Term
| single amino acid derivatives |
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Definition
| histamine, NO, nerutransmitters: GABA abd Serotonin, and melanin |
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Term
| multiple amino acid derivatives |
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Definition
| creatine, creatinine, glutathione, heme, bilirubin |
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Term
| decarboxylation of amino acids used in biosynthesis of |
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Definition
| histamine (from histadine), gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) from glutamate, and seratonin from tryptophan |
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Term
| synthesis of certain biological amines involves the decarboxylation of amino acids utilizing what |
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Definition
| pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), a derivative of vitamin B6 |
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Term
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Definition
| glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, methionine, isoleucine |
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Term
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Definition
| phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan |
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Term
| polar, uncharged R groups AAs |
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Definition
| serine, threonine, cysteine, proline, asparagine, glutamine |
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Term
| positively charged R groups AAs |
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Definition
| lysine, arginine, histidine |
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Term
| negatiely charged R groups AAs |
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Definition
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Term
| histamine as chemical mesenger |
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Definition
| mediates multiple responses via GPCR |
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Term
| why is histamine released |
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Definition
| in allergic reactions from mats cells, basophils, and eosinophoils. stimulates mucus secretion and allows leakage of WBCs to tissues to attack invaders. Also overreaction can lead to asthma or other allergic responses |
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Term
| what does histamine promote |
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Definition
| gastric acid secretion by binding parietal cell histamine H2 receptor; stimulates HCL secretion |
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Term
| anti-histamines inhibit what |
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Definition
| allergic reaction, inflammatory response. basically decreases H+ secretion via the parietal cell histamine H2 receptor. |
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Term
| nitric oxide (NO) is derived from what and how |
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Definition
| derived from arginine via calcium dependent NO synthase |
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Term
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Definition
| diffuses readily through membrnaes and provides a short-range, short-lived signal |
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Term
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Definition
| it binds to and activates soluble guanylate cyclase - an enzyme important in signal transduction |
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Term
| how does NO relax muscles |
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Definition
| by binding to heme of cytosolic guanylyl cyclase and stimulates cGMP synthesis. cGMP reduces the forcefulness of cardiac contractions by causing a decrease in the [Ca] in cytoplasm |
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Term
| function of nitroglycerin and other nitrovasodilators |
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Definition
| used to relieve angina by breaking down over several hours to release a steady stream of NO which results in vendilation |
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Term
| what is glutamate and what is GABA |
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Definition
| glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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Term
| how is GABA derived and synthesized? |
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Definition
| derived from glutamate and synthesis requires vitamin B6 derivative (pyridoxal phosphate, PLP) as a coenzyme |
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Term
| what is serotonin derived from, what does its biosyntehtic pathway utilize, and what does an alteration of serotinin cause |
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Definition
| it is a neurotranmitter derived from tryptophan. biosynthetic pathway utilizes PLP (just like GABA). an alteration in serotonin synapse can lead to mood alteration |
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Term
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Definition
| melanin variants form tyrosine, in that relative proportions determine the color of skin. |
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Term
| two main melanin variants |
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Definition
| eumelanins (black and brown) and pheomelanins (red) |
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Term
| creatine syntehsis and importance |
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Definition
| several amino acids contribute to creatine synthesis. cratine phosphate (CP) is an important reservoir for a high-energy phosphate bond, as CP reserves are used to |
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Term
| creatinine syntehsis and levels |
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Definition
| creatinine syntehsized via a spontaneous, nonenzymatic dehydration of creatine phosphate from skeletal muscle. its levels are a function of muscle mass in normal people and show little response to dietary chnge. |
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Term
| how is creatinine filtered in the body? |
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Definition
| its freely filtered in the glomerulus, and not reabsorbed by the renal tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a protective multi-amino acid derivative which protects cels from oxidative dmaage |
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Term
| which amino acids is glutathione derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does glutathione maintain? |
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Definition
| maintiains sulfydryl groups in the reduced state and the reducing environment of a cell |
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Term
| how does glutathione cycle? |
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Definition
| via a gamma-glutamyltripeptide (glu attached via gamma carbon) which cycles between a reduced thiol form and an oxidized disulfide-bonded form. (GSH vs. GSSG) |
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Term
| how does glutathione relate to toxin removal |
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Definition
| well, it removes toxic peroxides and other toxins. So if inhibited or an alteration is made its redox potential, then cellular necrosis and liver damage can happen |
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Term
| how to treat tylenol poisoning |
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Definition
| tylenol is an acetaminophen which can cause an alteration if glutathione's redox potential. So, administration by charcoal within 30 min. of ingestion and later giving sulfhydryl compounds to provide reservoir of sulfydryl groups and to promote syntehsis of more glutathione can help the probem |
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