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A.Shaker Skeletal System Quiz 2 - Semester 3
Semester 3
162
Nursing
Professional
06/02/2015

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Term
The types of connective tissue involved in the skeletal system are
Definition
Osseous
Cartilage
Fibrous connective tissue
Term
The skeletal system is a reservoir for minerals which are
Definition
Ca & P
Term
Long bones (column shaped)
Definition
Bones of the arms, legs, hands and feet
Term
Short bones (cube shaped)
Definition
Bones of the wrists and ankles
Term
Flat bones (thin flat curved)
Definition
Ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones and cranial bones
Term
Irregular bones
Definition
Facial bones and vertebra
Term
Bone marking (Projection)
Head
Definition
Enlarged rounded end of a bone that is usually supported on a narrow portion of the bone (neck)

Ex. the head of a femur
Term
Bone marking (Projections)
Process
Definition
Large projection of a bone ex. the olecranon process
Term
Bone marking (Projection)
Crest
Definition
Prominent ridge or border to which tendons and ligaments attach

Ex. The iliac crest
Term
Bone marking (Projection)
Spine
Definition
Sharp projection from the surface of a bone

Ex. Bone of the scapula
Term
Bone marking (Projection)
Condyle
Definition
Large rounded process (projection) for articulation (joints)

Ex. The lateral condyle of the femur
Term
Bone marking (Depression)
Foramen
Definition
Opening through which blood vessels nerves or ligaments pass

Ex. Foramen magnum
Term
Bone marking (Projection)
Sinus
Definition
Air filled cavity within a bone

Sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity
Term
Bone marking (Depression)
Fossa
Definition
Depression in or on a bone

Ex. Glenoid fossa
Term
Bone marking (Depression)
Meatus
Definition
Tube like passageway running within a bone

Ex. The external auditory meatus
Term
Long bone: Diaphysis
Definition
The shaft of a bone. The diaphysis is a hollow tube that is composed primarily of compact bone (strength)
Term
Long bone: Epiphysis
Definition
The enlarged distal and proximal ends of the long bone. They are composed of a thin layer of compact bone that covers spongy bone
Term
Long bone: Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Definition
Covers the articular surface of the epiphyses
Term
Within the epiphysis is the epiphyseal disc (growth plate). They are an area of cartilage which
Definition
Is the site of longitudinal growth of long bones
Term
The epiphyseal discs close at the end of puberty which =
Definition
The end of longitudinal growth
Term
Long bone: Periosteum
Definition
A connective tissue membrane
Term
The periosteum covers the surface of the bone that is
Definition
Not covered with articular cartilage
Term
The periosteum contains blood vessels, lymph veseels and
Definition
Nerves that pass into the bone. It contains bone cells
Term
The periosteum play a strong role in
Definition
Bone growth, repair and nutrition
Term
The periosteum serves as a point of attachment for
Definition
Tendons and ligaments
Term
Long bone: Endosteum
Definition
A layer of cells that line the medullary cavity. It contains bone stem cells
Term
Long bone: Medullary cavity
Definition
Space inside the diaphysis of a long bone. In the adult it contains yellow bone marrow
Term
Long bone: Red bone marrow
Definition
Found within the spaces of spongy bone.

Produces RBCS, WBCS and platelets
Term
Long bone: Yellow bone marrow
Definition
Found in the medullary cavity of long bones.

Mostly adipose tissue in the adult
Term
Microscopic structure of bone
Compact bone
Definition
Contains few spaces
Is made up of osteons (haversian systems)
Term
An osteon/haversian system is made up of a central haversian canal that contains blood vessels. The osteocytes are arranged in
Definition
Concentric rings around the haversian canal. The osteocytes are scattered in a hard calcified matrix
Term
Microscopic structure of bone
Spongy bone (cancellous)
Definition
Is made up of thin plates of bone called trabeculae

The osteocytes, matrix and blood vessels are not arranged in concentric circles. They are like a sponge with visible holes

The spaces contain red bone marrow
Term
The matrix of bones are composed of
Definition
Collagen fibers and calcium salts
Term
The inorganic part of the matrix is constantly changing. Calcium is taken from the bones and put in to the blood stream, it is also deposited from
Definition
The blood stream into the bones in order to maintain blood calcium concentration within range
Term
Two important type of bone cells are
Definition
Osteoblasts which make bone matrix and Osteoclasts which secret acid and enzymes to dissolve and digest bone matrix
Term
Osteoblasts make
Definition
Bone matrix (collagen and calcium salts)
Term
Osteoclasts secret
Definition
Acid and enzymes to dissolve and digest bone matrix
Term
The action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts leads to bone
Definition
Remodeling
Term
The parathyroid hormone increases the activity of
Definition
Osteoclasts which leads to increased blood Ca levels
Term
Calcitonin increases the activity of
Definition
Osteoblasts which leads to decreased blood Ca levels
Term
The skeleton has how many bones
Definition
206
Term
The skeleton is divided into two major parts
Definition
The axial skeleton
The appendicular skeleton
Term
The axial skeleton has how many bones and consists of what
Definition
80 bones

Skull, spinal column and the ribs
Term
The appendicular skeleton has how many bones and consists of what
Definition
128 bones

Upper and lower extremities
Term
The Axial skeleton is made up of bones that make the cranium
Definition
& the face
Term
The cranium is a boney structure that
Definition
Surrounds and protects the brain
Term
The cranial bones are
Definition
Frontal bone
Parietal bones 2
Temporal bones 2
Occipital bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Term
The cranium
The frontal bone
Definition
Forms the forehead and the upper portion of the orbits
Term
The cranium
The parietal bones 2
Definition
Forms parts of the sides and the top of cranium
Term
The cranium
Temporal bones 2
Definition
Form part of the sides of the head close to the ears (called the temples)

Part of the zygomatic arches

Form the only articulation with the mandible

Surround and protect the inner ear
Term
The cranium
Ethmoid bone
Definition
Found between the orbits helps form the boney structure of the nasal cavity

A projection of the ethmoid bone is a point of attachment for the meninges
Term
The cranium
Sphenoid bone
Definition
Butterfly shaped bone that forms the floor of the cranium

Connects the cranial and facial bones, acts as a cross brace that strengthens the sides of the cranium
Term
The cranium
Occipital bone
Definition
Forms the back of and the base of the cranium
(foramen magnum)
Term
Sinuses are open areas in the bones of the cranium that lighten the
Definition
Skull bones and provide a large area of mucous membranes that secrete mucus which is released into the nasal cavity
Term
Facial bones
Mandible
Definition
The lower jaw bone (The skulls only movable bone)
Term
Facial bones
Maxillary bones (Maxillae)(2)
Definition
Fuse at the mid line to form the upper jaw bone and the anterior part of the hard palate
Term
Facial bones
Zygomatic bones (2)
Definition
Contribute to the rim and lateral wall of the orbit and form part of the zygomatic arch
Term
Facial bones
Nasal bones (2)
Definition
Form the bridge of the nose
Term
Face bones
Palatine bone (2)
Definition
Form the posterior portion of the hard palate and contribute to the floor of the orbits
Term
The axial skeleton
Ossicles
Definition
3 bones in each ear whose function is to transmit sound
Term
The axial skeleton
Hyoid bone
Definition
Supports the larynx and is an attachment site for many muscles including the tongue. It does not articulate directly with other bones
Term
The adult vertebral column is made up of how many bones
Definition
26
Term
The adult vertebral column is divided into how many regions
Definition
5
Term
The 5 regions of the adult vertebral column (spinal column) are called
Definition
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
Term
The cervical region of the spinal column also referred to as the neck is made up of how many vertebrae
Definition
7
Term
The first cervical vertebra is called the
Definition
Atlas
Term
The Atlas (first cervical vertebra) articulates with the
Definition
Occipital bone and the second vertebra the axis
Term
The thoracic region of the spinal column has how many vertebrae
Definition
12 vertebrae that form the superior portion of the back

They articulate with the ribs
Term
The lumbar region of the spinal column has how many vertebrae
Definition
5 vertebrae that form the inferior portion of the back
Term
The sacral region of the spinal column has how many vertebrae
Definition
5 vertebrae that fuse to form the sacral bone in the adult
Term
The coccygeal region of the spinal colum in the adult fuse together to form one or two bones called the
Definition
Coccyx
Term
The intervertebral discs of the spinal column are composed of
Definition
Cartilage and act as shock absorbers
Term
There are four curves of the spine they are
Definition
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar and Sacral
Term
What is kyphosis
Definition
Exaggerated thoracic curvature
Term
What is lordosis
Definition
Exaggerated lumbar curvature
Term
What is Scoliosis
Definition
Lateral curvature
Term
The thoracic cage is also referred to as the
Definition
Rib cage
Term
The thoracic cage is made up of the
Definition
Sternum and ribs
Term
The thoracic cage protects the
Definition
Heart and lungs
Term
The thoracic cage serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in
Definition
Respiration, posture and movement of the pectoral girdle
Term
The ribs are 12 pairs of bones that articulate with
Definition
The vertebral column
Term
The first seven pairs of ribs are called
Definition
True ribs

Because they articulate with the sternum individually by costal cartilage
Term
The following 5 pairs of ribs (8-12) are called
Definition
False ribs
Term
Ribs 8, 9, and 10 articulate with the cartilage of the rib
Definition
Above them
Term
Ribs #11 and 12 are called
Definition
Floating ribs with no anterior articulation
Term
The sternum (breast bone) is made up of
Definition
3 parts

The manubrium

The body of the sternum

The xyphoid process
Term
The manubrium of the sternum articulates
Definition
With the clavicles and the first pair of ribs
Term
The body of the sternum articulates
Definition
With rib pairs number 2-7
Term
The xyphoid process is a point of attachment for
Definition
The diaphragm and the rectus abdominis muscles
Term
The appendicular skeleton has how many bones
Definition
128
Term
The appendicular skeleton are
Definition
The bones of the limbs and the supporting elements that connect them to the axial skeleton
Term
The two regions of the appendicular skeleton are
Definition
The arm and the pectoral girdle and the leg and the pelvic girdle
Term
The clavicle of the pectoral girdle is an
Definition
S shaped bone that joins the sternum anteriorly and the scapula laterally
Term
The scapula is a triangular shaped bone referred to as the
Definition
Shoulder blade
Term
The scapula is
Definition
A triangular bone (shoulder blade)
The spine of the scapula
The glenoid fossa (cavity)
Term
The bones of the upper extremity
The humerus is the bone of the
Definition
Upper arm
Term
The humerus consists of
Definition
Head of the humerus

Medial and lateral epicondytes
The trochiea

The head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa make up the shoulder joint

The trochiea and the trochlear notch in the ulna make the elbow
Term
The head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa make up
Definition
The shoulder joint
Term
The trochiea and the trochlear notch in the ulna make
Definition
The elbow
Term
Bones of the upper extremity
The radius
Definition
In anatomic position the radius is lateral to the ulna
Term
In anatomic position the radius is lateral
Definition
To the ulna
Term
Bones of the upper extremity
The ulna
Definition
In anatomic position the ulna is medial to the radius
Term
In anatomic position the ulna is medial
Definition
To the radius
Term
The ulna at the proximal end the ulna has
Definition
The trochlear notch which forms the elbow with the trochlea of the humerus

The olecranon process which forms the point of the elbow
Term
The point at the elbow is referred to as the
Definition
Olecranon process
Term
The pelvis is a composite bone that includes
Definition
From the axial and appendicular skeleton
Term
Each hip bone (coxal bone) forms by the
Definition
Fusion of 3 bones

Ilium
Ishium
Pubis

The three bones meet to form the acetabulum
Term
The ilium, ishium, and pubis meet to form the
Definition
Acetabulum
Term
The ililum forms the upper flared
Definition
Portion of the hip bone
Term
Land marks of the ilium include
Definition
Iliac crest and the anterior superior iliac spine
Term
The ishium forms the lowest and
Definition
Strongest part of the bone
Term
Landmarks of the ishium include
Definition
Ischeal spine and the ischeal tuberosity
Term
The pubis forms the
Definition
Anterior part if the pelvic girdle
Term
The landmark for the pubis include
Definition
Pubis symphysis

Articulations

Acetabulum
Sacroiliac
Pubis symphsis
Term
Articulations of the pelvic girdle include
Definition
Acetabulum
Sacroiliac
Pubis symphsis
Term
The pelvis bears the weight of
Definition
The body
Term
The pelvis is the point of attachment for the
Definition
Legs to the axial skeleton
Term
The pelvis protects the u
Definition
Urinary bladder and reproductive organs
Term
The false pelvis is made up of
Definition
Iliac crest and sacrum open anteriorly
Term
The true pelvis is completely surrounded by
Definition
Bone pubic bones and pubic symphasis, ischium and sacrum
Term
The pelvic girdle notch and foramen
Definition
Greater sciatic notch

Orbturator faramen
Term
The male pelvis is what shape
Definition
Narrow (funnel shaped)

The pubic angle is narrow
Term
The female pelvis is what shape
Definition
Broad and shallow (basin shaped)
The pubic angle is wide
Term
The bones of the legs are the longest
Definition
And heaviest bones of the body
Term
Bones of the legs landmarks
Definition
Head of the femur
Neck of the femur Lateral condyle
Greater trochanter Medial condyle
Term
Some bones of the legs are
Definition
The patella
The kneww cap
Sesmoid bone
Embedded in the quadriceps femoris tendon
Term
The bones of the leg
Tibia
Definition
The shin bone
Longer than the fibula
It is the weight bearing bone
Term
Landmarks of the Tibia
Definition
Anterior crest
Medial maleolus
Term
The bones of the leg
Fibula
Definition
Shorter than the tibia
Non weight bearing
Term
Landmarks of the Fibula
Definition
Later maleolus
Term
The ankle is made up of seven
Definition
Tarsal bones

The calcaneus (the heel)
Term
The foot is made up of five
Definition
Metatarsals and fourteen phalanges
Term
What are the stages of a frature
Definition
Fracture

Fracture hematoma - No circulation at the site - Death of the osteoblasts and periosteum. Inflammation and swelling

Callus formation - Fibrocartilage callus

Formation of bony callus (spongey bone)

Bone remodeling
Term
Synarthroses: Non-movable joints
Definition
The bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue ex. sutures of the skull
Term
Ampiarthroses: Slightly movable joints
Definition
The bones connected by cartilage ex. the vertebral column and the pubic symphysis
Term
Diarthroses
Definition
Freely movable joints (synovial joints)
Term
Diarthroses have a space bettween them called
Definition
The joint cavity
Term
The joint cavity is lined with
Definition
Synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
Term
Articular capsule
Definition
Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and connects the synovial cavity with the articulating bones
Term
Synovial membrane
Definition
Lines the articular capsule
Term
Bursae
Definition
Fluid filled sacs that reduce friction in areas around joints between bones, tendons, ligaments and muscles
Term
There are 6 types of diarthoses (synovial joints) classified by the type of movement they are capable of
Definition
Ball and socket joint
Fliding joint
Pivot joint
Hinge joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint
Term
Ball and socket joint
Definition
Allows movement in many directions around a central point ex. hip and shoulder joints
Term
Gliding joint
Definition
Bone surfaces slide (glide) over one another ex. joints in the wrist and ankle
Term
Pivot joint
Definition
Allows rotation around the length of the bone ex. the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae and the joint at the proximal ends of the radius and ulna
Term
Hinge joint
Definition
Allows movement in one direction ex. the elbow and the knee
Term
Condyloid joint
Definition
Allows movement in two directions ex. the joint between the metacarpal and the first phalanx and joint between the occipital bone and the first cervical vertebra
Term
Saddle joint
Definition
Allows movement in two directions ex. the joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb
Term
Flexion
Definition
Bending motion that decreases the angle between bones
Term
Extension
Definition
Motion that increases the angle between bones
Term
Abduction
Definition
Movement away from the midline of the body
Term
Adduction
Definition
Movement toward the midline of the body
Term
Rotation
Definition
Turning around an axis
Term
Circumduction
Definition
Movement in a circular pattern
Term
Supination
Definition
Positioning of the hand so that the palmar surface is upwards or towards the front
Term
Pronation
Definition
Positioning of the hand so that the palmar surface is downwards or towards the back
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
Turning upwards of the foot or toes
Term
Plantar flexion
Definition
Extension of the ankle, pointing of the foot or toes
Term
Inversion turning of the plantar surface
Definition
Inwards or medially
Term
Eversion turning of the plantar surface
Definition
Outwards or laterally
Term
Effects of aging
Definition
Bone does not repair itself as quickly
Demineralization
Compression of intervertebral discs
Term
Diseases of the bone
Definition
Osteoporosis: literally increased porosity of the bone

Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)

Osteomylitis
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