recombination event. |
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| During embryonic development, the mutant ES cells mix with the cells already present in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst to generate a mouse in which some of the cells are derived from the ES cells and some of the cells are from the recipient blastocyst. Because the resulting animal is a mix of cells from different animals, it is called a |
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| Incorporating a new DNA fragment, provided by the researcher, to create a |
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| genetically engineered animal that has had one or more genes from its genome functionally removed? |
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| acts as a gene editor, with the ability to repair genetic damage |
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| (clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats/ CRISPR associated protein 9). |
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| If there is a variety of mutations, in both number and location, within an animal's cells, it is considered a |
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Term
| is a naturally occurring DNA identification mechanism |
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| a mixed strain has been backcrossed for 10 generations, it is considered essentially genetically identical to the inbred strain, except for the desired genetic modification. It is then referred to as a |
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| o change the strain background, each generation of genetically modified mice is bred to wild-type mice from the desired strain. This allows the researcher to gradually dilute out the portions of the genome that carried over from the strain from which the ES cells were produced. This process is known as |
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| It is possible to biopsy pre-weaned pups, but there is some risk of disturbing the litter and the dam may cannibalize the pups if done before --- days of age |
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| Assessing Genotype The typical source of tissue used is a short piece of the mouse’s tail.A tail biopsy is usually done around |
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| If mice are bred within a small colony for many generations, genetic drift may occur due to the gradual accumulation of random mutations; thus, it is important to |
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Definition
| cryopreserve a strain early after its isolation. |
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| When the females are mated with hemizygous or heterozygous males, only half of the embryos (on average) will have the desired genotype, while matings with homozygous males will result in |
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| all of the embryos having one copy of the modified gene. |
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Term
------is used to maintain the strains while:
minimizing genetic drift and contamination,
guarding against disasters, and
fulfilling the principles of the 3 Rs (replace, refine, and reduce). |
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| The introduction of an antibiotic resistance gene into a DNA fragment is used for what purpose? |
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| What is the best age to genotype a mouse in order not to disturb the litter? |
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| Which of the following can help the technologist observe the pups without disturbing the mother? |
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| Use ultraviolet light instead of regular lighting |
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| What is the ideal age range for stud males? |
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| The hereditary information contained in the DNA |
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| Which of the following best describes "alleles"? |
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| Which of the following is a sign of good maternal care and good pup health? |
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Definition
| The pups have visible milk spots |
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| Cryopreserved embryos and sperm are incubated in which substance? |
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Definition
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| The introduction of an antibiotic resistance gene into a DNA fragment is used for what purpose? |
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Definition
| It helps identify the cells that have integrated the transgene |
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| When wild-type females are mated with hemizygous or heterozygous males, approximately what proportion will have the desired genotype? |
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| If a transgene is integrated in one of the chromosomes of a pair, the animal is said to be |
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| What percentage of offspring will inherit the transgene if both parents are homozygous for the transgene? |
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Definition
| The nuclei of the eggs shortly after fertilization |
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| Which of the following best describes genetic engineering? |
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Definition
| Manipulating DNA molecules to alter their composition |
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| Cannibalism of new pups is a frequent problem in which mouse strain? |
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| Among transgenic mice, what does the generation called F2 represent? |
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| The second generation of the founder of a line |
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| Genetically engineered mice are often transported between institutions which often results in: |
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Definition
| the need for more frequent sentinel testing. |
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Term
| What is the goal of genotyping? |
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Definition
| To determine if a specific DNA fragment is present in the genome of an organism |
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| In the pronuclear injection technique, some females are mated to vasectomized males to: |
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