Term
| Understand how Interactionists & Nativists are similar & different |
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Definition
| ~Similar because both agree that there is an innate capacity within universal majority to develop use of language as well as the fact that language is so complex it cannot be learned without interaction with those who understand language. Different because Interactionists believe that there is a “Vygotsky” like component to language so that it must be taught by parents/teacher/peer interaction. |
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Term
| Know what aphasia means & be able to identify the different types related to language |
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Definition
Broca’s Aphasia: can no longer produce speech, some can still write, can still understand those who are speaking to them
Wenicke’s Aphasia: can produce speech, but can no longer comprehend what is being said when spoken to
*Dyslexia is similar to Broca’s Aphasia and stuttering may be due to overactivity in the right hemisphere of the brain that has very minimal to do with language |
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Term
| Understand how the Genie video relates to language development and know the pertinent questions from the sheet in class (answer sheet posted on bblearn) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Breaking down words into their smallest unit of sound
EX: shot= sh/o/t |
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Term
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Definition
Breaking down words into their smallest unit of meaning
EX: shooting= shoot/ing |
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Term
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Definition
The manner of forming a sentence with grammatical correctness
EX: Running I go at the gym |
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Term
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Definition
| When we combine together phonemes and morphemes, you come to understand the meaning of words and phrases and that phrases can have new meanings if words are switched around. Don’t eat, grandma. Don’t eat grandma |
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Term
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Definition
| The context appropriateness of a language, changing conjunctions for etiquette purposes, otherwise known as the “table manners” of language |
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Term
| Nativists~ Chompsky's Language Acquisition Device |
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Definition
| Universal ability to learn language, genetic predisposition, naturally pick up language when it is being used around you, a passive component of development ** CLAD is the theoretical idea that there is a processor within cognitive abilities, infants pick up sounds, eventually understand that these sounds are words and have meaning and ultimately learn to repeat them. |
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Term
| Nativists~ Lindberg's Critical Theory Hypothesis |
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Definition
| There is a threshold that ends the ability of learning language/ syntax after a certain age or developmental period. Not fully reliable theory, can learn language to a certain extent, much easier to learn words over syntax, have very few case studies and unsure if patients had psychological disorders or damage to begin with & babies can make noises and say words or phrases that have not been taught to them. |
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Term
| Child-directed Speech (motherese) |
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Definition
Soc Facilitation of Language
“Baby talk” or speaking in a high-pitch, slow, rhythmic tone has been proven to aid language development due to infants sensitive intake of information |
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Term
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Definition
Soc Facilitation of Language
Reforming a child’s declaration or question into its opposite to implore insight on the child’s knowledge of the topic. Adding new context information and synonyms to convo. |
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Term
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Definition
Soc Facilitation of Language
Not just adding synonyms, but also incorporating proper syntax to a child’s response. EX: Milk all gone -> yes the milk is all gone |
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Term
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Definition
Soc Facilitation of Language
Putting semantic knowledge within a child by allowing them to ask completely stupid fucking questions so that they can expand their knowledge and creativity |
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Term
| Broca's area of the brain: Influence on Language Development |
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Definition
| Area of brain in left hemi that controls production of speech |
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Term
| Wenicke's area of the brain: Influence on Language Development |
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Definition
| Area of brain in left that controls comprehension of language |
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Term
| Infancy: Early Communication: First Year |
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Definition
~Crying
~Cooing
~Babbling
~Gestures |
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Term
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Definition
(10-15 mo)
know the meaning of words prior and eventually begin to repeat them |
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Term
| Infancy: Over-extension vs. Under-extension |
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Definition
(10-15 mo)
OE: using a word improperly: dog is dog, cat is dog
UE: Do not use meaning of word to full extent: small dog is dog, big dog is mammoth |
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Term
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Definition
(10-15 mo)
Comprehension and motor development enhance rapidly around 18 months of age |
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Term
| Infancy: Telegraphic Speech |
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Definition
(10-15 mo)
Word spurt creates increase
~understand there are actions behind words put into phrases, can thus create sentences with shitty syntax |
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Term
| Early Childhood: Age 2-6: Language Development |
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Definition
2-6
~New tense form: Language development becomes much more complex: understand plurals, tenses and syntax
~ Ask many questions because they are super inquisitive within their experimental development
~Phonology/Morphology/Syntax: over and underextension
~Rapid semantic development
~By the end of stage, knows about 11,000 words |
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Term
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Definition
~Complex grammar: ie. little brother means younger bro not tiny bro
~ Further development of pragmatics from schooling and potentially home environment
~Learn to read and write |
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Term
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Definition
~More complex language structure: emphasize on expanding creativity of syntax
~Autism/Asperger’s: most difficult do develop this form/stage of development |
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Term
Know what emotions are
**** |
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Definition
2 Aspects:
1.Physiological Arousal: Biological, regions of the brain are activated when reacting with an emotional response, heart rate increase/decrease
2. Outward Expression: Behavioral reaction, facial expression, body language |
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Term
| Understand how evolutionary theory & emotions are linked |
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Definition
~Expressions are similar universally
~Blind children and animals also studied and found to have correlation through comparative psychology
~Understanding emotion is useful for survival |
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Term
Know the results of the two studies related to mirror neurons/emotional contagion
**** |
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Definition
Empathy studies performed at NAU
~Video Clip Study: people are shown clips of people speaking and appearing to be very sad, parts of the brain are activated as though they are experiencing something sad as well
~Damaged Visual Cortex: Emotional info can be retrieved by the blind |
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Term
| Be able to distinguish between the two types of emotions |
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Definition
1. Primary Emotions
2. Self-Conscious (Secondary) Emotions |
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Term
| Characteristic of emotional development at Infancy |
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Definition
~Crying
~Social Referencing
~Fear: Stranger Anxiety & Separation Protest |
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Term
| Characteristic of emotional development at Childhood |
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Definition
~Emotional Vocabulary
~Emotional Regulation
~Redirecting Feelings
~Adult teaching |
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Term
| Characteristic of emotional development at Adolescence |
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Definition
~G. Stanley Hall: “Storm and Stress”
~False
~Larsen and Richard: “Beeper Study” |
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Term
| Characteristic of emotional development at Adulthood |
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Definition
~Better emotional regulation
~Young Adulthood vs. Later Adulthood
~ Socioemotional selectivity theory: Pursuit of emotional satisfaction vs. pursuit of knowledge over the course of life. |
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Term
| -Be able to distinguish between two types of smiling |
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Definition
Reflexive: Not a response to external stimuli
Social: Response to external stimuli |
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Term
| Know the method & results of Larson & Richard’s “beeper study” |
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Definition
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Term
| Know what temperament is and its relationship to personality |
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Definition
Definition of temperament: Predictable way of reacting to the environment. A behavioral style
~Biological/genetic origin
~Basis for personality |
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Term
| Be able to classify a child’s temperament |
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Definition
~Easy child
~ Difficult child
~Slow- to- warm- up child
~Unclassified child |
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Term
| Know what affects stability of temperament |
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Definition
~Fairly stable biological
~ Instability due to Goodness of Fit |
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Term
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Definition
Def: Strong developmental tie that bonds one person to another
~Ethological view: |
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Term
| Understand concept of Internal Working Models |
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Definition
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Term
| Know results of Harlow’s “Surrogate Mother Study” |
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Definition
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Term
| Understand the procedure of the “Strange Situation” |
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Definition
| ~Mary Ainsworth: 4 types with 3 components for each |
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Term
| 1. Insecure- Avoidant (~20%) |
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Definition
a.Exploration
b.Separation
c.Reunion |
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Term
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Definition
a.Exploration
b.Separation
c.Reunion |
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Term
| 3.Insecure- Resistant (10-15%) |
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Definition
a.Exploration
b.Separation
c.Reunion |
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Term
| 4.Insecure-Disorganized (5-10%) |
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Definition
a.Exploration
b.Separation
c.Reunion |
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Term
| Be able to classify infant attachment styles from examples of the “Strange Situation” |
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Definition
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Term
| Know characteristics of caregivers associated with each of the attachment styles |
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Definition
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Term
| -Be able to identify which of Bowlby’s process of attachment an infant is at |
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Definition
~Undiscriminating
~Preference for the familiar
~True attachment
~Goal correct: |
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Term
| Know what effect day care may have on a child’s later well being |
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Definition
| High rates of child care in US |
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Term
| Be able to identify which classification of attachment an adolescent has to a parent |
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Definition
~Secure: same as infancy
~Dismissive-Avoidant: “Bad relationship”
~Preoccupied Ambivalent: Cognizant of attachment
~Unresolved- Disorganized: High level of fear |
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Term
| Be able to identify which classification of attachment an adult has to romantic partner |
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Definition
~Internal Working Models
~Secure: good relationship
~Insecure: Avoidant & Anxious Ambivalent |
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Term
| Know characteristics of dating during adolescence |
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Definition
~Thinking a lot
~Learning process
~Status/ achievement
~Little intimacy |
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Term
| Biological Approach to Gender Development |
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Definition
Hormones
*****– Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) – Androgen insensitivity
*****• Evolution
– Gender diff in reproductive behaviors – Males vs. Females |
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Term
| Socialization Approach to Gender Development |
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Definition
| Differential treatment: Results from study |
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Term
| Be able to identify the parts of Kohlberg’s gender constancy |
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Definition
| Cognitive Approach to Gender Development |
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Term
| 3 theories w/in Socialization Approach |
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Definition
• Social Cognitive Theory of Gender
• Eagly’s Social Role Theory
• Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender |
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Term
| Understand how schema theory is applied to gender |
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Definition
Cognitive Approach to Gender Development
~Perceive things consistent with current schema |
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Term
| Know the results of the ‘man in the kitchen’ study |
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Definition
| Cognitive Approach to Gender Development |
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Term
| Overall conclusion of gender differences |
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Definition
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Term
| Physical difference between genders |
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Definition
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Term
| Controversy over gender differences |
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Definition
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Term
| Results of Hyde's meta-analysis on gender differences |
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Definition
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Term
| Development of Gender at Infancy |
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Definition
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Term
| Development of Gender at Early Childhood |
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Definition
– Gender-typed preferences & behaviors
– Gender segregation
– Rigid gender thinking |
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Term
| Development of Gender at Mid/Late Childhood |
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Definition
– Still gender-typed preferences
– High gender segregation
– More flexible gender thinking |
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Term
| Development of Gender at Adolescence |
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Definition
– Gender segregation decreases
– Gender intensification – Rigid Thinking |
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Term
| Development of Gender at Adulthood |
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Definition
***– Masculinity & Femininity
***– Androgyny
***– Undifferentiated
*** – Androgyny Shift
– Rapport Talk vs. Report Talk
– Email Sample Study
– Phone time |
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Term
| Know the communication differences between males & females |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
– Sex play
– Romantic interest in peers
– Questions |
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Term
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Definition
– Surge in thoughts
– Sexual Identity
– Sexual Behaviors |
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Term
| Adolescent Risk Factors Associated with Sexual Behaviors |
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Definition
• Contraceptive Use
• Early Maturation
• Lack of Parental Closeness
• Lack of Self-Regulation
Adolescent Pregnancy – US = highest rate
– No differences in sexual activity
• Sexual expression
• Family planning services |
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Term
| Sexual Orientation Research Results |
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Definition
• Homosexuality in the DSM
• Continuum not dichotomy
• Cross-cultural & across species
• Investigation of development effects |
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Term
| Adolescent Risk Factors Associated with Substance Abuse |
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Definition
• US = Highest Rates
• Risk Factors
– Age
– Low academic achievement – Lack of parental closeness |
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Term
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Definition
– Gender differences in reporting
– “Use It or Lose It” |
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Term
| Know contextual & peer factors related to substance use |
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Definition
• Contextual Factors
– Urban vs. Suburban vs. Rural
• Peer Factors
– Friends vs. peers – Popularity |
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Term
| Know how brain development relates to adolescent risk-taking behaviors |
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Definition
– Immature Prefrontal lobes
• Decision making vs. Emotional Centers
– 25 is when both are fully developed |
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Term
Understand difference between Public Health Policies & Harm-Reduction Policies
-Be able to recognize examples |
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Definition
Policies
– Public Health Policies
– Harm Reduction Policies |
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Term
| Binge Drinking and Substance Use Demographics |
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Definition
-Inc in female consumption of alcohol
-Dec in consumption in mid twenties
-Unclear if drug use is inc or dec
-Mislabel is side effect of age
-Dangerous mixing of drugs |
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Term
| Know what is characteristic of effective school-based substance use prevention programs |
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Definition
– Marketed programs (ex: DARE)
– Evidence-based programs • Content
• Delivery |
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Term
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Definition
~Affective
~Behavioral
~Cognitive |
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Term
| Know how the components link together across development |
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Definition
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Term
| Morality: Hidden Curriculum |
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Definition
• School implicitly teach morality
• Classroom/School rules
• Behaviors of Teachers, Principals & Administrators |
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Term
| Be able to recognize the different stages of Piaget’s Moral Development |
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Definition
• Heteronomous morality – 4-7 years old
– Immanent Justice
• Autonomous morality – 10+ years old |
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Term
| Know the procedure Kohlberg used to make his theory |
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Definition
• Emphasized cognitive component
• Heinz Dilemma |
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Term
| Be able to recognize the different levels of moral reasoning that Kohlberg theorized |
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Definition
Three levels of reasoning –
Level 1: Preconventional –
Level 2: Conventional–
Level 3: Postconventional |
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Term
| Know who reasons at which level of Kohlberg’s theory |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory |
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Definition
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Term
| Understand Carol Gilligan’s perspective on morality |
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Definition
– He ignored “female morality”
– Justice Perspective
– Care Perspective |
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Term
| Be able to distinguish between Overt & Relational Aggression |
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Definition
– Overt Aggression
– Relational Aggression |
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Term
| Know what the biological & environmental effects on aggression are |
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Definition
• Biological
– Testosterone = aggression?
• Environmental
– Attachment
– Gender Socialization
– Parenting |
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Term
| Understand how bullying differs from aggression |
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Definition
• Physical, verbal & relational forms
• Proactive vs. Reactive |
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Term
| Characteristics of Bully, bully/targets, & targets |
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Definition
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Term
| Know what research says about antibullying programs |
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Definition
• Huge push in schools to combat bullying problems
• Antibullying programs – Some success
– Which programs are most effective |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Self Concept vs. Self Esteem vs. Self Understanding |
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Definition
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Term
| Infancy and Self Understanding |
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Definition
• Newborns: No concept of the self
• Awareness begins around 1st year
• 18-24 mnths: Self-Recognition – ROUGE TEST |
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Term
| Early Childhood and Self Understanding |
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Definition
– Lack of Organization
– Observable behaviors
– Unrealistic/Inaccurate
– Specific examples, not generalizations
– External not internal characteristics |
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Term
| Mid/Late Childhood and Self Understanding |
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Definition
– Internal characteristics emerge
– Social comparison
– Talk about social aspects of self
– Ideal vs. Actual self
– Coherent & organized
– Realistic |
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Term
| Adolescence and Self Understanding |
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Definition
– Abstract/Idealistic concepts
– Preoccupation
– Different selves in different contexts
– Possible selves
– Instability |
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Term
| Adulthood and Self Understanding |
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Definition
– Social roles
• Careers, marriage, parenthood
– Increasingly use past to define self
– More comfortable with self as get older
• Focus on actual self, less on possible self
• Priorities
– Change across lifespan
– Family, Friends, Health, Work |
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Term
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Definition
– Cross culturally
– Cohort effect
• College students
• Empty praise |
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Term
| Understand how Erikson’s psychosocial stages is applied to identity research |
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Definition
Erik Erikson’s fifth stage
– Identity vs. Identity Confusion
– Experienced during Adolescence
• Psychosocial moratorium
– Adolescents experimenting with different
roles
– Ends with:
• An Identity
• Or, become withdrawn
• Or, blend in with the crowd |
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Term
| Be able to identify Marcia’s four identity statuses |
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Definition
– Periods of crisis & commitment
• Crisis: Exploring alternatives
• Commitment: Personal investment
****
– Four Statuses
• Diffusion: show little interest in creating crises/ exploration
• Foreclosure: a parent or authoritative figure forces child into a commitment before child has ability to make decision on his own
• Moratorium: experienced crises but has not made commitment
• Achievement: experienced crisis and made commitment |
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