Term
| Structure of smooth muscle myocytes |
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Definition
Nonstriated
Mononucleated
Tapered at each end |
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Term
| Smooth muscle contraction occurs in waves in response to |
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Definition
| Nerve impulses, hormonal stimulation and stretching |
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Term
| Location of smooth muscle are |
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Definition
Walls of hollow organs
GI tract
Respiratory tract
Blood vessels
Iris of the eye |
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Term
| The muscle tissue of the heart is |
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Definition
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Term
| Structure of cardiac muscle myocytes are |
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Definition
Branched
Mononucleated
Intercalated discs |
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Term
| The impulses that initiate cardiac muscle contraction start within |
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Definition
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Term
| The rate of contraction of the cardiac muscle can be modified by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Skeletal muscle appears striated because of the |
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Definition
| Arrangement of the protein fibers (actin and myosin) |
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Term
| The myocytes of skeletal muscle are what shape and have what type of nuclei |
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Definition
Cylindrical and have multiple nuclei
It is the most abundant type of muscle |
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Term
| The functions of skeletal muscles include |
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Definition
Movement
Maintaining posture
Generation of heat |
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Term
| Irritability of skeletal muscles (excitability) |
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Definition
| The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals |
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Term
| Contractility of skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| The ability to become shorter and thicker |
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Term
| Extensibility of skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| The ability to become longer |
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Term
| Elasticity of skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| The ability to return to their original shape |
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Term
| Individual fibers or myocytes are wrapped in connective tissue which is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Fasicles are made up of a number of muscle fibers which are grouped together and wrapped in connective tissue which is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The entire muscle is wrapped in connective tissue which is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Endomysium + Perimysium + Epimysium = |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle fibers are made of a series of functional units called |
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Definition
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Term
| Sarcomeres contain filaments of the proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| A motor unit is a motor nerve and all of the muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| The point at which the motor nerve meets the muscle is called the |
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Definition
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Term
| At the NMJ there is a synapse between the ends of the axon of the motor neuron and |
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Definition
| The cell membrane of the muscle fiber |
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Term
| A neurotransmitter called |
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Definition
| Acetylecholine (ACh) travels across the synapse |
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Term
| When ACh binds to the cell membrane of the muscle fiber it causes the cell membrane of the muscle fiber it causes |
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Definition
| The cell membrane of the muscle fiber to generate an electrical impulse called an action potential |
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Term
| The action potential causes Ca ions to be |
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Definition
| Released in the muscle fiber |
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Term
| What is a sliding filament mechanism |
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Definition
| Ca ions + ATP will cause the filaments of actin and myosin slide across each other which makes the muscle fiber shorter (a muscle contraction) |
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Term
| The all or none principle means |
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Definition
The muscle fiber will either receive enough stimulation to generate an action potential or it will not
If the fiber generates an action potential it will contract |
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Term
| Each MUSCLE FIBER must receive a certain amount of stimulation before it will generate an |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of stimulation needed for the summary of a muscle contraction is called a |
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Definition
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Term
| Each muscle requires a threshold but requires a |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle contraction and relaxation requires |
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Definition
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Term
| The form of energy used for muscle contraction is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidation of nutrients (glucose) in the presence of oxygen (cellular respiration) |
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Term
| Some ATP can be produced in the absence of oxygen. Byproduct of making ATP without oxygen is |
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Definition
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Term
| Remember where the muscle cell will get glucose from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The state of partial contraction of muscles that is responsible for posture
Contractions
Flaccidity |
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Term
| Isotonic contractions are the tone of muscle remains the same but the muscle as a whole |
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Definition
| Gets shorter in length. This produces flexion |
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Term
| Isometric contractions are the tone of the muscle increases but the length of the muscle |
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Definition
| Remains the same. No movement occurs |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in blood supply
Increase in the amount of protein filaments
Increase in the capacity for glycogen storage
These changes lead to hypertrophy of the muscle |
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Term
| Vasodilation (systemic effect) |
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Definition
| Allows greater blood flow with reduced resistance = overall drop in BP |
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Term
| Strengthening of the heart (systemic effect) |
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Definition
| Increase in the volume of blood returning to the heart which strengthens the myocardium = greater efficiency |
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Term
| Improved cardiac output = |
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Definition
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Term
| A skeletal muscle causes movement because it is attached to |
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Definition
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Term
| When the muscle contracts across a joint one bone is |
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Definition
| Pulled towards another one |
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Term
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Definition
The main muscle that is involved in producing a movement.
When the muscle is acting as a prime mover it contracts |
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Term
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Definition
A muscle that opposes the movement of the prime mover
The antagonist is usually located on the opposite side of the bone or the body from the prime mover. When the prime mover contracts the antagonist must relax in order to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscle or muscles that assist the prime mover |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized synergist that helps to fix (stabilize) the position of the bone that is being moved. The fixator serves as an anchor |
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Term
| Naming of muscle : Origin |
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Definition
| The part of the muscle that attaches to the less movable bone |
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Term
| Naming of muscle : Insertion |
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Definition
| The part of the muscle that attaches tot he more movable bone |
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Term
| Number of origins (heads) |
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Definition
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Quadriceps femoris |
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Term
| Muscles of the head : Massater |
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Definition
| Found at the angle of the lower jaw (mandible) |
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Term
| Muscles of the head : Orbicularis Oris |
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Definition
Circular (sphincter) muscle around the mouth
Closing the mouth
Puckering of the lips |
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Term
| Muscle of the head : Orbicularis Oculi |
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Definition
Circular muscle (sphincter) around the eye
Winking
Blinking
Squinting |
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Term
| Muscles of the neck : Sternocleidomastoid (2) |
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Definition
Along the side of the neck
Flexes and rotates the head |
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Term
| Muscles of the neck : Trapezius |
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Definition
Broad muscle on the posterior surface of the neck and shoulder
Extends the head, elevates the shoulders and pulls them back |
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Term
| Muscles of the upper extremities : Latissimus dorsi |
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Definition
Large broad muscle on the mid and lower back
Adducts and rotates the arm behind the back |
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Term
| Muscles of the upper extremities : Pectoralis major |
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Definition
Large muscle that covers the upper anterior chest
Adducts and flexes the upper arm across the chest and pulls the shoulder forward and downward |
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Term
| Muscles of the upper extremities : Deltoid |
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Definition
Large triangular muscle which covers the shoulder
Abducts the arm
Site for IM injections |
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Term
| Muscles of the upper extremities : Rotator cuff muscles |
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Definition
A group of four muscles that attach the humerous to the scapula
The tendons form a cuff over the proximal end of the humerous
Rotate the arm at the shoulder |
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Term
| Muscles of the upper extremities : Biceps brachii |
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Definition
Major muscle on the anterior surface of the upper arm
Flexes and supinates the forarm |
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Term
| Muscles of the upper extremities : Triceps brachii |
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Definition
Major muscle on the posterior surface of the upper arm
Extends the forearm |
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Term
| Muscles of the trunk : Intercostal muscles |
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Definition
Two sets:
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Connect ribs with each other
Respiratory muscles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles of the trunk : Diaphragm |
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Definition
Large dome shaped muscle
The muscle of respiration
Attached to the xiphoid process, the costal cartilages and lumbar vertebrae
Contraction of the diaphragm causes the thoracic cavity to expand (inhalation) |
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Term
| Muscles of the trunk : Errector spinae |
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Definition
Deep vertical muscles that run parallel to the spinal column
Errect posture |
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Term
| Muscles of the abdomen : Rectus abdominus |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles of the abdomen : External oblique |
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Definition
Compresses the abdomen
Bends the vertebral column laterally
Rotates the vertebral column |
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Term
| Muscles of the abdomen : Internal oblique |
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Definition
Compresses the abdomen
Bends the vertebral column laterally
Rotates the vertebral column |
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Term
| Muscles of the abdomen : Transversus abdominis |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles of the lower extremities : Gluteus maximus |
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Definition
Largest and most superficial gluteal muscle
Forms the buttock
Extends the thigh |
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Term
| Muscles of the lower extremities : Gluteus medius |
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Definition
Found partly deeper and superior to the gluteus maximus
Abducts and rotates that thigh |
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Term
| Muscles of the lower extremities : Quadriceps femoris |
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Definition
Group of four muscles on the anterior and lateral surface of the thigh (quadriceps femoris tendon)
Extend the lower leg |
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Term
| Muscles of the lower extremities : Hamstring group |
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Definition
Three muscles located on the posterior surface of the thigh
Flex the lower leg
Extend the thigh |
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Term
| Muscles that move the foot : Gastrocnemius |
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Definition
Posterior muscle of the lower leg (calf)
Achilles tendon
Plantar flexion |
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Term
| Muscles that move the foot : Soleus |
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Definition
Posterior surface of the lower leg
Plantar flexion |
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Term
| Muscles that move the foot : Tibialis anterior |
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Definition
Anterior leg
Dorsiflexes foot
Inverts foot |
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