Term
| The types of connective tissue involved in the skeletal system are |
|
Definition
Osseous
Cartilage
Fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| The skeletal system is a reservoir for minerals which are |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Long bones (column shaped) |
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Definition
| Bones of the arms, legs, hands and feet |
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Term
| Short bones (cube shaped) |
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Definition
| Bones of the wrists and ankles |
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Term
| Flat bones (thin flat curved) |
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Definition
| Ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones and cranial bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| Facial bones and vertebra |
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Term
Bone marking (Projection)
Head |
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Definition
Enlarged rounded end of a bone that is usually supported on a narrow portion of the bone (neck)
Ex. the head of a femur |
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Term
Bone marking (Projections)
Process |
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Definition
| Large projection of a bone ex. the olecranon process |
|
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Term
Bone marking (Projection)
Crest |
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Definition
Prominent ridge or border to which tendons and ligaments attach
Ex. The iliac crest |
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Term
Bone marking (Projection)
Spine |
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Definition
Sharp projection from the surface of a bone
Ex. Bone of the scapula |
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Term
Bone marking (Projection)
Condyle |
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Definition
Large rounded process (projection) for articulation (joints)
Ex. The lateral condyle of the femur |
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Term
Bone marking (Depression)
Foramen |
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Definition
Opening through which blood vessels nerves or ligaments pass
Ex. Foramen magnum |
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Term
Bone marking (Projection)
Sinus |
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Definition
Air filled cavity within a bone
Sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity |
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Term
Bone marking (Depression)
Fossa |
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Definition
Depression in or on a bone
Ex. Glenoid fossa |
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Term
Bone marking (Depression)
Meatus |
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Definition
Tube like passageway running within a bone
Ex. The external auditory meatus |
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Term
|
Definition
| The shaft of a bone. The diaphysis is a hollow tube that is composed primarily of compact bone (strength) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The enlarged distal and proximal ends of the long bone. They are composed of a thin layer of compact bone that covers spongy bone |
|
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Term
| Long bone: Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) |
|
Definition
| Covers the articular surface of the epiphyses |
|
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Term
| Within the epiphysis is the epiphyseal disc (growth plate). They are an area of cartilage which |
|
Definition
| Is the site of longitudinal growth of long bones |
|
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Term
| The epiphyseal discs close at the end of puberty which = |
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Definition
| The end of longitudinal growth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A connective tissue membrane |
|
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Term
| The periosteum covers the surface of the bone that is |
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Definition
| Not covered with articular cartilage |
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Term
| The periosteum contains blood vessels, lymph veseels and |
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Definition
| Nerves that pass into the bone. It contains bone cells |
|
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Term
| The periosteum play a strong role in |
|
Definition
| Bone growth, repair and nutrition |
|
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Term
| The periosteum serves as a point of attachment for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A layer of cells that line the medullary cavity. It contains bone stem cells |
|
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Term
| Long bone: Medullary cavity |
|
Definition
| Space inside the diaphysis of a long bone. In the adult it contains yellow bone marrow |
|
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Term
| Long bone: Red bone marrow |
|
Definition
Found within the spaces of spongy bone.
Produces RBCS, WBCS and platelets |
|
|
Term
| Long bone: Yellow bone marrow |
|
Definition
Found in the medullary cavity of long bones.
Mostly adipose tissue in the adult |
|
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Term
Microscopic structure of bone
Compact bone |
|
Definition
Contains few spaces
Is made up of osteons (haversian systems) |
|
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Term
| An osteon/haversian system is made up of a central haversian canal that contains blood vessels. The osteocytes are arranged in |
|
Definition
| Concentric rings around the haversian canal. The osteocytes are scattered in a hard calcified matrix |
|
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Term
Microscopic structure of bone
Spongy bone (cancellous) |
|
Definition
Is made up of thin plates of bone called trabeculae
The osteocytes, matrix and blood vessels are not arranged in concentric circles. They are like a sponge with visible holes
The spaces contain red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| The matrix of bones are composed of |
|
Definition
| Collagen fibers and calcium salts |
|
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Term
| The inorganic part of the matrix is constantly changing. Calcium is taken from the bones and put in to the blood stream, it is also deposited from |
|
Definition
| The blood stream into the bones in order to maintain blood calcium concentration within range |
|
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Term
| Two important type of bone cells are |
|
Definition
| Osteoblasts which make bone matrix and Osteoclasts which secret acid and enzymes to dissolve and digest bone matrix |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Bone matrix (collagen and calcium salts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acid and enzymes to dissolve and digest bone matrix |
|
|
Term
| The action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts leads to bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The parathyroid hormone increases the activity of |
|
Definition
| Osteoclasts which leads to increased blood Ca levels |
|
|
Term
| Calcitonin increases the activity of |
|
Definition
| Osteoblasts which leads to decreased blood Ca levels |
|
|
Term
| The skeleton has how many bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The skeleton is divided into two major parts |
|
Definition
The axial skeleton
The appendicular skeleton |
|
|
Term
| The axial skeleton has how many bones and consists of what |
|
Definition
80 bones
Skull, spinal column and the ribs |
|
|
Term
| The appendicular skeleton has how many bones and consists of what |
|
Definition
128 bones
Upper and lower extremities |
|
|
Term
| The Axial skeleton is made up of bones that make the cranium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cranium is a boney structure that |
|
Definition
| Surrounds and protects the brain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Frontal bone
Parietal bones 2
Temporal bones 2
Occipital bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
The cranium
The frontal bone |
|
Definition
| Forms the forehead and the upper portion of the orbits |
|
|
Term
The cranium
The parietal bones 2 |
|
Definition
| Forms parts of the sides and the top of cranium |
|
|
Term
The cranium
Temporal bones 2 |
|
Definition
Form part of the sides of the head close to the ears (called the temples)
Part of the zygomatic arches
Form the only articulation with the mandible
Surround and protect the inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found between the orbits helps form the boney structure of the nasal cavity
A projection of the ethmoid bone is a point of attachment for the meninges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Butterfly shaped bone that forms the floor of the cranium
Connects the cranial and facial bones, acts as a cross brace that strengthens the sides of the cranium |
|
|
Term
The cranium
Occipital bone |
|
Definition
Forms the back of and the base of the cranium
(foramen magnum) |
|
|
Term
| Sinuses are open areas in the bones of the cranium that lighten the |
|
Definition
| Skull bones and provide a large area of mucous membranes that secrete mucus which is released into the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lower jaw bone (The skulls only movable bone) |
|
|
Term
Facial bones
Maxillary bones (Maxillae)(2) |
|
Definition
| Fuse at the mid line to form the upper jaw bone and the anterior part of the hard palate |
|
|
Term
Facial bones
Zygomatic bones (2) |
|
Definition
| Contribute to the rim and lateral wall of the orbit and form part of the zygomatic arch |
|
|
Term
Facial bones
Nasal bones (2) |
|
Definition
| Form the bridge of the nose |
|
|
Term
Face bones
Palatine bone (2) |
|
Definition
| Form the posterior portion of the hard palate and contribute to the floor of the orbits |
|
|
Term
The axial skeleton
Ossicles |
|
Definition
| 3 bones in each ear whose function is to transmit sound |
|
|
Term
The axial skeleton
Hyoid bone |
|
Definition
| Supports the larynx and is an attachment site for many muscles including the tongue. It does not articulate directly with other bones |
|
|
Term
| The adult vertebral column is made up of how many bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adult vertebral column is divided into how many regions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 5 regions of the adult vertebral column (spinal column) are called |
|
Definition
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal |
|
|
Term
| The cervical region of the spinal column also referred to as the neck is made up of how many vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first cervical vertebra is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Atlas (first cervical vertebra) articulates with the |
|
Definition
| Occipital bone and the second vertebra the axis |
|
|
Term
| The thoracic region of the spinal column has how many vertebrae |
|
Definition
12 vertebrae that form the superior portion of the back
They articulate with the ribs |
|
|
Term
| The lumbar region of the spinal column has how many vertebrae |
|
Definition
| 5 vertebrae that form the inferior portion of the back |
|
|
Term
| The sacral region of the spinal column has how many vertebrae |
|
Definition
| 5 vertebrae that fuse to form the sacral bone in the adult |
|
|
Term
| The coccygeal region of the spinal colum in the adult fuse together to form one or two bones called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The intervertebral discs of the spinal column are composed of |
|
Definition
| Cartilage and act as shock absorbers |
|
|
Term
| There are four curves of the spine they are |
|
Definition
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar and Sacral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exaggerated thoracic curvature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exaggerated lumbar curvature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thoracic cage is also referred to as the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thoracic cage is made up of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thoracic cage protects the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thoracic cage serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in |
|
Definition
| Respiration, posture and movement of the pectoral girdle |
|
|
Term
| The ribs are 12 pairs of bones that articulate with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first seven pairs of ribs are called |
|
Definition
True ribs
Because they articulate with the sternum individually by costal cartilage |
|
|
Term
| The following 5 pairs of ribs (8-12) are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ribs 8, 9, and 10 articulate with the cartilage of the rib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ribs #11 and 12 are called |
|
Definition
| Floating ribs with no anterior articulation |
|
|
Term
| The sternum (breast bone) is made up of |
|
Definition
3 parts
The manubrium
The body of the sternum
The xyphoid process |
|
|
Term
| The manubrium of the sternum articulates |
|
Definition
| With the clavicles and the first pair of ribs |
|
|
Term
| The body of the sternum articulates |
|
Definition
| With rib pairs number 2-7 |
|
|
Term
| The xyphoid process is a point of attachment for |
|
Definition
| The diaphragm and the rectus abdominis muscles |
|
|
Term
| The appendicular skeleton has how many bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The appendicular skeleton are |
|
Definition
| The bones of the limbs and the supporting elements that connect them to the axial skeleton |
|
|
Term
| The two regions of the appendicular skeleton are |
|
Definition
| The arm and the pectoral girdle and the leg and the pelvic girdle |
|
|
Term
| The clavicle of the pectoral girdle is an |
|
Definition
| S shaped bone that joins the sternum anteriorly and the scapula laterally |
|
|
Term
| The scapula is a triangular shaped bone referred to as the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A triangular bone (shoulder blade)
The spine of the scapula
The glenoid fossa (cavity) |
|
|
Term
The bones of the upper extremity
The humerus is the bone of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Head of the humerus
Medial and lateral epicondytes
The trochiea
The head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa make up the shoulder joint
The trochiea and the trochlear notch in the ulna make the elbow |
|
|
Term
| The head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa make up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The trochiea and the trochlear notch in the ulna make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bones of the upper extremity
The radius |
|
Definition
| In anatomic position the radius is lateral to the ulna |
|
|
Term
| In anatomic position the radius is lateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bones of the upper extremity
The ulna |
|
Definition
| In anatomic position the ulna is medial to the radius |
|
|
Term
| In anatomic position the ulna is medial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ulna at the proximal end the ulna has |
|
Definition
The trochlear notch which forms the elbow with the trochlea of the humerus
The olecranon process which forms the point of the elbow |
|
|
Term
| The point at the elbow is referred to as the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pelvis is a composite bone that includes |
|
Definition
| From the axial and appendicular skeleton |
|
|
Term
| Each hip bone (coxal bone) forms by the |
|
Definition
Fusion of 3 bones
Ilium
Ishium
Pubis
The three bones meet to form the acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| The ilium, ishium, and pubis meet to form the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ililum forms the upper flared |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Land marks of the ilium include |
|
Definition
| Iliac crest and the anterior superior iliac spine |
|
|
Term
| The ishium forms the lowest and |
|
Definition
| Strongest part of the bone |
|
|
Term
| Landmarks of the ishium include |
|
Definition
| Ischeal spine and the ischeal tuberosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anterior part if the pelvic girdle |
|
|
Term
| The landmark for the pubis include |
|
Definition
Pubis symphysis
Articulations
Acetabulum
Sacroiliac
Pubis symphsis |
|
|
Term
| Articulations of the pelvic girdle include |
|
Definition
Acetabulum
Sacroiliac
Pubis symphsis |
|
|
Term
| The pelvis bears the weight of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pelvis is the point of attachment for the |
|
Definition
| Legs to the axial skeleton |
|
|
Term
| The pelvis protects the u |
|
Definition
| Urinary bladder and reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
| The false pelvis is made up of |
|
Definition
| Iliac crest and sacrum open anteriorly |
|
|
Term
| The true pelvis is completely surrounded by |
|
Definition
| Bone pubic bones and pubic symphasis, ischium and sacrum |
|
|
Term
| The pelvic girdle notch and foramen |
|
Definition
Greater sciatic notch
Orbturator faramen |
|
|
Term
| The male pelvis is what shape |
|
Definition
Narrow (funnel shaped)
The pubic angle is narrow |
|
|
Term
| The female pelvis is what shape |
|
Definition
Broad and shallow (basin shaped)
The pubic angle is wide |
|
|
Term
| The bones of the legs are the longest |
|
Definition
| And heaviest bones of the body |
|
|
Term
| Bones of the legs landmarks |
|
Definition
Head of the femur
Neck of the femur Lateral condyle
Greater trochanter Medial condyle |
|
|
Term
| Some bones of the legs are |
|
Definition
The patella
The kneww cap
Sesmoid bone
Embedded in the quadriceps femoris tendon |
|
|
Term
The bones of the leg
Tibia |
|
Definition
The shin bone
Longer than the fibula
It is the weight bearing bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anterior crest
Medial maleolus |
|
|
Term
The bones of the leg
Fibula |
|
Definition
Shorter than the tibia
Non weight bearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ankle is made up of seven |
|
Definition
Tarsal bones
The calcaneus (the heel) |
|
|
Term
| The foot is made up of five |
|
Definition
| Metatarsals and fourteen phalanges |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of a frature |
|
Definition
Fracture
Fracture hematoma - No circulation at the site - Death of the osteoblasts and periosteum. Inflammation and swelling
Callus formation - Fibrocartilage callus
Formation of bony callus (spongey bone)
Bone remodeling |
|
|
Term
| Synarthroses: Non-movable joints |
|
Definition
| The bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue ex. sutures of the skull |
|
|
Term
| Ampiarthroses: Slightly movable joints |
|
Definition
| The bones connected by cartilage ex. the vertebral column and the pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Freely movable joints (synovial joints) |
|
|
Term
| Diarthroses have a space bettween them called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The joint cavity is lined with |
|
Definition
| Synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and connects the synovial cavity with the articulating bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lines the articular capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid filled sacs that reduce friction in areas around joints between bones, tendons, ligaments and muscles |
|
|
Term
| There are 6 types of diarthoses (synovial joints) classified by the type of movement they are capable of |
|
Definition
Ball and socket joint
Fliding joint
Pivot joint
Hinge joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows movement in many directions around a central point ex. hip and shoulder joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone surfaces slide (glide) over one another ex. joints in the wrist and ankle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows rotation around the length of the bone ex. the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae and the joint at the proximal ends of the radius and ulna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows movement in one direction ex. the elbow and the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows movement in two directions ex. the joint between the metacarpal and the first phalanx and joint between the occipital bone and the first cervical vertebra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows movement in two directions ex. the joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bending motion that decreases the angle between bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motion that increases the angle between bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement away from the midline of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement toward the midline of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement in a circular pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positioning of the hand so that the palmar surface is upwards or towards the front |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positioning of the hand so that the palmar surface is downwards or towards the back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turning upwards of the foot or toes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extension of the ankle, pointing of the foot or toes |
|
|
Term
| Inversion turning of the plantar surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eversion turning of the plantar surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bone does not repair itself as quickly
Demineralization
Compression of intervertebral discs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Osteoporosis: literally increased porosity of the bone
Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)
Osteomylitis |
|
|
