Define Waste

Ther definition of waste is that :

any substance or object that the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard.

What are the types of Waste?

Categorised:

• Bio-degradable
  
• Non-degradable
• Domestic
  
• Harzardous/ Non- Hazardous
• Industrial
  

What are the differences between HICs and LIC waste production?

• Production of waste no even- HIC < LIC
• Relative to population HIC < LIC , CONSUMER SOCIETY
• Globalisation : ability to buy more, generate more waste
• 20% GlobPop. HIC , use 86% of consumption of worlds products.
• 20% poorest, consume 1.3% of world production
  

Why do HIC produce more waste?

1. Wealthier population leads to greater disposable incomes

2. Greater demand for consumer products.(Consumer Society)
3. More items are brought, and old items are replaced more frequently
4. New items are usually ‘heavily’ packaged to attract the customer.

Why do LICs produce so little waste?

1. Low incomes results in little disposable income

2. Purchases are limited to essential items and are expected to last

3. To keep prices to a minimum little packaging is used

4. Disposable and single use products are rarely used

5. Every effort is made to reuse, recycle or mend old items.

What happens to waste?

1. Landfill
2. Recycle
3. Incineration

Define Recycled

The process of extracting useful materials from garbage that can be put to use after reprocessing is known as recycling.

Case Study: Germany

Municipal

• 14 million tones per year , 60% is recycled ( homes , small buisnesses)
• the industrial waste (65% recycled) varies , diff. industrial sectors , around germany.
• 250,000 people empolyed
• 1970s, 50,000 landfills
• 2005, waste treated before put into landfill.
• 68 incinerators, annual 68 million tonnes
  
• imports waste to get rid off e.g. Naples,Italy 160,000 tonnes annualy

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Nuclear

• no reprocessing plant- send to UK or France
• 2000- doesn't want contract - expensive
• sends waste to store in Siberia
• in future (low  level waste) stored at KONRAD (95% total nuclear, 1% radioactivity)
• 2025 -GORLEBEN- high level waste (5% total waste, 99% radioactivity)
• low level stored , high level exported- futur contain reprocessed  and stored

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Toxic

• majority exported for disposal
• 1990-1995: GT Poland,Estonia, Egypt
• 1991-1992: 480tns Albania - pesticieds toxaphane POISON- 1l : 2million cm3water (fish die)
• 480tns -6,000l toxaphane  per tonnes $5,500
• 2007- import  6million tonnes Belgium, France , Italy.35 % incinerated 45% recyled , 20% landfills.
  

Case Study: Bracknell Forest Council

Targets: domestic, householders-save energy by upgrading CHP.

Advantages:

• CHP installed, near buildings
• cost distribution lower(closer bulidings)- efficent saving of energy40% reduced-
•  no maintanence for individual bulidings.

Disadvantages:

• current elec. storage system- inefficient, out dated ( 1970sinstallation)
• 70% residents esimated fuel poverty. dwellings energy effiecnt low
  

Targets: Domestic -supplying 14 bungalows with ground heating pumps via hot water and radiators.

Advantages:

• provide heating + water .
•  700 schemes across country are being set up, running

Disadvantages:

• No main gas in the area surrounding.
• even though houses well insulated, high bills, using solid heating - cost 200,000 grants
  

Targets: to help residents (domestic)

Advantages:

• council helps- offers tips - save 5 per year
• hot water cylinders
• installing insulation
• UPVC glazed windows+doors

Disadvantages:

• lighting accounts for 10-15 %
  

Targets: industry (factories + private companies)

Advantages:

• own electricty cables
  
• no wages to pay from national grid
• installed CHP and 770 dwellings
  
• lower cost surplus electricity
• sustainablility , through renewable sources - largest concentration photovolatic cells.
  

A carbon foot print is a measure of the impact that human activities have  on the environment - number of greenhouse gases they produce.