Term
| Where is the heart located? |
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Definition
| In the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum |
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Term
| The heart is shaped like a? |
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Definition
| Cone where the base is superior |
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Term
|
Definition
Right on top of the diaphragm
Thinnest point
Where your aiming to hear the Apical |
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Term
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Definition
| a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. The pericardial sac has two layers, a serous layer and a fibrous layer. It encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid. |
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Term
| What is the fibrous pericardium? |
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Definition
| The fibrous pericardium is the most superficial layer of the pericardium. It is made up of dense, and loose connective tissue which acts to protect the heart, anchoring it to the surrounding walls, and preventing it from overfilling with blood. |
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Term
| Inside the fibrous pericardium there is the Serous pericardium and that is? |
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Definition
| 3 Serous membranes made up of 2 or three layers the most superficial layer is called the parietal pericardium all the way on the outside right next to fibrous pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| Serous fluid is between the two layers of the pericardium and reduces friction |
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Term
| Friction in the body is pain |
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Definition
| Reduce friction reduce pain |
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Term
| The visceral pericardium is? |
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Definition
| Sits on top of cardiac muscle and becomes part of the heart wall |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost layer which is visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of cardiac muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Composed of connective tissue and squamous epithelium cells |
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Term
| The endocardium provides what surface for blood flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| The dividing wall of the heart is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What side receives and pumps deoxygenated blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What side receives and pumps oxygenated blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 chambers of the heart called? |
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Definition
Right and Left atrium
Right and left ventricle |
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Term
| What receives blood into the heart? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What pumps blood out of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| The shipping department of the heart are? |
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Definition
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Term
| The atrium has thin walls because? |
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Definition
| Its only pumping blood top to bottom |
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Term
| The ventricles pump blood out of the heart so it has? |
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Definition
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Term
| Think of heart valves as what type of door? |
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Definition
One way door
Flow one way
Blood flow one direction |
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Term
| What are the 4 valves of the heart? |
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Definition
Tricuspid valve(right AV valve)
Pulmonic valve(right semi lunar valve)
Mitral valve(left AV valve)
Aortic valve(left semi lunar valve) |
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Term
| What valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the valve between the left ventricle and artery that takes blood away from the left ventricle is called the? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cardiac cycle sequence of events in one heartbeat? |
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Definition
Atrial contraction
Ventricular contraction
Ejection
Ventricular relaxation
Passive ventricular filling |
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Term
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Definition
=Stroke volume x Heart rate
Cardiac output varies to meet the bodys demand for O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of pressure (resistance) that the ventricle has to overcome in order to eject blood into the artery (vascular resistance) |
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Term
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Definition
| Strength of contraction of the myocardium |
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Term
| What are the conduction systems of the heart? |
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Definition
SA node
AV node
Bundle of his
Right and left bundle branches |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized mass of tissue that initiates the signal for each heartbeat |
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Term
| Where is the SA node located? |
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Definition
| Upper wall of the right atrium |
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Term
| What is the heart set too by the SA node? (normal sinus rhythm) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is called the pacemaker of the heart? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Receives the signal from the SA node and delays conducting it usually until end of atrial systole |
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Term
| Where is the AV node located? |
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Definition
| Located at the bottom of the right atrium |
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Term
| Where does the AV node transmit the signal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another function of the AV node? |
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Definition
| Can initiate the signal for heart beats tot he bundle of his if the SA node is damaged but at a lower rate |
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Term
| The medulla oblongata has how many cardic centers? |
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Definition
Two
The accelerator center which provides sympathetic stimulation
The inhibitory center which provides parasympathetic stimulation via the vagus nerve (cr nerve x) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hollow organs and the walls have 3 layers |
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Term
| What are the 3 layers that make the wall of blood vessels? |
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Definition
Connective tissue
SMooth tissue
Simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
| What are the types of blood vessels? |
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Definition
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins |
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Term
| What are the types of circulation? |
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Definition
Pulmonary
Systemic
Coronary
Hepatic portal circulation |
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Term
| What is pulmonary circulation? |
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Definition
RV to pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood)
Pulmonary artery (R and L branches) to the lungs
Oxygenation of blood in the lungs
Pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the LA |
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Term
| What is systemic circulation? |
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Definition
LV to aorta (oxygenated blood)
Ascending aorta (coronary arteries)
Aortic arch (arteries that supply the head and upper extremities)
Descending aorta (arteries that supply the lower body)
Deoxygenated blood returns to the RA by way of the superior and inferior vena cava |
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Term
| What is coronary circulation? |
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Definition
Coronary circulation supplies the myocardium
The R and L coronary arteries are the first branches from the ascending aorta
Blood is drained from the heart by the coronary sinus which opens into the RA |
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Term
| What is hepatic portal circulation? |
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Definition
| Blood that is rich in nutrients leaves the stomach, pancreas and intestines (both small and large) and passes through the liver before it reaches the inferior vena cava on its way back to the heart |
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Term
| What does the liver do to toxins? |
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Definition
| Detoxifies toxins and processes and stores toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| The force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels |
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Term
| What are some factors that affect blood pressure? |
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Definition
Blood volume
Cardiac output
Resistance to flow
Blood vessel elasticity |
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Term
|
Definition
A heart beat that is palpated at a peripheral arterial site
The artery has to be superficial and cross firm tissue |
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Term
| What are some common sites for palpating pulses? |
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Definition
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Temporal
Femoral
Popliteal |
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Term
|
Definition
| Viscous fluid connective tissue which varies in color from bright red to dark red |
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Term
| What is the total blood volume? |
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Definition
5-6 Liters in males
4-5 Liters in females |
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Term
| What are some functions of blood? |
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Definition
Transportation
Regulation
Protection |
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Term
| What is the color of oxygenated blood? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the color of deoxygenated blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bloos is more viscous and dense than? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ph range for blood? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the temperature of blood? |
|
Definition
Slightly warmer than body temperature
100.4 (38 C) |
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Term
| What are the components of blood? |
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Definition
Whole blood is 55% plasma
<1% leukocytes
45% erthocytes (% is known as the hematocrit) |
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Term
|
Definition
Straw colored, sticky fluid
It is mostly water but has many solutes: nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, ions, and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed |
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Term
| Plasma proteins are mostly produced by the? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an important plasma protein? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some traits of albumin? |
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Definition
Acts as a carrier for other molecules
Buffers the blood and
is a major contributor to blood osmotic pressure (which keeps water in the blood vessels and keeps it from leaking out into the tissues) Sodium ions also contribute to osmotic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by plasma cells (B lymphocytes) in response to specific antigens and play a major role in immunity |
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Term
| What are blood clotting factors? |
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Definition
| Proteins that are produced by the liver that cause coagulation ex. fibrinogen and prothrombin |
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Term
| What the plasma regulatory substances? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the plasma nutrients? |
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Definition
Glucose
Amino acids
Fatty acids |
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Term
| What are the plasma electrolytes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the respiratory gases? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the plasma wastes? |
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Definition
| Nitrogenous and metabolic wastes? |
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Term
| What are the formed elements? |
|
Definition
Erthyocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes |
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Term
| What are the traits of erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
Normal count: 4.4-5 million/uL
Hgb: expressed in g/dL
Hct: expressed in % |
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Term
| What are the functions of erthrocytes? |
|
Definition
Transport O2 bound in hemoglobin
Hemoglobin transports some CO2
Hemoglobin acts as a buffer |
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Term
| What is the most numerous blood cell? |
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Definition
| Erythrocytes (RBC) 5 million per milliliter |
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Term
| How would you describe erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
Biconcave disks
Without nuclei
Which contain large amounts of hemoglobin (the oxygen carrier) |
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Term
| What is the lifespan of erythrocytes (RBCs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs in the bone marrow
Production is stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin |
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|
Term
| Where is erythropoietin produced? |
|
Definition
| Produced by the kidney in response to tissue hypoxia |
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Term
|
Definition
WBCs
Round cells with large nuclei
Classified according to the characteristics of the nucleus |
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Term
| What is the lifespan of leukocytes (WBCs)? |
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Definition
| A few hours to a few days |
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|
Term
| What are the functions of leukocytes? |
|
Definition
Protective
Destroy pathogens
Produce antibodies
Clean the body of foreign material and tissue debris |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of leukocytes? |
|
Definition
Normal count 5-10,000 cells/mL
Multiply during acute infection so a count can jump to 12,000 cells/mL and is indicative of infection |
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Term
| What is the classification of leukocytes? |
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Definition
Granulocytes
Neutrophils phagocytes (first responder in acute infections)
Eosinophils allergic reactions and defense against parasites
Basophils allergic reactions and inflammation |
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Term
| What is Leukocytes agranulocytes? |
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Definition
Lymphocytes T cells and B cells
Monocytes (macrophages) |
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Term
| What are the functions of thrombocytes? |
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Definition
Essential in blood coagulation
Help to repair damaged blood vessels |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of thrombocytes? |
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Definition
| Cell fragments of a megakaryocyte |
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|
Term
| What is the normal count of thrombocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of thrombocytes? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Triggered by injury, pain, chemicals and tries to reduce blood loss |
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|
Term
| What is platelet plug formation? |
|
Definition
| Seal damaged blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| Series of reactions the end result of which is the production of fibrin |
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Term
|
Definition
| A touch insoluble protein, that forms part of the blood clot (along with platelets) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thrombin + fibrinogen = ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrin + platelet plug = ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets do not usually stick to? |
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Definition
| each other or blood vessels |
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Term
| What do platelets stick to? |
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Definition
| They stick to each other and to the walls of blood vessel when there is a rough area in the wall of the blood vessel |
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|
Term
| What is the coagulation cascade process? |
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Definition
| The precursors of the coagulation cascade exist in the blood in soluble, inactive forms |
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Term
| What determines blood type? |
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Definition
| It is determined by the antigens (tiny markers that are present on the surface of cells) on the red blood cells of the body |
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|
Term
| What are the two major antigen classification systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the ABO system how many blood types are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It helps place people in two different blood types (+ and =)
Antibodies are not present prior to first exposure |
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