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| Molecular biology is the study of the |
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| formation, structure, and function of the biologically important macromolecules that are found within living cells. |
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| These cells have chromosomes that are paired. Diploid cells are commonly known as somatic cells and make up all tissues throughout the body. |
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| These cells have single chromosomes that are not paired. The only haploid cells are the ovum (found in the ovaries) and spermatid (found in the testes). |
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| The genetic make-up of an organism (the sum of all its genes) |
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| represents its actual physical or behavioral characteristics, such as height, weight, hair color, and so on |
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| A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene is called a |
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| Where is the eukaryotic cell's genetic information stored? |
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| There are many genes in a chromosome. |
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| What can be observed most readily during the gross examination of an animal? |
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| What is the term for the genetic make-up of an organism? |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer, which means |
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| that it is composed of a series of chemical subunits linked together.These chemical subunits are called nucleotides. |
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| In DNA, each nucleotide consists of: |
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a sugar (deoxyribose),
a nitrogen-containing base attached to the sugar, and
a phosphate group. |
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There are four kinds of nucleotides in DNA, which differ from each other by their nitrogenous base.
The four bases are: |
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adenine (A),
guanine (G),
cytosine (C), and
thymine (T). |
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| backbone of DNA is referred to as |
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| arrangement of –phosphate group–sugar–phosphate group–sugar– |
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| form the rungs of the ladder of DNA |
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| The nitrogenous bases with the base of the nucleotide on one strand forming a bond with the base of the nucleotide of the other strand. |
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| The nitrogenous bases pair with each other in a specific way referred to as |
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| complementary pairing cytosine will bond only with |
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| complementary pairing: adenine will bond only with |
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| The phosphate-sugar bonds in the backbone are strong bonds; however |
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| bases are held together by weaker hydrogen bonding |
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| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is similar in structure to DNA? T or F |
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| The sugar in found in DNA. |
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| RNA is composed of a long polymer of a |
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| simple sugar attached to a phosphate group and to a nitrogenous base |
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| Three of the four bases in RNA are identical to those in DNA, but the fourth RNA base is |
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| uracil (U). Uracil takes the place of the thymine found in DNA. |
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| Another difference from DNA is RNA is usually single-stranded, maintaining its structure by |
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| In order for each daughter cell to have the same genetic make-up as the parent cell, the DNA in the chromosomes must be duplicated prior to cell division. This process is called |
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| duplicating the chromosomes requires that the two strands of the DNA double helix separate. The separation occurs at the |
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| hydrogen bonding sites of the base pairs, these hydrogen bonds are weak, so they are easily broken. |
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| Mitosis is the process in which |
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| a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two identical cells, |
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| In the process of sexual reproduction, diploid cells in the ovaries and testes undergo a form of cell division |
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| This process is called meiosis, which results in haploid ova and spermatids |
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| The process of meiosis is similar to mitosis, but there are two crucial differences: |
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During meiosis, when the chromosomes replicate before division and line up at the center of the cell, the chromosomes recombine, switching alleles on the chromosomes and slightly changing the genes so the haploid daughter cells are all slightly different.
Meiotic cells undertake a second division, which divides the chromosomes to create four haploid daughter cells, each containing a mix of the parental genes. |
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| What is the product of replication? |
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| In which process are germ cells produced? |
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| The haploid daughter cells produced in meiosis are identical. T or F |
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| Meiosis produces _______ different haploid daughter cells. |
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| How do the number of chromosomes in the ovum and sperm compare to that found in the parent cell? |
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| The parent cell contains twice as many as the ovum and sperm. |
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| A zygote is a diploid cell or a haploid cell |
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| What does the word "mitosis" mean? |
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| A zygote is a diploid cell. |
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| What are the two steps that allow cells to read genes and produce amino acids |
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| transcription and translation. |
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| Transcription begins in a manner similar to replication in which the two strands of DNA separate at the base pair binding sites. what is different in trans scription? |
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| On one DNA strand, complementary pairing takes place with free base pairs. However, in transcription,it is ribose-containing nucleotides that form the complementary binding, which is guided by the RNA polymerase. |
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| Which cellular organelle is the site of protein synthesis? |
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| Transfer RNA is involved in which step of protein synthesis? |
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| what best describes mRNA? |
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| It carries the cell's genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. |
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| What is the product of translation? |
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| Which process enables a cell to read genetic code in the nucleus to make protein in the cytoplasm? |
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| Where does transcription take place? |
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| Which process must some proteins synthesized in a cell undergo before they can fulfill their role in the cell? |
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| Post-translational modification |
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| chemically breaking open some cells to release their contents, including protein and DNA, into solution |
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| DNA is purified through a series of steps |
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| dissolution and centrifugation. In the final step, DNA is collected as a pellet in the bottom of a centrifuge tube. |
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| The genetic material isolated from cells is composed of very large pieces of DNA containing perhaps thousands of genes. how do you isolate to get one or two genes? |
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| cut the DNA into smaller pieces. |
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| How do you cut DNA into smaller pieces? |
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| by adding special enzymes, called restriction enzymes, to the DNA sample |
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| enzymes bind to DNA at specific base pair sequences and cut the DNA at those sites |
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| Different restriction enzymes bind at different sites, so adding several different enzymes to a sample will result in |
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| the DNA being cut into many smaller pieces. |
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| A sample containing a mixture of DNA pieces of different lengths (that is, containing different numbers of base pairs), are separated using a technique called |
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| DNA is applied onto a gel to which an electric current is applied so DNA fragments migrate and separate according to their size and electrical charge |
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| A stain is used to visualize the DNA fragments, which show as bands of colored material on the gel. The fragment of interest can then be isolated from the gel by |
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| cutting the specific fragment and then placed in solutions to dissolve the gel |
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| technology to produce multiple, exact copies of a single gene or other segment of DNA to obtain enough material for further study |
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| DNA cloning and is accomplished by either using bacteria or a process called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). |
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| a DNA fragment of interest may be incorporated into bacterial cells (usually E.coli) by exposing them to an electric field, a technique known as electroporation |
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| bacterial cloning technique |
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| Why is Electroporation used in bacterial cloning? |
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| This allows the DNA to pass through the cell membrane and incorporate into the bacterial genome. |
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| Polymerase chain reaction is the amplification technique for producing large quantities of a DNA fragment of interest |
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| PCR sample Tube contains ? |
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1.the dissolved DNA (tissue, hair shaft,cheek swab or fecal pellet), known as the template;
2.an enzyme, known as a polymerase;
3. primer DNA. specially designed short DNA fragments, known as primers, that match the gene of interest
4. nucleotides that are the building blocks of a new DNA strand. |
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| The process of constructing the desired genetic code in a laboratory and inserting it into a zygote or embryo during development is called: |
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| What is added to a DNA sample to cut the DNA into smaller pieces? |
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| Electrophoresis is a technique used to___________ the DNA fragments. |
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| The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to: |
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| genes related to cell structure or metabolism that are constantly expressed as a product of cell survival and function. |
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| amplifies the mRNA transcripts and incorporates a fluorophore, allowing differences in the relative abundance of mRNA transcript numbers to be measured |
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| To detect protein, the most commonly used method is the |
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| How has qPCR made environmental testing possible? |
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| Only a tiny amount of RNA is needed for a valid measurement. |
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| Proteins can be detected in a biological sample using which test? |
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| Using Western blot, what enables visualization of the protein? |
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| This procedure determines the level of mRNA transcripts in a sample? |
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| What is the product of translation? |
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| Which organelle uses information contained in the mRNA to connect amino acids and form a protein? |
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| What is the product of transcription? |
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| Where does translation take place? |
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| What best describes a mutation? |
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| A permanent change in the DNA sequence in some or all of an animal's cells |
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| Which process enables a cell to read genetic code in the nucleus to make protein in the cytoplasm? |
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| How do restriction enzymes cut DNA in a sample into several smaller pieces? |
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| They bind at specific base pair sequences and cut the DNA at those sites. |
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10 of 15: Multiple Choice/Single Answer - select one answer
In which process does a eukaryotic cell nucleus split into two identical cells, followed by the division of the parent cell into two daughter cells? |
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Which statement is TRUE regarding cell division?
A diploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in meiosis.
A diploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in mitosis.
A haploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in mitosis.
A haploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in meiosis. |
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| A diploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in mitosis. |
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| What are the four bases found in DNA? |
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| Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
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| Mitosis results in two ---- daughter cells, and meiosis results in four -----daughter cells. |
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| Cloning DNA is accomplished by either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by using: |
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